Ni amazi angahe akoreshwa na electrolysis?

Amazi angana iki akoreshwa na electrolysis

Intambwe ya mbere: Gukora Hydrogen

Ikoreshwa ry'amazi riva mu ntambwe ebyiri: gukora hydrogen no gukora ingufu zikomoka ku mazi. Ku ikorwa rya hydrogen, ikoreshwa ry'amazi akoresha amashanyarazi ni hafi ibiro 9 by'amazi kuri kilo ya hydrogen. Ariko, ukurikije inzira yo gukuraho amabuye y'agaciro mu mazi, iki gipimo gishobora kuva kuri kilo 18 kugeza kuri 24 z'amazi kuri kilo ya hydrogen, cyangwa se kikagera kuri kilo 25.7 kugeza kuri 30.2..

 

Ku bijyanye n'uburyo bwo gukora (kuvugurura umwuka wa methane), amazi make akoreshwa ni 4.5kgH2O/kgH2 (asabwa kugira ngo habeho imikorere), hashingiwe ku mazi yo mu buryo n'ukonjesha, amazi make akoreshwa ni 6.4-32.2kgH2O/kgH2.

 

Intambwe ya 2: Ingufu zikomoka ku mashanyarazi (amashanyarazi avugururwa cyangwa gaze karemano)

Ikindi gice ni amazi akoreshwa kugira ngo hakorwe amashanyarazi ashobora kuvugururwa na gaze karemano. Amazi akoreshwa n'ingufu za photovoltaic ari hagati ya litiro 50-400 /MWh (2.4-19kgH2O/kgH2) n'ay'ingufu z'umuyaga ari hagati ya litiro 5-45 /MWh (0.2-2.1kgH2O/kgH2). Mu buryo nk'ubwo, umusaruro wa gaze ukomoka kuri gaze ya shale (ushingiye ku makuru ya Amerika) ushobora kwiyongera kuva kuri 1.14kgH2O/kgH2 ukagera kuri 4.9kgH2O/kgH2.

 

Muri make, impuzandengo y'amazi yose akoreshwa na hydrogen ikomoka ku ngufu za photovoltaic n'ingufu zikomoka ku muyaga ni hagati ya 32 na 22kgH2O/kgH2, uko bikurikirana. Ibitazwi neza bituruka ku mirasire y'izuba, ubuzima n'ingano ya silicon. Aya mazi akoreshwa ku rugero rumwe n'umusaruro wa hydrogen ukomoka kuri gaze karemano (7.6-37 kgh2o /kgH2, hamwe n'impuzandengo ya 22kgH2O/kgH2).

 

Igipimo cy'amazi yose: Giragabanuka iyo ukoresha ingufu zishobora kuvugururwa

Kimwe n'ibyuka bya CO2 bihumanya ikirere, ikintu cy'ingenzi kugira ngo amazi adakwirakwira mu nzira z'amashanyarazi ni ugukoresha amasoko y'ingufu zisubira. Iyo hakozwe igice gito cy'amashanyarazi hakoreshejwe ibikomoka kuri peteroli, amazi akoreshwa n'amashanyarazi aba menshi cyane ugereranyije n'amazi nyayo akoreshwa mu gihe cy'amashanyarazi.

 

Urugero, ingufu zikomoka kuri gaze zishobora gukoresha litiro 2.500 /MWh z'amazi. Ni nabyo byiza cyane ku bikomoka kuri peteroli (gaze karemano). Niba harebwe uburyo gaze y'amakara ikoreshwa, umusaruro wa hydrogen ushobora gukoresha 31-31.8kgH2O/kgH2 naho umusaruro w'amakara ugakoresha 14.7kgH2O/kgH2. Amazi akoreshwa n'amashanyarazi n'umuyaga na byo byitezwe ko azagabanuka uko igihe kigenda gihita uko ibikorwa byo gukora bigenda birushaho kuba byiza kandi ingufu zitangwa kuri buri gipimo cy'ubushobozi bushyirwamo zikiyongera.

 

Igiteranyo cy'amazi cyakoreshejwe mu 2050

Biteganijwe ko isi izakoresha hydrogen ingana inshuro nyinshi mu gihe kizaza kurusha uko ikora uyu munsi. Urugero, IRENA's World Energy Transitions Outlook ivuga ko gukenera hydrogen mu 2050 bizaba hafi 74EJ, aho hafi bibiri bya gatatu bizava kuri hydrogen ishobora kongera gukoreshwa. Ugereranije, uyu munsi (hydrogen y'umwimerere) ni 8.4EJ.

 

Nubwo hydrogene y'amashanyarazi yashobora guhaza ibyifuzo bya hydrogene mu mwaka wose wa 2050, amazi yakoreshwa agera kuri metero kibe miliyari 25. Ishusho iri hepfo igereranya iyi mibare n'indi migezi y'amazi ikoreshwa n'abantu. Ubuhinzi bukoresha ingano nini ya metero kibe miliyari 280 z'amazi, mu gihe inganda zikoresha metero kibe hafi miliyari 800 naho imijyi ikoresha metero kibe miliyari 470. Ikoreshwa ry'amazi muri iki gihe mu kuvugurura gazi karemano no kongera gazi mu makara mu gukora hydrogen ni metero kibe miliyari 1.5.

