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Tikanga whakahohe ā-tinana me te matū
Ko te tikanga whakahohe ā-tinana me te matū e pā ana ki te tikanga whakarite rauemi pūwero mā te whakakotahi i ngā tikanga whakahohe e rua o runga ake nei. Ko te tikanga, ka mahia tuatahitia te whakahohenga matū, kātahi ka mahia te whakahohenga ā-tinana. Tuatahi, rumakina te cellulose ki roto i te otinga 68%~85% H3PO4 i te 85℃ mō te 2 hāora, kātahi ka whakakākahuria ki roto i te oumu whakakākahu mō te 4 hāora, kātahi ka whakahohehia ki te CO2. Ko te horahanga mata motuhake o te waro whakahohe i whiwhihia he 3700m2·g-1. Whakamātauria te whakamahi i te muka sisal hei rauemi mata, ā, whakahohehia te muka waro whakahohe (ACF) i whiwhihia mā te whakahohenga H3PO4 kotahi, whakamahanahia ki te 830℃ i raro i te tiaki N2, kātahi ka whakamahia te mamaoa wai hei whakahohe mō te whakahohenga tuarua. I tino pai ake te horahanga mata motuhake o te ACF i whiwhihia i muri i te 60 meneti o te whakahohenga.
Te whakaahuatanga o te mahi hanganga pūwero o te mea kua whakahohehiawaro
Kei te Ripanga 2 ngā tikanga tautuhi mahi waro whakahohe e whakamahia whānuitia ana me ngā tohutohu tono. Ka taea te whakamātautau i ngā āhuatanga hanganga pūwero o te rauemi mai i ngā āhuatanga e rua: te tātari raraunga me te tātari whakaahua.
Te ahunga whakamua o te rangahau i te hangarau arotau hanganga pore o te waro whakahohe
Ahakoa he nui ngā pūwero o te waro whakahohe, ā, he whānui hoki te horahanga o te mata motuhake, he tino pai te mahi i roto i ngā mara maha. Heoi, nā te whānui o te whiriwhiri rauemi mata me ngā āhuatanga whakarite uaua, ko ngā hua kua oti te nuinga he ngoikoretanga o te hanganga pūwero pōrearea, he rerekē te horahanga mata motuhake, he koretake te tohatoha rahi pūwero, me te iti o ngā āhuatanga matū o te mata. Nō reira, he ngoikoretanga pērā i te horopeta nui me te whaiti o te urutau i roto i te tukanga tono, kāore e taea te whakatutuki i ngā whakaritenga o te mākete. Nō reira, he mea nui te arotau me te whakahaere i te hanganga me te whakapai ake i tana mahi whakamahinga whānui. Ko ngā tikanga e whakamahia whānuitia ana mō te arotau me te whakahaere i te hanganga pūwero ko te whakahaere matū, te whakaranu polymer, me te whakahaere whakahohenga catalytic.
Hangarau whakahaere matū
Ko te hangarau whakahaere matū e pā ana ki te tukanga whakahohenga tuarua (whakarerekētanga) o ngā rauemi pūwero i whiwhihia i muri i te whakahohenga me ngā matū matū, te whakakore i ngā pūwero taketake, te whakawhānui i ngā pūwero iti, te hanga anō rānei i ngā pūwero iti hou hei whakanui ake i te horahanga mata me te hanganga pūwero o te rauemi. I te nuinga o te wā, ko te hua kua oti o te whakahohenga kotahi ka rumakina ki roto i te 0.5~4 wā o te otinga matū hei whakahaere i te hanganga pūwero me te whakanui ake i te horahanga mata. Ka taea te whakamahi i ngā momo otinga waikawa me te kawakore katoa hei matū mō te whakahohenga tuarua.
