Mangaki amanzi asetshenziswa yi-electrolysis?

Mangaki amanzi asetshenziswa yi-electrolysis

Isinyathelo sokuqala: Ukukhiqizwa kwe-hydrogen

Ukusetshenziswa kwamanzi kuvela ezinyathelweni ezimbili: ukukhiqizwa kwe-hydrogen kanye nokukhiqizwa kwamandla aphezulu. Ekukhiqizweni kwe-hydrogen, ukusetshenziswa okuncane kwamanzi asebenzisa i-electrolyze cishe amakhilogremu angu-9 amanzi ngekhilogremu ye-hydrogen. Kodwa-ke, uma kucatshangelwa inqubo yokususa amaminerali emanzini, lesi silinganiso singasukela kumakhilogremu angu-18 kuya kwangu-24 amanzi ngekhilogremu ye-hydrogen, noma ngisho naphezulu njengo-25.7 kuya ku-30.2..

 

Ngenqubo yokukhiqiza ekhona (ukuguqulwa kwe-methane steam), ukusetshenziswa kwamanzi okuncane kakhulu kungu-4.5kgH2O/kgH2 (okudingekayo ukuze kuphendulwe), uma kucatshangelwa amanzi enqubo kanye nokupholisa, ukusetshenziswa kwamanzi okuncane kakhulu kungu-6.4-32.2kgH2O/kgH2.

 

Isinyathelo 2: Imithombo yamandla (ugesi ovuselelekayo noma igesi yemvelo)

Esinye isici ukusetshenziswa kwamanzi ukukhiqiza ugesi ovuselelekayo kanye negesi yemvelo. Ukusetshenziswa kwamanzi kwamandla e-photovoltaic kuyahlukahluka phakathi kwamalitha angu-50-400 /MWh (2.4-19kgH2O/kgH2) kanye namandla omoya aphakathi kwamalitha angu-5-45 /MWh (0.2-2.1kgH2O/kgH2). Ngokufanayo, ukukhiqizwa kwegesi kusuka kugesi we-shale (ngokusekelwe kudatha yase-US) kungandiswa kusuka ku-1.14kgH2O/kgH2 kuya ku-4.9kgH2O/kgH2.

 

Ekuphetheni, isilinganiso samanzi esisetshenziswa yi-hydrogen ekhiqizwa ukukhiqizwa kwamandla e-photovoltaic kanye nokukhiqizwa kwamandla omoya singama-32 kanye nama-22kgH2O/kgH2, ngokulandelana. Ukungaqiniseki kuvela emisebeni yelanga, isikhathi sokuphila kanye nokuqukethwe kwe-silicon. Lokhu kusetshenziswa kwamanzi kufana nokukhiqizwa kwe-hydrogen kusuka kugesi yemvelo (7.6-37 kgh2o / kgH2, ngesilinganiso esingu-22kgH2O/kgH2).

 

Umthamo wamanzi wonke: Uphansi uma kusetshenziswa amandla avuselelekayo

Njengoba kunjalo ngokukhishwa kwe-CO2, isidingo sokunciphisa umthamo wamanzi emigwaqweni ye-electrolytic ukusetshenziswa kwemithombo yamandla avuselelekayo. Uma kukhiqizwa ingxenye encane kagesi kusetshenziswa uphethiloli wezinto ezimbiwa phansi, ukusetshenziswa kwamanzi okuhlobene nogesi kuphakeme kakhulu kunamanzi angempela asetshenziswa ngesikhathi se-electrolysis.

 

Isibonelo, ukukhiqizwa kwamandla kagesi kungasebenzisa amalitha afinyelela ku-2,500/MWh wamanzi. Futhi kuyindlela engcono kakhulu yamafutha emvelo (igesi yemvelo). Uma kucatshangelwa ukufakwa kwegesi ngamalahle, ukukhiqizwa kwe-hydrogen kungadla u-31-31.8kgH2O/kgH2 kanti ukukhiqizwa kwamalahle kungadla u-14.7kgH2O/kgH2. Ukusetshenziswa kwamanzi okuvela kuma-photovoltaics nomoya kulindeleke ukuthi kwehle ngokuhamba kwesikhathi njengoba izinqubo zokukhiqiza ziba ngcono kakhulu futhi ukukhishwa kwamandla ngeyunithi ngayinye yamandla afakiwe kuthuthuka.

