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Njira yogwiritsira ntchito thupi ndi mankhwala
Njira yogwiritsira ntchito mphamvu ndi mankhwala imatanthauza njira yokonzekera zinthu zokhala ndi mabowo pophatikiza njira ziwiri zomwe zili pamwambapa. Kawirikawiri, kuyambitsa mphamvu ndi mankhwala kumachitika kaye, kenako kuyambitsa mphamvu ndi mankhwala kumachitika. Choyamba lowetsani cellulose mu yankho la 68% ~ 85% H3PO4 pa 85℃ kwa maola awiri, kenako muyiike mu uvuni wa muffle kwa maola anayi, kenako muyiyatse ndi CO2. Malo enieni a mpweya wogwiritsidwa ntchito womwe wapezeka anali okwera kufika pa 3700m2·g-1. Yesani kugwiritsa ntchito ulusi wa sisal ngati zopangira, ndikuyatsa ulusi wa mpweya wogwiritsidwa ntchito (ACF) womwe wapezeka ndi kuyambitsa kwa H3PO4 kamodzi, ndikuwutentha mpaka 830℃ pansi pa chitetezo cha N2, kenako ndikugwiritsa ntchito nthunzi yamadzi ngati choyambitsa mphamvu yachiwiri. Malo enieni a ACF omwe apezeka patatha mphindi 60 ayambitsidwa adasinthidwa kwambiri.
Kufotokozera momwe kapangidwe ka pore kamagwirira ntchitokaboni
Njira zodziwika bwino zofotokozera momwe mpweya umagwirira ntchito komanso malangizo ogwiritsira ntchito zikuwonetsedwa mu Gome 2. Makhalidwe a kapangidwe ka pores a zinthuzo amatha kuyesedwa kuchokera mbali ziwiri: kusanthula deta ndi kusanthula zithunzi.
Kupita patsogolo kwa kafukufuku wa ukadaulo wokonza kapangidwe ka ma pore a carbon octivated
Ngakhale kuti mpweya wopangidwa ndi activated carbon uli ndi ma pores ambiri komanso malo akuluakulu apadera, umagwira ntchito bwino kwambiri m'magawo ambiri. Komabe, chifukwa cha kusankha kwake kwakukulu kwa zinthu zopangira komanso kukonzekera kovuta, zinthu zomalizidwa nthawi zambiri zimakhala ndi zovuta za kapangidwe ka ma pores osakhazikika, malo osiyanasiyana apadera, kufalikira kwa ma pores osakhazikika, komanso zinthu zochepa za mankhwala pamwamba. Chifukwa chake, pali zovuta monga kuchuluka kwa mlingo ndi kusinthasintha kochepa pakugwiritsa ntchito, zomwe sizingakwaniritse zofunikira pamsika. Chifukwa chake, ndikofunikira kwambiri kukonza ndikuwongolera kapangidwe kake ndikuwonjezera magwiridwe antchito ake onse. Njira zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pakukonza ndikuwongolera kapangidwe ka ma pores zimaphatikizapo malamulo a mankhwala, kuphatikiza ma polymer, ndi malamulo oyambitsa ma catalytic.
Ukadaulo wowongolera mankhwala
Ukadaulo wowongolera mankhwala umatanthauza njira yosinthira zinthu zolowa m'malo zomwe zimapezeka pambuyo poyambitsa ndi ma reagents a mankhwala, kuwononga ma pores oyambilira, kukulitsa ma micropores, kapena kupanga ma micropores atsopano kuti awonjezere malo enieni a pamwamba ndi kapangidwe ka ma pores a chinthucho. Kawirikawiri, chinthu chomalizidwa cha kuyambitsa kamodzi nthawi zambiri chimamizidwa mu yankho la mankhwala nthawi 0.5 ~ 4 kuti liwongolere kapangidwe ka ma pores ndikuwonjezera malo enieni a pamwamba. Mitundu yonse ya ma acid ndi alkali ingagwiritsidwe ntchito ngati ma reagents kuti ayambenso kugwira ntchito kachiwiri.
