Ingakanani amanzi asetyenziswa yi-electrolysis
Inyathelo lokuqala: Ukuveliswa kweHydrogen
Ukusetyenziswa kwamanzi kuvela kumanyathelo amabini: ukuveliswa kwe-hydrogen kunye nokuveliswa kwamandla angaphezulu. Kwimveliso ye-hydrogen, ukusetyenziswa okuncinci kwamanzi afakwe kwi-electrolyze kumalunga neekhilogram ezili-9 zamanzi ngekhilogram ye-hydrogen. Nangona kunjalo, xa kujongwa inkqubo yokususa iiminerali emanzini, eli nani linokusukela kwiikhilogram ezili-18 ukuya kwezingama-24 zamanzi ngekhilogram ye-hydrogen, okanye lide libe phezulu njenge-25.7 ukuya kwi-30.2..
Kwinkqubo yemveliso ekhoyo (ukulungiswa komphunga we-methane), ukusetyenziswa kwamanzi okuncinci yi-4.5kgH2O/kgH2 (efunekayo ukuze kuphendulwe), xa kujongwa amanzi kunye nokupholisa, ukusetyenziswa kwamanzi okuncinci yi-6.4-32.2kgH2O/kgH2.
Inyathelo lesi-2: Imithombo yamandla (umbane ohlaziyekayo okanye igesi yendalo)
Elinye icandelo kukusetyenziswa kwamanzi ukuvelisa umbane ohlaziyekayo kunye negesi yendalo. Ukusetyenziswa kwamanzi kwamandla e-photovoltaic kuyahluka phakathi kwe-50-400 litres /MWh (2.4-19kgH2O/kgH2) kunye namandla omoya phakathi kwe-5-45 litres /MWh (0.2-2.1kgH2O/kgH2). Ngokufanayo, imveliso yegesi evela kwi-shale gas (ngokusekelwe kwidatha yase-US) inokwandiswa ukusuka kwi-1.14kgH2O/kgH2 ukuya kwi-4.9kgH2O/kgH2.
Ukuqukumbela, ukusetyenziswa kwamanzi okuqhelekileyo kwe-hydrogen eveliswa kukuveliswa kwamandla e-photovoltaic kunye nokuveliswa kwamandla omoya kumalunga ne-32 kunye ne-22kgH2O/kgH2, ngokwahlukeneyo. Ukungaqiniseki kuvela kwimitha yelanga, ubomi bonke kunye nomxholo we-silicon. Oku kusetyenziswa kwamanzi kukwindlela efanayo yobukhulu bemveliso ye-hydrogen evela kwigesi yendalo (7.6-37 kgh2o / kgH2, kunye nomyinge we-22kgH2O/kgH2).
Umlinganiselo wamanzi uphela: Uphantsi xa kusetyenziswa amandla ahlaziyekayo
Ngokufanayo nokukhutshwa kwe-CO2, imfuneko yokuba kubekho amanzi aphantsi kwiindlela ze-electrolytic kukusetyenziswa kwemithombo yamandla avuselelekayo. Ukuba kuveliswa iqhekeza elincinci lombane kusetyenziswa amafutha efosili, ukusetyenziswa kwamanzi okunxulunyaniswa nombane kuphezulu kakhulu kunamanzi asetyenziswayo ngexesha le-electrolysis.
Umzekelo, ukuveliswa kwamandla egesi kungasebenzisa ukuya kuthi ga kwi-2,500 yeelitha /MWh yamanzi. Kwakhona yeyona meko ilungileyo yamafutha efosili (igesi yendalo). Ukuba kucingelwa ukuba igesi yamalahle iyasetyenziswa, ukuveliswa kwehydrogen kungasebenzisa i-31-31.8kgH2O/kgH2 kwaye ukuveliswa kwamalahle kungasebenzisa i-14.7kgH2O/kgH2. Ukusetyenziswa kwamanzi kwi-photovoltaics nomoya kulindeleke ukuba kunciphe ngokuhamba kwexesha njengoko iinkqubo zokuvelisa zisebenza kakuhle kwaye imveliso yamandla ngeyunithi nganye yamandla afakiweyo iphucuka.