 

Ukusetshenziswa kwamanzi okuphelele ngo-2050

Kulindeleke ukuthi umhlaba usebenzise i-hydrogen ephindwe kaningi esikhathini esizayo kunanamuhla. Isibonelo, i-IRENA's World Energy Transitions Outlook ilinganisela ukuthi isidingo se-hydrogen ngo-2050 sizoba cishe yi-74EJ, okuzothi cishe izingxenye ezimbili kwezintathu zazo zivela ku-hydrogen evuselelekayo. Uma kuqhathaniswa, namuhla (i-hydrogen emsulwa) ingu-8.4EJ.

 

Ngisho noma i-hydrogen ye-electrolytic ingahlangabezana nesidingo se-hydrogen kulo lonke u-2050, ukusetshenziswa kwamanzi kungaba cishe ama-cubic metres ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingama-25. Lesi sibalo esingezansi siqhathanisa lesi sibalo neminye imithombo yamanzi esetshenziswa ngabantu. Ezolimo zisebenzisa inani elikhulu kakhulu lama-cubic metres ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingama-280 amanzi, kuyilapho imboni isebenzisa cishe ama-cubic metres ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingama-800 kanti amadolobha asebenzisa ama-cubic metres ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingama-470. Ukusetshenziswa kwamanzi kwamanje kokuguqula igesi yemvelo kanye nokufaka igesi yamalahle ekukhiqizeni i-hydrogen kungaba ama-cubic metres ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane eziyi-1.5.

Ngakho-ke, yize kulindeleke ukuthi kusetshenziswe amanzi amaningi ngenxa yezinguquko ezindleleni ze-electrolytic kanye nesidingo esikhulayo, ukusetshenziswa kwamanzi okuvela ekukhiqizweni kwe-hydrogen kusazoba kuncane kakhulu kunezinye izindlela ezisetshenziswa ngabantu. Elinye iphuzu lokubhekisela ukuthi ukusetshenziswa kwamanzi ngomuntu ngamunye kuphakathi kwama-cubic metres angu-75 (eLuxembourg) kanye nama-cubic metres angu-1,200 (e-US) ngonyaka. Ngokwesilinganiso sama-400 m3 / (ngomuntu ngamunye * ngonyaka), ukukhiqizwa kwe-hydrogen okuphelele ngo-2050 kulingana nokwezwe elinabantu abayizigidi ezingu-62.

 

Kubiza malini amanzi futhi kusetshenziswa amandla angakanani

 

izindleko

Amaseli e-electrolytic adinga amanzi asezingeni eliphezulu futhi adinga ukwelashwa kwamanzi. Amanzi asezingeni eliphansi aholela ekuwohlokeni okusheshayo nokuphila isikhathi esifushane. Izinto eziningi, okuhlanganisa ama-diaphragm nama-catalyst asetshenziswa kuma-alkaline, kanye nama-membrane kanye nezendlalelo zokuthutha ezinezimbobo ze-PEM, zingathinteka kabi ukungcola kwamanzi njengensimbi, i-chromium, ithusi, njll. Ukuqhuba kwamanzi kuyadingeka kube ngaphansi kuka-1μS/cm kanye ne-carbon ephelele ephilayo engaphansi kuka-50μg/L.