Ukadaulo wosintha ma asidi pamwamba pa asidi
Kusintha kwa asidi pamwamba pa asidi ndi njira yodziwika bwino yoyendetsera zinthu. Pa kutentha koyenera, ma acid oxidants amatha kukulitsa ma pores omwe ali mkati mwa kaboni woyambitsidwa, kukulitsa kukula kwa ma pores ake, ndikuchotsa ma pores otsekedwa. Pakadali pano, kafukufuku wakunyumba ndi wakunja amayang'ana kwambiri pakusintha ma inorganic acid. HN03 ndi oxidant yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri, ndipo akatswiri ambiri amagwiritsa ntchito HN03 kusintha kaboni woyambitsidwa. Tong Li et al. [28] adapeza kuti HN03 imatha kuwonjezera kuchuluka kwa magulu ogwira ntchito okhala ndi mpweya komanso okhala ndi nayitrogeni pamwamba pa kaboni woyambitsidwa ndikuwonjezera mphamvu ya mercury.
Kusintha kaboni woyatsidwa ndi HN03, pambuyo pa kusintha, malo enieni a kaboni woyatsidwa adatsika kuchoka pa 652m2·g-1 mpaka 241m2·g-1, kukula kwapakati kwa pore kudakwera kuchoka pa 1.27nm mpaka 1.641nm, ndipo mphamvu ya kulowetsedwa kwa benzophenone mu petulo woyeserera idakwera ndi 33.7%. Kusintha kaboni woyatsidwa ndi nkhuni ndi kuchuluka kwa 10% ndi 70% kwa HN03, motsatana. Zotsatira zikuwonetsa kuti malo enieni a kaboni woyatsidwa ndi 10% HN03 adakwera kuchoka pa 925.45m2·g-1 mpaka 960.52m2·g-1; pambuyo pa kusintha ndi 70% HN03, malo enieni apansi adatsika kufika pa 935.89m2·g-1. Kuchuluka kwa Cu2+ ndi kaboni woyatsidwa ndi kuchuluka kwa HN03 kunali pamwamba pa 70% ndi 90%, motsatana.
Pa mpweya wogwiritsidwa ntchito m'munda wothira madzi, mphamvu ya madzi imadalira osati kapangidwe ka ma pore kokha komanso makhalidwe a mankhwala a pamwamba pa madzi. Kapangidwe ka ma pore kamatsimikizira malo enieni a pamwamba ndi mphamvu ya madzi ya mpweya wothira madzi, pomwe makhalidwe a mankhwala a pamwamba amakhudza kuyanjana pakati pa mpweya wothira madzi ndi madzi. Pomaliza, zinapezeka kuti kusintha kwa asidi kwa mpweya wothira madzi sikungosintha kapangidwe ka madzi mkati mwa mpweya wothira madzi ndikuchotsa ma pore otsekedwa, komanso kumawonjezera kuchuluka kwa magulu a asidi pamwamba pa zinthuzo ndikuwonjezera polarity ndi hydrophilicity ya pamwamba. Mphamvu ya madzi ya EDTA yothira madzi ndi mpweya wothira madzi wosinthidwa ndi HCI inawonjezeka ndi 49.5% poyerekeza ndi yomwe idasinthidwa kale, yomwe inali yabwino kuposa ya kusintha kwa HNO3.
Kaboni yosinthidwa yogulitsa ndi HNO3 ndi H2O2 motsatana! Malo enieni a pamwamba pambuyo pa kusintha anali 91.3% ndi 80.8% ya omwe asanasinthidwe, motsatana. Magulu atsopano ogwira ntchito okhala ndi mpweya monga carboxyl, carbonyl ndi phenol adawonjezedwa pamwamba. Mphamvu yoyamwa ya nitrobenzene ndi kusintha kwa HNO3 inali yabwino kwambiri, yomwe inali nthawi 3.3 kuposa isanasinthidwe. Zapezeka kuti kuwonjezeka kwa kuchuluka kwa magulu ogwira ntchito okhala ndi mpweya mu kaboni yoyamwa pambuyo pa kusintha kwa asidi kunapangitsa kuti chiwerengero cha malo ogwira ntchito pamwamba chiwonjezeke, zomwe zinakhudza mwachindunji mphamvu yoyamwa ya adsorbate yomwe ikufunidwa.
