Mvura yakawanda sei inonwiwa ne electrolysis?

Mvura yakawanda sei inonwiwa ne electrolysis

Danho rekutanga: Kugadzirwa kwehydrogen

Kushandiswa kwemvura kunobva pamatanho maviri: kugadzirwa kwehydrogen uye kugadzirwa kwesimba rinotakura simba. Pakugadzirwa kwehydrogen, mvura inoshandiswa nemagetsi inoshandiswa inosvika makirogiramu mapfumbamwe emvura pakirogiramu yehydrogen. Zvisinei, tichifunga nezvemaitiro ekubvisa zvicherwa mumvura, chiyero ichi chinogona kubva pamakirogiramu gumi nemasere kusvika makumi maviri nemana emvura pakirogiramu yehydrogen, kana kutosvika pa25.7 kusvika 30.2..

 

Pakugadzirwa kuripo (kugadzirisa methane steam), mvura inoshandiswa zvishoma i4.5kgH2O/kgH2 (inodiwa kuti mvura iite), tichifunga nezvemvura inoshandiswa uye kutonhora, mvura inoshandiswa zvishoma i6.4-32.2kgH2O/kgH2.

 

Danho rechipiri: Manyuko esimba (magetsi anodzokororwa kana gasi rechisikigo)

Chimwe chikamu chinoshandiswa nemvura kugadzira magetsi anogona kushandiswazve uye gasi rechisikigo. Kushandiswa kwemvura kwesimba remagetsi rinoshanduka kubva pamagetsi (photovoltaic power) kunosiyana pakati pe50-400 litres /MWh (2.4-19kgH2O/kgH2) uye kwesimba remhepo riri pakati pe5-45 litres /MWh (0.2-2.1kgH2O/kgH2). Saizvozvowo, kugadzirwa kwegasi kubva kugasi reshale (zvichibva padata reUS) kunogona kuwedzerwa kubva pa1.14kgH2O/kgH2 kusvika pa4.9kgH2O/kgH2.

 

Mukupedzisa, avhareji yekushandiswa kwehydrogen mumvura inogadzirwa nemagetsi e photovoltaic uye simba remhepo inosvika 32 kgH2O/kgH2, zvichiteerana. Kusaziva kunobva mumwaranzi yezuva, hupenyu hwese uye huwandu hwesilicon. Kushandiswa kwemvura uku kwakafanana nekugadzirwa kwehydrogen kubva mugasi rechisikigo (7.6-37 kgh2o / kgH2, neavhareji ye22 kgH2O/kgH2).

 

Ruzivo rwemvura yose: Runoderera kana uchishandisa simba rinogona kushandiswazve

Kufanana nekubuda kweCO2, chinhu chinodiwa kuti mvura isatsvedzere panzira dzemagetsi ndiko kushandisa simba rinogona kushandiswazve. Kana chikamu chidiki chemagetsi chichigadzirwa uchishandisa mafuta efossil, mvura inoshandiswa nemagetsi yakakwira zvikuru kupfuura mvura chaiyo inoshandiswa panguva yekushandiswa kwemagetsi.

 

Semuenzaniso, kugadzira simba remagetsi egasi kunogona kushandisa marita anosvika 2,500 / MWh yemvura. Ndiyo nzira yakanakisisa yekushandisa mafuta efossil (gasi rechisikigo). Kana marasha akaongororwa, kugadzirwa kwehydrogen kunogona kushandisa 31-31.8kgH2O/kgH2 uye kugadzirwa kwemarasha kunogona kushandisa 14.7kgH2O/kgH2. Kushandiswa kwemvura kubva kumagetsi ezuva nezuva nemhepo kunotarisirwawo kudzikira nekufamba kwenguva sezvo maitiro ekugadzira achishanda zvakanaka uye simba rinobuda payuniti imwe neimwe yesimba rakaiswa richivandudzika.

 

Mvura yose inoshandiswa muna 2050

Pasi rose rinotarisirwa kushandisa hydrogen yakapetwa kakawanda mune ramangwana kupfuura yazvino. Semuenzaniso, IRENA's World Energy Transitions Outlook inofungidzira kuti kudiwa kwehydrogen muna 2050 kuchave kuri pa74EJ, iyo inenge zvikamu zviviri kubva muzvitatu zvichabva kuhydrogen inogona kushandiswazve. Kana tichienzanisa, nhasi (hydrogen yakachena) i8.4EJ.

 

Kunyangwe dai hydrogen yemagetsi yaigona kusangana nezvinodiwa zvehydrogen mugore rose ra2050, kushandiswa kwemvura kwaizova mabhiriyoni makumi maviri nemashanu emakubhiriyoni emamita. Mufananidzo uri pazasi unoenzanisa nhamba iyi nedzimwe nzira dzemvura dzinoshandiswa nevanhu. Kurima kunoshandisa huwandu hukuru hwemakubhiriyoni mazana maviri nemakumi masere emamita emvura, nepo maindasitiri achishandisa mamiriyoni mazana masere emakubhiriyoni emamita uye maguta anoshandisa mabhiriyoni mazana mana nemakumi manomwe emakubhiriyoni emamita emvura. Kushandiswa kwemvura pari zvino kwekugadzira gasi rechisikigo uye kugadzira gasi remarasha pakugadzira hydrogen kunosvika mabhiriyoni zana nehafu emakubhiriyoni emamita.