Bityo, nubwo amazi menshi yitezwe gukoreshwa bitewe n’impinduka mu nzira z’amashanyarazi n’ubwiyongere bw’ubukene, amazi akoreshwa mu musaruro wa hydrogen azakomeza kuba make cyane ugereranyije n’andi mazi akoreshwa n’abantu. Ikindi kintu cy’ingenzi ni uko amazi akoreshwa kuri buri muntu ari hagati ya metero kibe 75 (Luxembourg) na metero kibe 1.200 (Amerika) ku mwaka. Ku mpuzandengo ya 400 m3 / (ku muntu * umwaka), umusaruro wose wa hydrogen mu 2050 uhwanye n’uw’igihugu cy’abaturage miliyoni 62.

 

Ingano y'amazi n'ingufu zikoreshwa

 

ikiguzi

Uturemangingo tw’amashanyarazi dukenera amazi meza kandi dukenera kuvurwa. Amazi meza make atuma amazi agabanuka vuba kandi akaba magufi. Ibintu byinshi, harimo diaphragms na catalysts bikoreshwa muri alkaline, hamwe n’uturemangingo n’uturemangingo tw’amazi dufite imyenge ya PEM, bishobora kwangizwa n’imyanda y’amazi nka icyuma, chromium, umuringa, nibindi. Gutwara amazi bisabwa kuba munsi ya 1μS/cm kandi karubone yose hamwe ikaba munsi ya 50μg/L.

 

Amazi akoresha ingufu nke cyane ndetse n'ikiguzi gito. Ikibazo kibi cyane kuri ibi bipimo byombi ni ugukuraho umunyu. Ikoranabuhanga rikoreshwa mu gukura umunyu mu mazi ni ryo rikoreshwa cyane mu gukura umunyu mu mazi, rigizwe hafi na 70% by'ubushobozi bw'isi yose. Iri koranabuhanga ritwara $1900- $2000 / m³/d kandi rifite igipimo cyo kwigiraho cya 15%. Kuri iki giciro cy'ishoramari, ikiguzi cyo gutunganya ni hafi $1 / m³, kandi gishobora kuba gito mu turere aho ikiguzi cy'amashanyarazi kiri hasi.

 

Byongeye kandi, ikiguzi cyo kohereza amazi kiziyongeraho hafi $1-2 kuri m³. Ndetse no muri iki gihe, ikiguzi cyo gutunganya amazi ni hafi $0.05 /kgH2. Kugira ngo tubisobanure neza, ikiguzi cya hydrogen ishobora kongera gukoreshwa gishobora kuba $2-3 /kgH2 niba hari umutungo mwiza ushobora kongera gukoreshwa, mu gihe ikiguzi cy'umutungo mpuzandengo ari $4-5 /kgH2.

 

Muri iki gihe rero cyo kwirinda, amazi yagura munsi ya 2% by'amazi yose. Gukoresha amazi yo mu nyanja bishobora kongera ingano y'amazi yagaruweho inshuro 2.5 kugeza kuri 5 (mu bijyanye n'uburyo amazi yagaruwe).

 

Ikoreshwa ry'ingufu

Urebye ikoreshwa ry'ingufu zo gukuramo umunyu, na zo ni nto cyane ugereranije n'ingano y'amashanyarazi akenewe kugira ngo ashyirwe mu ngirabuzimafatizo z'amashanyarazi. Imashini ikora ubu ikoresha 3.0 kW/m3. Mu buryo bunyuranye, inganda zikuraho umunyu mu bushyuhe zikoresha ingufu nyinshi cyane, kuva kuri 40 kugeza kuri 80 KWH/m3, hamwe n'ingufu ziyongeraho kuva kuri 2.5 kugeza kuri 5 KWH/m3, bitewe n'ikoranabuhanga ryo gukuramo umunyu. Dufashe urugero rw'ingufu zisanzwe (ni ukuvuga ingufu nyinshi zisabwa) z'uruganda rukora hamwe, dufashe ikoreshwa ry'imashini ishyushya, ingufu zisabwa zahindurwamo hafi 0.7kWh/kg ya hydrogen. Mu kubisobanura, ingufu zisabwa n'ingirabuzimafatizo z'amashanyarazi ni hagati ya 50-55kWh/kg, bityo no mu bihe bibi cyane, ingufu zisabwa zo gukuramo umunyu ni hafi 1% by'ingufu zose zinjira muri sisitemu.

 

Imwe mu mbogamizi zo gukuramo umunyu ni ukujugunya amazi y’umunyu, bishobora kugira ingaruka ku rusobe rw’ibinyabuzima byo mu mazi yo mu gace. Iyi mitobe ishobora kuvurwa kugira ngo igabanye ingaruka zayo ku bidukikije, bityo yongeraho andi madolari 0.6-2.40 / m³ ku giciro cy’amazi. Byongeye kandi, ubwiza bw’amazi akoreshwa mu by’amashanyarazi burakomeye kurusha amazi yo kunywa kandi bushobora gutuma ikiguzi cyo kuyatunganya kiri hejuru, ariko biracyari bike ugereranije n’amashanyarazi akoreshwa.

Igice cy'amazi akoreshwa mu gukwirakwiza hydrogen mu mazi ni ikigereranyo cy'aho amazi aherereye gishingiye ku kuboneka kw'amazi, uburyo akoreshwa, kwangirika no kwanduzwa kw'amazi. Hakwiye kwitabwaho uburinganire bw'urusobe rw'ibinyabuzima n'ingaruka z'imihindagurikire y'ibihe mu gihe kirekire. Ikoreshwa ry'amazi rizaba imbogamizi ikomeye mu kongera hydrogen ishobora kongera gukoreshwa.