Madzi ochuluka bwanji omwe amamwa ndi electrolysis
Gawo loyamba: Kupanga haidrojeni
Kugwiritsa ntchito madzi kumachokera ku magawo awiri: kupanga haidrojeni ndi kupanga mphamvu zonyamula mphamvu. Pakupanga haidrojeni, kugwiritsa ntchito madzi oyeretsedwa ndi magetsi ndi pafupifupi makilogalamu 9 a madzi pa kilogalamu imodzi ya haidrojeni. Komabe, poganizira njira yochotsera mchere m'madzi, chiŵerengerochi chikhoza kukhala kuyambira makilogalamu 18 mpaka 24 a madzi pa kilogalamu imodzi ya haidrojeni, kapena ngakhale kufika pa 25.7 mpaka 30.2..
Pa njira yopangira yomwe ilipo (kusintha nthunzi ya methane), madzi ochepera omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi 4.5kgH2O/kgH2 (ofunikira kuti pakhale kusintha), poganizira madzi ndi kuziziritsa, madzi ochepera omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi 6.4-32.2kgH2O/kgH2.
Gawo 2: Magwero a mphamvu (magetsi obwezerezedwanso kapena gasi wachilengedwe)
Gawo lina ndi madzi omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga magetsi obwezerezedwanso ndi gasi wachilengedwe. Madzi omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga mphamvu ya photovoltaic amasiyana pakati pa malita 50-400 /MWh (2.4-19kgH2O/kgH2) ndi mphamvu ya mphepo pakati pa malita 5-45 /MWh (0.2-2.1kgH2O/kgH2). Mofananamo, kupanga gasi kuchokera ku gasi wa shale (kutengera deta ya US) kungawonjezeke kuchokera pa 1.14kgH2O/kgH2 kufika pa 4.9kgH2O/kgH2.
Pomaliza, kuchuluka kwa madzi omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi haidrojeni yopangidwa ndi mphamvu ya photovoltaic ndi mphamvu ya mphepo ndi pafupifupi 32 ndi 22kgH2O/kgH2, motsatana. Kusatsimikizika kumeneku kumachokera ku kuwala kwa dzuwa, nthawi yonse ya moyo ndi kuchuluka kwa silikoni. Kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa madzi kumeneku kuli kofanana ndi kupanga haidrojeni kuchokera ku gasi wachilengedwe (7.6-37 kgh2o / kgH2, ndi avareji ya 22kgH2O/kgH2).
Madzi onse: Kutsika mukamagwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zongowonjezwdwanso
Mofanana ndi mpweya wa CO2, chinthu chofunikira kuti madzi asamayende bwino pogwiritsa ntchito njira zamagetsi ndi kugwiritsa ntchito magwero a mphamvu zongowonjezwdwanso. Ngati gawo laling'ono chabe la magetsi limapangidwa pogwiritsa ntchito mafuta, madzi omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi magetsi amakhala okwera kwambiri kuposa madzi enieni omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito panthawi ya magetsi.
Mwachitsanzo, kupanga mphamvu ya gasi kungagwiritse ntchito malita 2,500 pa MWh ya madzi. Ndi njira yabwino kwambiri yogwiritsira ntchito mafuta osungiramo zinthu zakale (gasi wachilengedwe). Ngati kupangidwa kwa gasi pogwiritsa ntchito malasha kuganiziridwa, kupanga kwa haidrojeni kungagwiritse ntchito 31-31.8kgH2O/kgH2 ndipo kupanga malasha kungagwiritse ntchito 14.7kgH2O/kgH2. Kugwiritsa ntchito madzi kuchokera ku photovoltaics ndi mphepo kukuyembekezekanso kuchepa pakapita nthawi pamene njira zopangira zikuyenda bwino komanso mphamvu zomwe zimachokera pa unit iliyonse ya mphamvu zomwe zayikidwa zikukwera.
Madzi onse omwe agwiritsidwa ntchito mu 2050
Dziko lapansi likuyembekezeka kugwiritsa ntchito haidrojeni yochulukirapo mtsogolo kuposa momwe likugwiritsira ntchito masiku ano. Mwachitsanzo, IRENA's World Energy Transitions Outlook ikuyerekeza kuti kufunikira kwa haidrojeni mu 2050 kudzakhala pafupifupi 74EJ, ndipo pafupifupi magawo awiri mwa atatu a iwo adzachokera ku haidrojeni yongowonjezedwanso. Poyerekeza, masiku ano (hydrogen yeniyeni) ndi 8.4EJ.
Ngakhale hydrogen yamagetsi ikadakwaniritsa kufunikira kwa hydrogen mu 2050 yonse, kugwiritsa ntchito madzi kungakhale pafupifupi ma cubic metres 25 biliyoni. Chithunzi chomwe chili pansipa chikuyerekeza chiwerengerochi ndi mitsinje ina yogwiritsidwa ntchito ndi anthu. Ulimi umagwiritsa ntchito madzi okwana ma cubic metres 280 biliyoni, pomwe mafakitale amagwiritsa ntchito ma cubic metres pafupifupi 800 biliyoni ndipo mizinda imagwiritsa ntchito ma cubic metres 470 biliyoni. Kugwiritsa ntchito madzi pakali pano pokonzanso gasi lachilengedwe ndi kuyika gasi m'malasha kuti apange hydrogen ndi pafupifupi ma cubic metres 1.5 biliyoni.