Saka, kunyange hazvo mvura yakawanda ichitarisirwa kudyiwa nekuda kwekuchinja kwenzira dzemagetsi uye kudiwa kuri kukura, kushandiswa kwemvura kubva mukugadzirwa kwehydrogen kucharamba kuri kudiki pane kumwe kuyerera kunoshandiswa nevanhu. Imwe pfungwa ndeyekuti kushandiswa kwemvura pamunhu kuri pakati pe75 (Luxembourg) ne1,200 (US) cubic metres pagore. Paavhareji ye400 m3 / (pamunhu * pagore), kugadzirwa kwehydrogen muna 2050 kwakaenzana nenyika ine vanhu mamiriyoni 62.

 

Mari yemvura inoshandiswa uye simba rinoshandiswa sei

 

mutengo

Masero emagetsi anoda mvura yepamusoro uye anoda kurapwa nemvura. Mvura isina kunaka inokonzera kuora nekukurumidza uye hupenyu hupfupi. Zvinhu zvakawanda, zvinosanganisira diaphragms uye catalysts zvinoshandiswa mualkalines, pamwe chete nemembranes uye porous transport layers dzePEM, zvinogona kukanganiswa zvakanyanya netsvina yemvura yakaita sesimbi, chromium, copper, nezvimwewo. Kufambiswa kwemvura kunofanirwa kunge kuri pasi pe1μS/cm uye total organic carbon pasi pe50μg/L.

 

Mvura ndiyo inonyanya kushandisa simba shoma uye inodhura. Chinhu chakaipisisa pane zvese zviri zviviri ndechekubvisa munyu. Reverse osmosis ndiyo tekinoroji huru yekubvisa munyu, ichitora chikamu chinosvika 70 muzana chesimba repasi rose. Tekinoroji iyi inodhura $1900- $2000 / m³/d uye ine mwero wekudzidza we15%. Pamutengo wekudyara uyu, mutengo wekurapa unenge $1 / m³, uye unogona kunge wakaderera munzvimbo dzine mitengo yakaderera yemagetsi.

 

Pamusoro pezvo, mari yekutumira ichawedzera nemadhora angangoita $1-2 pa m³. Kunyangwe muchiitiko ichi, mari yekuchenesa mvura inenge iri $0.05 /kgH2. Kuti tinzwisise izvi, mutengo wehydrogen inogona kushandiswazve unogona kuva $2-3 /kgH2 kana zviwanikwa zvakanaka zvinogona kushandiswazve zviripo, nepo mutengo weavhareji yezvinhu izvi uri $4-5 /kgH2.

 

Saka muchiitiko ichi chekuchengetedza, mvura inodhura zvishoma pane 2 muzana yehuwandu hwese. Kushandiswa kwemvura yegungwa kunogona kuwedzera huwandu hwemvura inodzoserwa ne2.5 kusvika ku5 (maererano nechinhu chinodzoserwa).

 

Kushandiswa kwesimba

Tichitarisa simba rinoshandiswa pakubvisa munyu, ishomawo zvikuru kana tichienzanisa nehuwandu hwemagetsi hunodiwa kuti uise musero wemagetsi. Chishandiso chemagetsi chinoshanda che reverse osmosis chinoshandisa inosvika 3.0 kW/m3. Kusiyana neizvi, zvivakwa zvemafuta zvinobvisa munyu zvine simba rakawanda, kubva pa40 kusvika 80 KWH/m3, uye simba rekuwedzera rinotangira pa2.5 kusvika 5 KWH/m3, zvichienderana netekinoroji yekubvisa munyu. Tichitora nyaya yekuchengetedza (kureva kudiwa kwesimba kwakakwira) kwefekitori yemagetsi pamwe chete semuenzaniso, tichifunga nezvekushandiswa kwepombi yekupisa, kudiwa kwesimba kwaizoshandurwa kuita inenge 0.7kWh/kg yehydrogen. Kuti tinzwisise izvi, kudiwa kwemagetsi kwesero remagetsi kunenge 50-55kWh/kg, saka kunyangwe mumamiriro ezvinhu akaipisisa, kudiwa kwesimba rekubvisa munyu kunenge 1% yesimba rese rinopinda musystem.

 

Dambudziko rimwe chete rekubvisa munyu mumvura nderekurasa mvura ine munyu, izvo zvinogona kukanganisa nharaunda dzeMarine. Mvura iyi inogona kugadziriswa zvakare kuderedza kukanganisa kwayo nharaunda, nokudaro ichiwedzera imwe $0.6-2.40 /m³ pamutengo wemvura. Pamusoro pezvo, hunhu hwemvura ine electrolytic hwakaoma kupfuura mvura yekunwa uye hunogona kukonzera mitengo yakakwira yekurapa, asi izvi zvichiri kutarisirwa kuti zvive zvishoma kana tichienzanisa nemagetsi anoshandiswa.

Kuwanda kwemvura inoyerera kuburikidza nemagetsi ekugadzira hydrogen ipfungwa chaiyo yenzvimbo inoenderana nekuwanikwa kwemvura munharaunda, kushandiswa kwayo, kuora kwayo uye kusvibiswa kwayo. Kuenzana kwezvakatipoteredza uye kukanganisa kwemafambiro ekunze kwenguva refu zvinofanirwa kufungwa nezvazvo. Kushandiswa kwemvura kuchava chipingamupinyi chikuru pakuwedzera kwehydrogen inogona kushandiswazve.