 

Amanzi abangela ingxenye encane kakhulu yokusetshenziswa kwamandla kanye nezindleko. Isimo esibi kakhulu kuzo zombili lezi zinhlaka ukukhipha usawoti emanzini. I-reverse osmosis ubuchwepheshe obuyinhloko bokususa usawoti emanzini, obuhlanganisa cishe amaphesenti angama-70 omthamo womhlaba wonke. Ubuchwepheshe bubiza u-$1900-$2000 / m³/ngosuku futhi bunezinga lokufunda elingu-15%. Ngalezi zindleko zokutshalwa kwezimali, izindleko zokwelashwa zingaba ngu-$1 / m³, futhi zingase zibe ngaphansi ezindaweni lapho izindleko zikagesi ziphansi khona.

 

Ngaphezu kwalokho, izindleko zokuthumela zizokwenyuka cishe ngo-$1-2 nge-m³. Ngisho nakulesi simo, izindleko zokwelashwa kwamanzi zingaba ngu-$0.05 /kgH2. Ukuze sikubeke kahle lokhu, izindleko ze-hydrogen evuselelekayo zingaba ngu-$2-3 /kgH2 uma kutholakala izinsiza ezinhle ezivuselelekayo, kanti izindleko zezinsiza ezijwayelekile zingama-$4-5 /kgH2.

 

Ngakho-ke kulesi simo esilondolozayo, amanzi angabiza ngaphansi kwamaphesenti amabili esamba. Ukusetshenziswa kwamanzi olwandle kungandisa inani lamanzi atholakele ngokuphindwe kabili kuya kahlanu (ngokwesici sokubuyisa).

 

Ukusetshenziswa kwamandla

Uma sibheka ukusetshenziswa kwamandla kokukhipha usawoti emanzini, kuncane kakhulu uma kuqhathaniswa nenani likagesi elidingekayo ukufaka iseli le-electrolytic. Iyunithi yamanje ye-osmosis esebenzayo ebuyela emuva idla cishe u-3.0 kW/m3. Ngokuphambene nalokho, izitshalo zokususa usawoti emanzini ezishisayo zisebenzisa amandla aphezulu kakhulu, kusukela ku-40 kuya ku-80 KWH/m3, kanye nezidingo zamandla ezengeziwe kusukela ku-2.5 kuya ku-5 KWH/m3, kuye ngobuchwepheshe bokususa usawoti emanzini. Uma sibheka icala elilondolozayo (okungukuthi isidingo samandla esiphezulu) sesitshalo sokukhiqiza ndawonye njengesibonelo, uma kubhekwa ukusetshenziswa kwephampu yokushisa, isidingo samandla singaguqulwa sibe ngu-0.7kWh/kg we-hydrogen. Ukuze sikubeke lokhu endaweni efanele, isidingo sikagesi seseli le-electrolytic singaba ngu-50-55kWh/kg, ngakho-ke ngisho nasesimweni esibi kakhulu, isidingo samandla sokususa usawoti emanzini singaba ngu-1% wamandla aphelele afakwa ohlelweni.

 

Inselele eyodwa yokususa usawoti emanzini ukulahla usawoti, okungaba nomthelela ezindaweni zemvelo zasolwandle. Lo sawoti ungalungiswa ukuze kuncishiswe umthelela wawo emvelweni, ngaleyo ndlela wengeze amanye amaRandi angu-0.6-2.40/m³ ezindleko zamanzi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ikhwalithi yamanzi e-electrolytic inzima kakhulu kunamanzi okuphuza futhi ingabangela izindleko zokwelashwa eziphakeme, kodwa lokhu kulindeleke ukuthi kube kuncane uma kuqhathaniswa nokufakwa kwamandla.

Umthelela wamanzi wamanzi e-electrolytic ekukhiqizweni kwe-hydrogen uyipharamitha yendawo ethile encike ekutholakaleni kwamanzi endawo, ukusetshenziswa, ukuwohloka kanye nokungcola. Ibhalansi yezindawo zemvelo kanye nomthelela wezindlela zesimo sezulu zesikhathi eside kufanele icatshangelwe. Ukusetshenziswa kwamanzi kuzoba yisithiyo esikhulu ekwandiseni i-hydrogen evuselelekayo.