Kungani i-silicon ilukhuni kangaka kodwa ibuthakathaka kangaka?

I-Siliconiyikristalu ye-athomu, ama-athomu ayo axhunywe komunye nomunye ngamabhondi e-covalent, akha isakhiwo senethiwekhi yendawo. Kulesi sakhiwo, amabhondi e-covalent phakathi kwama-athomu aqondisa kakhulu futhi anamandla aphezulu ebhondi, okwenza i-silicon ibonise ubulukhuni obukhulu lapho imelana namandla angaphandle ukushintsha isimo sayo. Isibonelo, kuthatha amandla amakhulu angaphandle ukubhubhisa uxhumano oluqinile lwebhondi e-covalent phakathi kwama-athomu.

Kodwa-ke, kungenxa yezimpawu zesakhiwo ezijwayelekile neziqinile zekristalu yayo ye-athomu ukuthi lapho ibhekene namandla amakhulu okushaya noma amandla angaphandle angalingani, i-lattice engaphakathii-siliconKunzima ukuvimba nokusabalalisa amandla angaphandle ngokusebenzisa ukuguqulwa kwendawo, kodwa kuzobangela ukuthi izibopho ze-covalent ziqhekeke kwezinye izindiza zekristalu ezibuthakathaka noma izikhombisi-ndlela zekristalu, okuzobangela ukuthi isakhiwo sonke sekristalu siqhekeke futhi sibonise izici zokuphuka. Ngokungafani nezakhiwo ezifana namakristalu ensimbi, kunezibopho ze-ionic phakathi kwama-athomu ensimbi ezingashelela ngokulinganisela, futhi zingathembela ekusheleleni phakathi kwezingqimba ze-athomu ukuze zivumelane namandla angaphandle, okubonisa ukuguguleka okuhle futhi akulula ukuphuka ukuphuka.

I-SiliconAma-athomu axhunywe ngama-covalent bonds. Ingqikithi yama-covalent bonds ukusebenzisana okuqinile okwakhiwa ama-electron pair ahlanganyelwe phakathi kwama-athomu. Nakuba lesi sibopho singaqinisekisa ukuzinza nokuqina kwe-ikristalu ye-siliconisakhiwo, kunzima ukuthi isibopho se-covalent siphinde sitholakale uma sesiphukile. Lapho amandla asetshenziswa yizwe langaphandle edlula umkhawulo isibopho se-covalent esingawumelana nawo, isibopho sizophuka, futhi ngenxa yokuthi azikho izinto ezifana nokuhambisa ama-electron ngokukhululeka njengasezintweni zokusiza ukulungisa ukuphuka, ukuvuselela ukuxhumana, noma ukuthembela ekususweni kwama-electron ukuze kuhlakazwe ukucindezeleka, kulula ukuqhekeka futhi ayikwazi ukugcina ubuqotho obuphelele ngokulungiswa kwayo kwangaphakathi, okwenza i-silicon ibe buthakathaka kakhulu.

Ezisetshenzisweni ezisebenzayo, izinto ze-silicon zivame ukuba nzima ukuzihlanza ngokuphelele, futhi zizoqukatha ukungcola okuthile kanye namaphutha e-lattice. Ukufakwa kwama-athomu okungcola kungaphazamisa isakhiwo se-lattice se-silicon esivamile ekuqaleni, okubangela izinguquko emandleni esibopho samakhemikhali endawo kanye nemodi yokubopha phakathi kwama-athomu, okuholela ezindaweni ezibuthakathaka esakhiweni. Amaphutha e-lattice (njengezikhala kanye nokuhlukana) nawo azoba izindawo lapho ukucindezeleka kugxila khona.

Uma amandla angaphandle esebenza, lawa mabala abuthakathaka kanye namaphuzu okugxilisa ukucindezeleka kungenzeka kakhulu ukuthi abangele ukuphuka kwezibopho ze-covalent, okubangela ukuthi izinto ze-silicon ziqale ukuphuka kulezi zindawo, okwandisa ubuthakathaka bazo. Ngisho noma ekuqaleni zazithembele kuzibopho ze-covalent phakathi kwama-athomu ukwakha isakhiwo esinobunzima obuphezulu, kunzima ukugwema ukuphuka okubuthakathaka ngaphansi komthelela wamandla angaphandle.