Te nui o te wai e pau ana i te electrolysis
Hipanga tuatahi: Te hanga hauwai
E rua ngā taahiraa e pau ana i te wai: te hanga hauwai me te hanga kaikawe pūngao o te awa. Mō te hanga hauwai, ko te iti rawa o te wai kua whakamahanatia he tata ki te 9 kirokaramu wai mō ia kirokaramu hauwai. Heoi, me te whakaaro ki te tukanga tango kohuke o te wai, ka taea e tēnei ōwehenga te awhe mai i te 18 ki te 24 kirokaramu wai mō ia kirokaramu hauwai, tae atu ki te 25.7 ki te 30.2.
Mō te tukanga whakaputa o nāianei (te whakahounga mamaoa methane), ko te iti rawa o te wai e whakamahia ana ko te 4.5kgH2O/kgH2 (e hiahiatia ana mō te tauhohenga), me te whakaaro ki te wai tukanga me te whakamatao, ko te iti rawa o te wai e whakamahia ana ko te 6.4-32.2kgH2O/kgH2.
Hipanga 2: Ngā pūtake pūngao (hiko whakahou, hau māori rānei)
Ko tētahi atu wāhanga ko te whakamahinga wai hei whakaputa hiko hou me te hau māori. Ko te whakamahinga wai o te mana photovoltaic kei waenga i te 50-400 rita /MWh (2.4-19kgH2O/kgH2) me te whakamahinga wai o te mana hau kei waenga i te 5-45 rita /MWh (0.2-2.1kgH2O/kgH2). Waihoki, ka taea te whakanui ake i te whakaputanga hau mai i te hau shale (i runga i ngā raraunga US) mai i te 1.14kgH2O/kgH2 ki te 4.9kgH2O/kgH2.
Hei whakamutunga, ko te toharite o te wai e pau ana i te hauwai i hangaia e te whakaputanga hiko photovoltaic me te whakaputanga hiko hau he tata ki te 32 me te 22kgH2O/kgH2. Ko ngā āwangawanga i ahu mai i te hihi o te rā, te roa o te ora me te ihirangi silicon. He rite tonu te nui o tēnei wai e pau ana ki te whakaputanga hauwai mai i te hau māori (7.6-37 kgh2o/kgH2, me te toharite o te 22kgH2O/kgH2).
Te tapeke o te tapuwae wai: He iti ake ina whakamahia te pūngao hou
Pērā i ngā tukunga CO2, ko te whakaritenga mō te iti o te tapuwae wai mō ngā huarahi hikohiko ko te whakamahi i ngā pūtake pūngao hou. Mena he iti noa te wāhanga o te hiko e whakaputaina ana mā te whakamahi i ngā wahie pūmua, he nui ake te wai e whakamahia ana e te hiko i te wai tuturu e pau ana i te wā hikohiko.
Hei tauira, ka taea e te whakaputa hiko hau te whakamahi i te 2,500 rita/MWh o te wai. Koinei hoki te tauira pai rawa atu mō ngā wahie pūmua (hau māori). Mēnā ka whakaarohia te whakapūngao waro, ka taea e te whakaputanga hauwai te whakamahi i te 31-31.8kgH2O/kgH2, ā, ka taea e te whakaputanga waro te whakamahi i te 14.7kgH2O/kgH2. E matapaetia ana hoki ka heke te whakamahinga wai mai i ngā photovoltaics me te hau i roto i te wā, i te mea ka pai ake te whai hua o ngā tukanga hangahanga, ā, ka pai ake te putanga pūngao mō ia waeine o te kaha kua tāutahia.
Te tapeke o te wai e whakamahia ana i te tau 2050
E matapaetia ana ka nui ake te hauwai e whakamahia ana e te ao ā muri ake nei i tōna whakamahinga i ēnei rā. Hei tauira, e ai ki te World Energy Transitions Outlook a IRENA, ko te hiahia mō te hauwai i te tau 2050 ka tata ki te 74EJ, ā, e rua hautoru o ēnei ka ahu mai i te hauwai hou. Hei whakataurite, ko te hauwai parakore i ēnei rā ko te 8.4EJ.
Ahakoa ka taea e te hauwai hikohiko te whakatutuki i te hiahia hauwai mō te tau 2050 katoa, ko te wai e pau ana i te 25 piriona mita pūtoru. E whakataurite ana te ahua i raro nei i tēnei ahua ki ētahi atu awa wai e pau ana i te tangata. Ko te ahuwhenua te mea e whakamahi ana i te nui rawa o te 280 piriona mita pūtoru o te wai, ko te ahumahi ia e whakamahi ana i te tata ki te 800 piriona mita pūtoru, ā, ko ngā tāone e whakamahi ana i te 470 piriona mita pūtoru. Ko te wai e pau ana i nāianei mai i te whakahounga hau māori me te whakapūnga waro mō te hanga hauwai he tata ki te 1.5 piriona mita pūtoru.