Motero, ngakhale kuti madzi ambiri akuyembekezeka kugwiritsidwa ntchito chifukwa cha kusintha kwa njira zamagetsi ndi kufunikira kwakukulu, kugwiritsa ntchito madzi kuchokera ku kupanga haidrojeni kudzakhala kochepa kwambiri kuposa madzi ena omwe anthu amagwiritsa ntchito. Mfundo ina yodziwikiratu ndi yakuti madzi omwe munthu amagwiritsa ntchito ali pakati pa 75 (Luxembourg) ndi 1,200 (US) cubic meters pachaka. Pa avareji ya 400 m3 / (pa munthu aliyense * pachaka), kupanga haidrojeni yonse mu 2050 kuli kofanana ndi dziko la anthu 62 miliyoni.
Mtengo wa madzi ndi mphamvu zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito
mtengo
Maselo a electrolytic amafuna madzi abwino kwambiri ndipo amafunika kuchiritsidwa ndi madzi. Madzi abwino otsika amachititsa kuti madzi aziwonongeka mofulumira komanso azikhala ndi moyo wautali. Zinthu zambiri, kuphatikizapo ma diaphragm ndi ma catalyst omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito mu alkaline, komanso ma nembanemba ndi zigawo zonyamula za PEM, zimatha kukhudzidwa kwambiri ndi zinyalala zamadzi monga chitsulo, chromium, mkuwa, ndi zina zotero. Kuyendetsa madzi kumafunika kukhala kochepera 1μS/cm ndipo mpweya wonse wa organic uyenera kukhala wochepera 50μg/L.
Madzi ndi omwe amagwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zochepa komanso ndalama zochepa. Choyipa kwambiri pa zonsezi ndi kuchotsa mchere m'madzi. Reverse osmosis ndiye ukadaulo waukulu wochotsera mchere m'madzi, womwe umagwira ntchito pafupifupi 70 peresenti ya mphamvu yapadziko lonse lapansi. Ukadaulowu umawononga $1900- $2000 / m³/d ndipo uli ndi chiŵerengero cha kuphunzira cha 15%. Pa mtengo woyika ndalama uwu, mtengo wochizira ndi pafupifupi $1 / m³, ndipo ukhoza kukhala wotsika m'malo omwe ndalama zamagetsi ndizochepa.
Kuphatikiza apo, ndalama zotumizira zidzakwera ndi pafupifupi $1-2 pa mita imodzi. Ngakhale pankhaniyi, ndalama zoyeretsera madzi ndi pafupifupi $0.05 /kgH2. Kuti timvetse bwino izi, mtengo wa haidrojeni wongowonjezereka ukhoza kukhala $2-3 /kgH2 ngati zinthu zabwino zongowonjezereka zilipo, pomwe mtengo wapakati wa zinthuzo ndi $4-5 /kgH2.
Choncho pankhaniyi, madzi angawononge ndalama zosakwana 2 peresenti ya madzi onse. Kugwiritsa ntchito madzi a m'nyanja kungawonjezere kuchuluka kwa madzi omwe abwezeretsedwa ndi nthawi 2.5 mpaka 5 (ponena za njira yobwezeretsa madzi).
Kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu
Poganizira mphamvu zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pochotsa mchere m'thupi, ndi zochepa kwambiri poyerekeza ndi kuchuluka kwa magetsi omwe amafunikira kuti selo ya electrolytic ilowe. Chida chogwiritsira ntchito mphamvu ya reverse osmosis chimagwiritsa ntchito pafupifupi 3.0 kW/m3. Mosiyana ndi zimenezi, mafakitale ochotsa mchere m'thupi amagwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zambiri, kuyambira 40 mpaka 80 KWH/m3, ndipo mphamvu zina zimafunika kuyambira 2.5 mpaka 5 KWH/m3, kutengera ukadaulo wochotsa mchere m'thupi. Potengera chitsanzo cha chomera chopanga mchere (monga kufunikira kwa mphamvu zambiri) cha chomera chopanga mchere m'thupi, poganizira kugwiritsa ntchito pampu yotentha, kufunikira kwa mphamvu kungasinthidwe kukhala pafupifupi 0.7kWh/kg ya hydrogen. Kuti timvetse bwino izi, kufunikira kwa magetsi kwa selo ya electrolytic ndi pafupifupi 50-55kWh/kg, kotero ngakhale pazochitika zoyipa kwambiri, kufunikira kwa mphamvu yochotsa mchere m'thupi ndi pafupifupi 1% ya mphamvu yonse yomwe imapezeka mu dongosolo.
Vuto limodzi lochotsa mchere m'madzi ndi kutaya madzi amchere, zomwe zingakhudze zachilengedwe za m'nyanja. Madzi amchere awa amatha kukonzedwanso kuti achepetse kuwonongeka kwa chilengedwe, motero kuwonjezera $0.6-2.40 / m³ pamtengo wa madzi. Kuphatikiza apo, ubwino wa madzi amagetsi ndi wovuta kwambiri kuposa madzi akumwa ndipo ungapangitse kuti ndalama zochizira zikhale zokwera, koma izi zikuyembekezekabe kukhala zochepa poyerekeza ndi mphamvu zamagetsi.
Madzi omwe amalowa m'madzi a electrolytic popanga haidrojeni ndi malo enieni omwe amadalira kupezeka kwa madzi m'deralo, kugwiritsidwa ntchito, kuwonongeka kwa madzi, ndi kuipitsa. Kulinganiza kwa zachilengedwe ndi momwe nyengo ikuyendera kwa nthawi yayitali kuyenera kuganiziridwa. Kugwiritsa ntchito madzi kudzakhala chopinga chachikulu pakukulitsa kuchuluka kwa haidrojeni yongowonjezwdwanso.
Nthawi yotumizira: Marichi-08-2023