Ukusetyenziswa kwamanzi okupheleleyo ngo-2050
Ihlabathi kulindeleke ukuba lisebenzise i-hydrogen ephindwe kaninzi kwixesha elizayo kunanamhlanje. Umzekelo, i-IRENA's World Energy Transitions Outlook iqikelela ukuba imfuno ye-hydrogen ngo-2050 iya kuba malunga ne-74EJ, apho malunga nesibini kwisithathu siya kuvela kwi-hydrogen evuselelekayo. Xa kuthelekiswa, namhlanje (i-hydrogen ecocekileyo) yi-8.4EJ.
Nokuba i-hydrogen ye-electrolytic ingahlangabezana neemfuno ze-hydrogen kulo lonke unyaka ka-2050, ukusetyenziswa kwamanzi kuya kuba malunga neebhiliyoni ezingama-25 zee-cubic metres. Lo mfanekiso ungezantsi uthelekisa lo mfanekiso neminye imithombo yamanzi esetyenziswa ngumntu. Ezolimo zisebenzisa inani elikhulu leebhiliyoni ezingama-280 zee-cubic metres zamanzi, ngelixa amashishini esebenzisa phantse iibhiliyoni ezingama-800 zee-cubic metres kwaye izixeko zisebenzisa iibhiliyoni ezingama-470 zee-cubic metres. Ukusetyenziswa kwamanzi okwangoku kokuhlaziya igesi yendalo kunye negesi yamalahle ukuvelisa i-hydrogen kumalunga neebhiliyoni ezili-1.5 zee-cubic metres.
Ngoko ke, nangona kulindeleke ukuba kusetyenziswe amanzi amaninzi ngenxa yotshintsho kwiindlela ze-electrolytic kunye nemfuno ekhulayo, ukusetyenziswa kwamanzi okuvela kwimveliso ye-hydrogen kuseza kuba kuncinci kakhulu kunezinye iindlela ezisetyenziswa ngabantu. Enye ingongoma ebhekisayo kukuba ukusetyenziswa kwamanzi ngomntu ngamnye kuphakathi kwe-75 (Luxembourg) kunye ne-1,200 (US) cubic metres ngonyaka. Ngomyinge we-400 m3 / (ngomntu ngamnye * ngonyaka), imveliso iyonke ye-hydrogen ngo-2050 ilingana neyomhlaba onabantu abazizigidi ezingama-62.
Ixabisa malini amanzi kwaye ingakanani i-eneji esetyenziswayo
ixabiso
Iiseli ze-electrolytic zifuna amanzi asemgangathweni ophezulu kwaye zifuna unyango lwamanzi. Amanzi asemgangathweni ophantsi akhokelela ekuwohlokeni ngokukhawuleza nasekuphileni ubomi obufutshane. Izinto ezininzi, kuquka ii-diaphragms kunye nee-catalysts ezisetyenziswa kwi-alkalines, kunye nee-membranes kunye nee-porous transport layers ze-PEM, zinokuchaphazeleka kakubi kukungcola kwamanzi okufana ne-iron, i-chromium, i-copper, njl. Kufuneka ukuba ukuhanjiswa kwamanzi kube ngaphantsi kwe-1μS/cm kunye ne-organic carbon iyonke ibe ngaphantsi kwe-50μg/L.
Amanzi abangela isabelo esincinci sokusetyenziswa kwamandla kunye neendleko. Eyona meko imbi kakhulu kuzo zombini ezi parameters kukususa ityuwa emanzini. I-reverse osmosis yeyona teknoloji iphambili yokususa ityuwa emanzini, ebalelwa phantse kuma-70 ekhulwini omthamo wehlabathi. Le teknoloji ixabisa i-$1900-$2000 / m³/ngosuku kwaye inezinga lokufunda eliyi-15%. Kule ndleko yotyalo-mali, iindleko zonyango zimalunga ne-$1 / m³, kwaye zinokuba ziphantsi kwiindawo apho iindleko zombane ziphantsi.