Nō reira, ahakoa e matapaetia ana ka pau te nui o te wai nā ngā panonitanga o ngā ara hikohiko me te pikinga o te hiahia, ka iti tonu te wai e pau ana mai i te hanga hauwai i ērā atu rerenga e whakamahia ana e te tangata. Ko tētahi atu tohutoro ko te whakamahinga wai mō ia tangata kei waenga i te 75 (Luxembourg) me te 1,200 (US) mita pūtoru ia tau. I te toharite o te 400 m3 / (mō ia tangata * tau), ko te hanga hauwai katoa i te tau 2050 he rite ki tērā o tētahi whenua he 62 miriona tāngata.
Te utu mō te wai me te nui o te pūngao e whakamahia ana
utu
Me whai wai kounga teitei ngā pūtau hikohiko, ā, me whai maimoatanga wai anō hoki. Ka tere ake te pirau me te poto ake te ora o te wai kounga iti. He maha ngā huānga, tae atu ki ngā diaphragm me ngā catalysts e whakamahia ana i roto i ngā alkalines, tae atu ki ngā membrane me ngā paparanga kawe pore o te PEM, ka pāngia kinotia e ngā poke wai pērā i te rino, te chromium, te parahi, me ētahi atu. Me iti iho i te 1μS/cm te kawe wai, ā, me iti iho i te 50μg/L te waro waro katoa.
He iti noa te wāhanga o te whakapaunga pūngao me ngā utu e whakamahia ana e te wai. Ko te āhuatanga kino rawa atu mō ngā tawhā e rua ko te tango tote. Ko te osmosis whakamuri te hangarau matua mō te tango tote, e tata ana ki te 70 ōrau o te kaha o te ao. Ko te utu mō te hangarau he $1900- $2000/m³/rā, ā, ko te tere ako he 15%. Mō tēnei utu haumi, ko te utu maimoatanga he $1/m³, ā, tera pea he iti iho i ngā wāhi he iti ngā utu hiko.
Hei tāpiritanga, ka piki ake ngā utu kaipuke mā te $1-2 mō ia m³. Ahakoa i tēnei wā, ko te utu maimoatanga wai he $0.05/kgH2. Hei whakamārama i tēnei, ko te utu o te hauwai ka taea te whakahou ko te $2-3/kgH2 mēnā he pai ngā rauemi ka taea te whakahou, ko te utu toharite ia o te rauemi he $4-5/kgH2.
Nō reira, i roto i tēnei horopaki ātaahua, he iti iho i te 2 ōrau o te katoa te utu mō te wai. Mā te whakamahinga o te wai moana ka taea te whakanui ake i te nui o te wai i whakahokia mai mā te 2.5 ki te 5 ngā wā (e ai ki te tauwehenga whakaora).
Te whakapaunga pūngao
Ki te tirohia te kaha e pau ana i te tango tote, he iti rawa hoki ki te nui o te hiko e hiahiatia ana hei whakauru i te pūtau hikohiko. Ko te waeine osmosis whakamuri e mahi ana i nāianei e pau ana i te 3.0 kW/m3. He rerekē, he nui ake te kaha e pau ana i ngā tipu tango tote wera, mai i te 40 ki te 80 KWH/m3, me ngā hiahia hiko tāpiri mai i te 2.5 ki te 5 KWH/m3, i runga i te hangarau tango tote. Mēnā ka tangohia te take matawhānui (arā, te hiahia hiko teitei ake) o te tipu whakaputa tahi hei tauira, me te whakaaro ka whakamahia he papu wera, ka hurihia te hiahia hiko ki te 0.7kWh/kg o te hauwai. Hei whakamārama i tēnei, ko te hiahia hiko o te pūtau hikohiko he tata ki te 50-55kWh/kg, nō reira ahakoa i roto i te āhuatanga kino rawa atu, ko te hiahia hiko mō te tango tote he tata ki te 1% o te katoa o te kaha e whakaurua ana ki te pūnaha.
Ko tētahi wero o te tango tote ko te whakakorenga o te wai tote, ka pā pea tēnei ki ngā pūnaha rauropi moana o te rohe. Ka taea te tukatuka anō i tēnei wai tote hei whakaiti i tōna pānga ki te taiao, ā, ka tāpirihia he $0.6-2.40/m³ ki te utu o te wai. Hei tāpiri, he kaha ake te kounga o te wai hiko i te wai inu, ā, ka nui ake pea ngā utu maimoatanga, engari e whakaarohia ana he iti tonu tēnei ki te whakataurite ki te hiko e whakaurua ana.
Ko te tapuwae wai o te wai hiko mō te hanga hauwai he tawhā tino motuhake e whakawhirinaki ana ki te wātea o te wai ā-rohe, te whakamahinga, te whakahekenga me te parahanga. Me whai whakaaro ki te taurite o ngā pūnaha rauropi me te pānga o ngā au o te āhuarangi mō te wā roa. Ko te whakamahinga wai he arai nui ki te whakanui ake i te hauwai ka taea te whakahou.
Wā tuku: Maehe-08-2023