N’chifukwa chiyani silicon ndi yolimba koma yosalimba?

Silikonindi kristalo wa atomiki, womwe maatomu ake amalumikizidwa wina ndi mnzake ndi ma covalent bonds, ndikupanga kapangidwe ka netiweki ya malo. Mu kapangidwe kameneka, ma covalent bonds pakati pa maatomu ndi olunjika kwambiri ndipo ali ndi mphamvu yayikulu yolumikizana, zomwe zimapangitsa silicon kuwonetsa kuuma kwakukulu ikakana mphamvu zakunja kuti isinthe mawonekedwe ake. Mwachitsanzo, zimatengera mphamvu yayikulu yakunja kuti iwononge kulumikizana kwamphamvu kwa covalent bond pakati pa maatomu.

Komabe, chifukwa cha kapangidwe kake kokhazikika komanso kolimba ka kristalo yake ya atomiki, ikakumana ndi mphamvu yayikulu yokhudza kapena mphamvu yakunja yosagwirizana, lattice mkati mwake imalowa mkati mwake.silikoniN'zovuta kuletsa ndi kufalitsa mphamvu yakunja kudzera mu kusintha kwa malo, koma zimapangitsa kuti ma covalent bonds asweke m'ma crystal planes ofooka kapena njira za crystal, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti kapangidwe ka kristalo konse kasweke ndikuwonetsa mawonekedwe ofooka. Mosiyana ndi mapangidwe monga ma crystal achitsulo, pali ma ionic bonds pakati pa maatomu achitsulo omwe amatha kutsetsereka pang'ono, ndipo amatha kudalira kutsetsereka pakati pa zigawo za atomu kuti zigwirizane ndi mphamvu zakunja, kusonyeza ductility yabwino komanso kusweka kosavuta.

Silikonimaatomu amalumikizidwa ndi ma covalent bonds. Chofunika kwambiri cha ma covalent bonds ndi kuyanjana kwamphamvu komwe kumapangidwa ndi ma elekitironi awiriawiri pakati pa maatomu. Ngakhale kuti mgwirizanowu ukhoza kutsimikizira kukhazikika ndi kuuma kwakristalo wa silikoniKapangidwe kake, zimakhala zovuta kuti mgwirizano wa covalent ubwererenso ukasweka. Pamene mphamvu yomwe dziko lakunja limagwiritsa ntchito ikapitirira malire omwe mgwirizano wa covalent ungathe kupirira, mgwirizanowo umasweka, ndipo chifukwa palibe zinthu monga kusuntha ma elekitironi momasuka monga mu zitsulo kuti zithandize kukonza kusweka, kukhazikitsanso kulumikizana, kapena kudalira kuchotsedwa kwa ma elekitironi kuti afalitse kupsinjika, zimakhala zosavuta kusweka ndipo sizingathe kusunga umphumphu wonse kudzera mu kusintha kwake kwamkati, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti silicon ikhale yofooka kwambiri.

Mu ntchito zenizeni, zinthu za silikoni nthawi zambiri zimakhala zovuta kukhala zoyera, ndipo zimakhala ndi zodetsa zina ndi zolakwika za lattice. Kuphatikizidwa kwa maatomu odetsedwa kungasokoneze kapangidwe ka silicon lattice koyambirira, zomwe zimapangitsa kusintha kwa mphamvu ya mgwirizano wa mankhwala am'deralo ndi momwe maatomu amagwirizanirana, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti malo ofooka akhale ofooka mu kapangidwe kake. Zolakwika za lattice (monga malo opanda kanthu ndi kusuntha) zidzakhalanso malo omwe kupsinjika kumakhala kwakukulu.

Mphamvu zakunja zikagwira ntchito, malo ofooka awa ndi malo opsinjika maganizo nthawi zambiri zimayambitsa kusweka kwa ma covalent bond, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zinthu za silicon ziyambe kusweka kuchokera m'malo awa, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zofooka kwambiri. Ngakhale poyamba zinkadalira ma covalent bond pakati pa maatomu kuti apange kapangidwe kolimba kwambiri, n'zovuta kupewa kusweka kwa brittle chifukwa cha mphamvu zakunja.