Ukongeza, iindleko zokuthumela ziya kunyuka malunga ne-$1-2 nge-m³ nganye. Kwanakule meko, iindleko zokucoca amanzi zimalunga ne-$0.05 /kgH2. Ukubeka oku ngendlela eyiyo, ixabiso le-hydrogen evuselelekayo linokuba yi-$2-3 /kgH2 ukuba kukho izixhobo ezilungileyo ezivuselelekayo, ngelixa ixabiso lomthombo oqhelekileyo liyi-$4-5 /kgH2.
Ngoko ke kule meko ilungileyo, amanzi angabiza ngaphantsi kwe-2% yexabiso lilonke. Ukusetyenziswa kwamanzi olwandle kunokunyusa inani lamanzi afunyenweyo ngokuphindwe kabini ukuya kahlanu (ngokwe-recovery factor).
Ukusetyenziswa kwamandla
Xa sijonga ukusetyenziswa kwamandla okususa ityuwa, incinci kakhulu xa ithelekiswa nombane ofunekayo ukufaka iseli ye-electrolytic. Iyunithi ye-osmosis esebenzayo yangoku isebenzisa malunga ne-3.0 kW/m3. Ngokwahlukileyo koko, izityalo zokususa ityuwa kubushushu zisebenzisa amandla aphezulu kakhulu, ukusuka kwi-40 ukuya kwi-80 KWH/m3, kunye neemfuno zamandla ezongezelelweyo ukusuka kwi-2.5 ukuya kwi-5 KWH/m3, kuxhomekeke kwitekhnoloji yokususa ityuwa. Ukuthatha imeko egcinayo (oko kukuthi imfuno yamandla ephezulu) yesityalo sokuvelisa ityuwa njengomzekelo, xa kuthathwa ukusetyenziswa kwepompo yobushushu, imfuno yamandla iya kuguqulwa ibe malunga ne-0.7kWh/kg ye-hydrogen. Ukubeka oku ngendlela eyiyo, imfuno yombane yeseli ye-electrolytic imalunga ne-50-55kWh/kg, ngoko ke nokuba imeko imbi kakhulu, imfuno yamandla okususa ityuwa imalunga ne-1% yamandla apheleleyo angeniswayo kwinkqubo.
Omnye umceli mngeni wokususa ityuwa kukulahla amanzi anetyuwa, okunokuba nefuthe kwiinkqubo zendalo zaseLwandle zasekuhlaleni. Le brine inokulungiswa ngakumbi ukunciphisa impembelelo yayo kwindalo, ngaloo ndlela yongeza enye i-$0.6-2.40 / m³ kwixabiso lamanzi. Ukongeza, umgangatho wamanzi we-electrolytic ungqongqo ngakumbi kunamanzi okusela kwaye unokubangela iindleko eziphezulu zonyango, kodwa oku kusalindeleke ukuba kube kuncinci xa kuthelekiswa nombane ongenayo.
Umlinganiselo wamanzi asetyenziswa yi-electrolytic ukuze kuveliswe i-hydrogen yiparameter yendawo ethile exhomekeke ekufumanekeni kwamanzi kwindawo, ekusetyenzisweni kwawo, ekuwohlokeni kwawo kunye nongcoliseko lwawo. Ulungelelwaniso lweenkqubo zendalo kunye nempembelelo yemikhwa yemozulu yexesha elide kufuneka kuqwalaselwe. Ukusetyenziswa kwamanzi kuya kuba ngumqobo omkhulu ekwandiseni i-hydrogen evuselelekayo.
Ixesha lokuthumela: Matshi-08-2023