Hangarau whakarerekētanga waikura mata waikawa
Ko te whakarerekētanga o te waikura o te mata waikawa he tikanga whakahaere e whakamahia whānuitia ana. I te pāmahana tika, ka taea e ngā waikura waikawa te whakarei ake i ngā pūwero i roto i te waro whakahohe, te whakapai ake i tōna rahi o ngā pūwero, me te tango i ngā pūwero kua āraia. I tēnei wā, ko te arotahi matua o ngā rangahau ā-rohe me ā-iwi ko te whakarerekētanga o ngā waikawa kore-waro. Ko te HN03 he waikura e whakamahia whānuitia ana, ā, he maha ngā tohunga e whakamahi ana i te HN03 hei whakarerekē i te waro whakahohe. I kitea e Tong Li et al. [28] ka taea e te HN03 te whakanui ake i te ihirangi o ngā rōpū mahi kei roto te hāora me te hauota i runga i te mata o te waro whakahohe me te whakapai ake i te pānga mimiti o te mercury.
I muri i te whakarerekētanga o te waro whakahohe me te HN03, i heke te horahanga mata motuhake o te waro whakahohe mai i te 652m2·g-1 ki te 241m2·g-1, i piki ake te rahi o ngā pore toharite mai i te 1.27nm ki te 1.641nm, ā, i piki ake te kaha mimiti o te benzophenone i roto i te penehīni whakaata mā te 33.7%. I muri i te whakarerekētanga o te waro whakahohe rakau me te kukū rōrahi 10% me te 70% o te HN03, ia. E whakaatu ana ngā hua i piki ake te horahanga mata motuhake o te waro whakahohe i whakarerekētia me te 10% HN03 mai i te 925.45m2·g-1 ki te 960.52m2·g-1; i muri i te whakarerekētanga me te 70% HN03, i heke te horahanga mata motuhake ki te 935.89m2·g-1. Ko ngā tere tango o te Cu2+ e te waro whakahohe i whakarerekētia me ngā kukū e rua o te HN03 i runga ake i te 70% me te 90%, ia.
Mō te waro whakahohe e whakamahia ana i roto i te mara mimiti, ko te pānga mimiti kāore i te whakawhirinaki ki te hanganga o ngā pūwero anake engari ki ngā āhuatanga matū o te mata o te mea mimiti. Ko te hanganga pūwero te mea e whakatau ana i te horahanga mata motuhake me te kaha mimiti o te waro whakahohe, ko ngā āhuatanga matū o te mata ka pā ki te taunekeneke i waenga i te waro whakahohe me te mea mimiti. Hei whakamutunga, i kitea ko te whakarerekētanga waikawa o te waro whakahohe kāore e taea anake te whakarerekē i te hanganga pūwero i roto i te waro whakahohe me te whakakore i ngā pūwero kua āraia, engari ka whakanui ake hoki i te ihirangi o ngā rōpū waikawa i runga i te mata o te rauemi me te whakarei ake i te polarity me te hydrophilicity o te mata. Ko te kaha mimiti o te EDTA e te waro whakahohe i whakarerekētia e te HCI i piki ake mā te 49.5% ki te whakataurite ki tērā i mua i te whakarerekētanga, he pai ake i tērā o te whakarerekētanga HNO3.
He waro whakahohe arumoni kua whakarerekētia me te HNO3 me te H2O2! Ko ngā horahanga mata motuhake i muri i te whakarerekētanga he 91.3% me te 80.8% o ērā i mua i te whakarerekētanga. I tāpirihia ngā rōpū mahi hou kei roto te hāora pērā i te carboxyl, carbonyl me te phenol ki te mata. Ko te kaha mimiti o te nitrobenzene mā te whakarerekētanga HNO3 te mea pai rawa atu, arā, 3.3 ngā wā i mua i te whakarerekētanga. I kitea ko te pikinga o te ihirangi o ngā rōpū mahi kei roto te hāora i roto i te waro whakahohe i muri i te whakarerekētanga waikawa i arahi ki te pikinga o te maha o ngā pūwāhi hohe mata, ā, he pānga tika tēnei ki te whakapai ake i te kaha mimiti o te adsorbate ūnga.