Poyerekeza ndi ma asidi osapangidwa, pali malipoti ochepa okhudza kusintha kwa organic acid kwa carbon activated. Yerekezerani zotsatira za kusintha kwa organic acid pa kapangidwe ka pores ka carbon activated ndi kuyamwa kwa methanol. Pambuyo pa kusintha, malo enieni a pamwamba ndi kuchuluka konse kwa pores ya carbon activated kumachepa. Acidity ikakula, imachepa kwambiri. Pambuyo pa kusintha ndi oxalic acid, tartaric acid ndi citric acid, malo enieni a carbon activated amachepa kuchoka pa 898.59m2·g-1 kufika pa 788.03m2·g-1, 685.16m2·g-1 ndi 622.98m2·g-1 motsatana. Komabe, microporosity ya carbon activated inawonjezeka pambuyo pa kusintha. Microporosity ya carbon activated yosinthidwa ndi citric acid inakwera kuchoka pa 75.9% kufika pa 81.5%.
Kusintha kwa oxalic acid ndi tartaric acid kumathandiza kwambiri pakuyamwa kwa methanol, pomwe citric acid imaletsa. Komabe, J.Paul Chen et al. [35] adapeza kuti kaboni wokonzedwa ndi citric acid ukhoza kuwonjezera kuyamwa kwa ayoni amkuwa. Lin Tang et al. [36] adasintha kaboni wokonzedwa ndi formic acid, oxalic acid ndi aminosulfonic acid. Pambuyo pa kusintha, malo enieni a pamwamba ndi kuchuluka kwa ma pore zidachepetsedwa. Magulu ogwira ntchito okhala ndi okosijeni monga 0-HC-0, C-0 ndi S=0 adapangidwa pamwamba pa chinthu chomalizidwa, ndipo njira zosasinthika komanso makhiristo oyera adawonekera. Mphamvu yofanana ya acetone ndi isopropanol yoyamwa idakulanso kwambiri.
Ukadaulo wosintha njira yothetsera alkali
Akatswiri ena adagwiritsanso ntchito yankho la alkaline kuti achite kuyambitsa kwachiwiri pa kaboni wochitidwa. Ikani kaboni wochitidwa kunyumba pogwiritsa ntchito malasha ndi yankho la Na0H la kuchuluka kosiyanasiyana kuti muwongolere kapangidwe ka pores. Zotsatira zake zidawonetsa kuti kuchuluka kochepa kwa alkali kunali koyenera kuti pores ikule ndikukula. Zotsatira zake zabwino kwambiri zidapezeka pamene kuchuluka kwa pores kunali 20%. Carbon yochitidwa inali ndi malo apamwamba kwambiri (681m2·g-1) ndi kuchuluka kwa pores (0.5916cm3·g-1). Pamene kuchuluka kwa pores kwa Na0H kupitirira 20%, kapangidwe ka pores ka carbon yochitidwa kumawonongeka ndipo magawo a pores amayamba kuchepa. Izi zili choncho chifukwa kuchuluka kwakukulu kwa yankho la Na0H kudzawononga mafupa a carbon ndipo ma pores ambiri adzagwa.
Kukonzekera mpweya wochita kupangidwa ndi kaboni wochita kupangidwa ndi polymer. Zoyambira zinali furfural resin ndi furfuryl alcohol, ndipo ethylene glycol ndiye amene amapanga ma pore. Kapangidwe ka ma pore kanayang'aniridwa mwa kusintha zomwe zili mu ma pore atatuwa, ndipo chinthu chokhala ndi ma pore okhala ndi kukula kwa ma pore pakati pa 0.008 ndi 5 μm chinapezeka. Akatswiri ena atsimikizira kuti filimu ya polyurethane-imide (PUI) ikhoza kusinthidwa kukhala kaboni kuti ipeze filimu ya kaboni, ndipo kapangidwe ka ma pore kamatha kulamulidwa mwa kusintha kapangidwe ka ma molekyulu a polyurethane (PU) prepolymer [41]. PUI ikatenthedwa kufika pa 200°C, PU ndi polyimide (PI) zidzapangidwa. Kutentha kotentha kukakwera kufika pa 400°C, PU pyrolysis imapanga mpweya, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti kapangidwe ka ma pore kapangidwe pa filimu ya PI kakhale kofewa. Pambuyo pa carbonization, filimu ya kaboni imapezedwa. Kuphatikiza apo, njira yosakanikirana ndi polymer imathanso kukonza zinthu zina zakuthupi ndi zamakaniko pamlingo winawake.