Ki te whakatauritea ki ngā waikawa kore-waro, he iti noa ngā pūrongo mō te whakarerekētanga waikawa waro o te waro whakahohe. Whakatairitea ngā pānga o te whakarerekētanga waikawa waro ki ngā āhuatanga hanganga pūwero o te waro whakahohe me te mimiti o te methanol. Whai muri i te whakarerekētanga, ka heke te horahanga mata motuhake me te rōrahi pūwero katoa o te waro whakahohe. Ko te kaha ake o te waikawa, ko te nui ake o te hekenga. Whai muri i te whakarerekētanga ki te waikawa oxalic, te waikawa tartaric me te waikawa citric, ka heke te horahanga mata motuhake o te waro whakahohe mai i te 898.59m2·g-1 ki te 788.03m2·g-1, 685.16m2·g-1 me te 622.98m2·g-1. Heoi, i piki ake te moroiti o te waro whakahohe i muri i te whakarerekētanga. I piki ake te moroiti o te waro whakahohe i whakarerekētia ki te waikawa citric mai i te 75.9% ki te 81.5%.
He pai te whakarerekētanga o te waikawa oxalic me te waikawa tartaric ki te mimiti o te methanol, engari he pānga aukati tō te waikawa citric. Heoi, i kitea e J.Paul Chen et al. [35] ka taea e te waro whakahohe kua whakarerekētia ki te waikawa citric te whakarei ake i te mimiti o ngā katote parahi. I hangaia e Lin Tang et al. [36] te waro whakahohe arumoni kua whakarerekētia ki te waikawa formic, te waikawa oxalic me te waikawa aminosulfonic. I muri i te whakarerekētanga, i whakaitihia te horahanga mata motuhake me te rōrahi o ngā pore. I hangaia ngā rōpū mahi kei roto te hāora pērā i te 0-HC-0, C-0 me te S=0 ki runga i te mata o te hua kua oti, ā, i puta mai ngā awa whakairo koretake me ngā tioata mā. I tino piki ake hoki te kaha mimiti taurite o te acetone me te isopropanol.
Hangarau whakarerekētanga otinga kawakore
I whakamahia anō hoki e ētahi tohunga he otinga kawakore hei mahi i te whakahohenga tuarua ki runga i te waro whakahohe. Whakakīia te waro whakahohe i hangaia ki te waro ki te otinga Na0H o ngā kukū rerekē hei whakahaere i te hanganga o ngā pūwero. I whakaatuhia e ngā hua he iti ake te kukū kawakore i āwhina i te whakanui me te whakawhānui o ngā pūwero. Ko te hua pai rawa atu i tutuki i te wā i 20% te kukū papatipu. Ko te waro whakahohe te mea nui rawa atu te horahanga mata motuhake (681m2·g-1) me te rōrahi pūwero (0.5916cm3·g-1). Ina neke atu te kukū papatipu o te Na0H i te 20%, ka whakangaromia te hanganga pūwero o te waro whakahohe, ā, ka tīmata te heke o ngā tawhā hanganga pūwero. Nā te mea ka waikura te anga waro i te kukū teitei o te otinga Na0H, ā, ka hinga te maha o ngā pūwero.
Te whakarite i te waro whakahohe mahi-teitei mā te whakaranu i te polymer. Ko ngā matū mua ko te kapia furfural me te waipiro furfuryl, ā, ko te ethylene glycol te kaihoko hanga pore. I whakahaeretia te hanganga pore mā te whakarerekē i te ihirangi o ngā polymer e toru, ā, i whiwhihia he rauemi pore me te rahi o te pore i waenga i te 0.008 me te 5 μm. Kua whakamātauhia e ētahi tohunga ka taea te whakawaro i te kiriata polyurethane-imide (PUI) hei whiwhi kiriata waro, ā, ka taea te whakahaere i te hanganga pore mā te whakarerekē i te hanganga ngota o te polyurethane (PU) prepolymer [41]. Ina werahia te PUI ki te 200°C, ka puta te PU me te polyimide (PI). Ina piki te pāmahana maimoatanga wera ki te 400°C, ka puta te hau i te PU pyrolysis, ka hua ake he hanganga pore ki runga i te kiriata PI. I muri i te whakawaro, ka whiwhihia he kiriata waro. Hei tāpiri, ka taea hoki e te tikanga whakaranu polymer te whakapai ake i ētahi āhuatanga ā-tinana me te ā-pūkaha o te rauemi ki tētahi taumata.
Hangarau whakahaere whakahohenga whakakorikori
Ko te hangarau whakahaere whakahohenga whakakorikori he whakakotahitanga o te tikanga whakahohenga matū me te tikanga whakahohenga hau pāmahana-tiketike. I te nuinga o te wā, ka tāpirihia ngā matū ki ngā rauemi mata hei whakakorikori, ā, ka whakamahia ngā whakakorikori hei āwhina i te tukanga whakapūngao waro, whakahohenga rānei kia puta ai he rauemi waro pūngoi. I te nuinga o te wā, he pānga whakakorikori ngā konganuku, engari he rerekē ngā pānga whakakorikori.
Ina hoki, kāore he rohe mārama i waenganui i te whakahaere whakahohenga matū me te whakahaere whakahohenga whakaterenga o ngā rauemi pūngoi. Nā te mea ka tāpirihia e ngā tikanga e rua ngā matū i te wā o te tukanga whakapūngao me te whakahohenga. Ko te tūranga motuhake o ēnei matū ka whakatau mēnā kei roto te tikanga i te kāwai whakahohenga whakaterenga.
Ko te hanganga o te rauemi waro pūwero tonu, ngā āhuatanga ā-tinana me te matū o te whakakorikori, ngā āhuatanga tauhohenga whakakorikori me te tikanga uta whakakorikori ka rerekē te awe ki te pānga whakahaere. Mā te whakamahi i te waro bituminous hei rauemi mata, ka taea e te Mn(N03)2 me te Cu(N03)2 hei whakakorikori te whakarite i ngā rauemi pūwero kei roto ngā waikura konganuku. Ka taea e te nui o ngā waikura konganuku te whakapai ake i te pūwero me te rahinga o ngā pūwero, engari he rerekē paku ngā pānga whakakorikori o ngā konganuku rerekē. Ka taea e te Cu(N03)2 te whakatairanga i te whanaketanga o ngā pūwero i te awhe o te 1.5~2.0nm. Hei tāpiri, ka whai wāhi anō hoki ngā waikura konganuku me ngā tote kore-waro kei roto i te pungarehu o te rauemi mata ki te tukanga whakahohe. I whakapono a Xie Qiang et al. [42] ka taea e te tauhohenga whakahohenga whakakorikori o ngā huānga pēnei i te konupūmā me te rino i roto i ngā mea kore-waro te whakatairanga i te whanaketanga o ngā pūwero. Ina nui rawa te ihirangi o ēnei huānga e rua, ka nui haere te ōwehenga o ngā pūwero reo me te nui i roto i te hua.
Whakamutunga
Ahakoa he mea nui te waro whakahohe, te rauemi waro matomato porowhita e whakamahia whānuitia ana, i roto i te ahumahi me te oranga, he nui tonu te kaha mō te whakapai ake i te whakawhānui i ngā rauemi mata, te whakaiti i ngā utu, te whakapai ake i te kounga, te whakapai ake i te pūngao, te whakaroa i te ora me te whakapai ake i te kaha. Ko te kimi rauemi mata waro whakahohe kounga teitei me te iti te utu, te whakawhanake i te hangarau whakaputa waro whakahohe ma me te whai hua, me te arotau me te whakahaere i te hanganga pore o te waro whakahohe e ai ki ngā mara tono rerekē ka waiho hei huarahi nui mō te whakapai ake i te kounga o ngā hua waro whakahohe me te whakatairanga i te whanaketanga kounga teitei o te ahumahi waro whakahohe.
Wā tuku: 27 o Ākuhata-2024