Ukadaulo wolamulira kuyambitsidwa kwa catalytic
Ukadaulo wolamulira kuyambitsidwa kwa zinthu zoyambitsa mphamvu kwenikweni ndi kuphatikiza njira yoyambitsa mankhwala ndi njira yoyambitsa mpweya wotentha kwambiri. Kawirikawiri, zinthu za mankhwala zimawonjezedwa ku zinthu zopangira mphamvu ngati zoyambitsa mphamvu, ndipo zoyambitsa mphamvu zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kuthandiza njira yopangira mpweya kapena kuyambitsa mphamvu kuti zinthu za kaboni zikhale ndi mapopo. Kawirikawiri, zitsulo nthawi zambiri zimakhala ndi mphamvu zoyambitsa mphamvu, koma mphamvu zake zimasiyana.
Ndipotu, nthawi zambiri palibe malire omveka bwino pakati pa malamulo okhudza kuyambitsa mankhwala ndi malamulo okhudza kuyambitsa zinthu zoboola. Izi zili choncho chifukwa njira zonsezi zimawonjezera ma reagent panthawi ya carbonization ndi activation. Udindo weniweni wa ma reagent awa umatsimikizira ngati njirayo ili m'gulu la catalytic activation.
Kapangidwe ka zinthu zokhala ndi matope a kaboni, momwe zinthu zakuthupi ndi zamakemikolo zimagwirira ntchito, momwe zinthu zimagwirira ntchito, komanso njira yokwezera zinthu zomwe zimathandizira kuti zinthu zigwire ntchito, zonsezi zimatha kukhala ndi mphamvu zosiyanasiyana pa mphamvu ya kasamalidwe ka zinthu. Pogwiritsa ntchito malasha a bituminous ngati zinthu zopangira, Mn(N03)2 ndi Cu(N03)2 ngati zinthu zopangira zinthu zimatha kukonza zinthu zokhala ndi matope okhala ndi chitsulo. Kuchuluka koyenera kwa chitsulo chosungunuka kumatha kukonza matope ndi kuchuluka kwa matope, koma mphamvu ya zitsulo zosiyanasiyana ndi yosiyana pang'ono. Cu(N03)2 ikhoza kulimbikitsa kukula kwa pores pakati pa 1.5 ~ 2.0nm. Kuphatikiza apo, chitsulo chosungunuka ndi mchere wosapangidwa womwe uli mu phulusa la zinthu zopangira zinthu zidzathandizanso pakupanga zinthu. Xie Qiang et al. [42] amakhulupirira kuti kuchitapo kanthu kwa zinthu monga calcium ndi chitsulo mu zinthu zopanda chilengedwe kumatha kulimbikitsa kukula kwa pores. Pamene zinthu ziwirizi zili zambiri, kuchuluka kwa pores apakati ndi akuluakulu muzinthuzo kumawonjezeka kwambiri.
Mapeto
Ngakhale kuti mpweya wopangidwa ndi kaboni, monga chinthu chobiriwira chomwe chimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri, chakhala ndi gawo lofunika kwambiri m'mafakitale ndi m'moyo, ukadali ndi kuthekera kwakukulu kokweza kukula kwa zinthu zopangira, kuchepetsa ndalama, kukonza khalidwe, kukonza mphamvu, kuwonjezera moyo ndi kukonza mphamvu. Kupeza zinthu zopangira mpweya wopangidwa ndi kaboni wapamwamba komanso wotsika mtengo, kupanga ukadaulo woyeretsa komanso wogwira ntchito bwino wopanga mpweya wopangidwa ndi kaboni, komanso kukonza ndikuwongolera kapangidwe ka mpweya wopangidwa ndi kaboni malinga ndi magawo osiyanasiyana ogwiritsira ntchito kudzakhala njira yofunika kwambiri yowongolera mtundu wa zinthu zopangira mpweya wopangidwa ndi kaboni ndikulimbikitsa chitukuko chapamwamba cha makampani opanga mpweya wopangidwa ndi kaboni.
Nthawi yotumizira: Ogasiti-27-2024