Mfundo yogwirira ntchito ndi ubwino wa hydrogen fuel cell stack

Sili yamafutal ndi mtundu wa chipangizo chosinthira mphamvu, chomwe chingasinthe mphamvu yamagetsi yamagetsi kukhala mphamvu yamagetsi. Chimatchedwa fuel cell chifukwa ndi chipangizo chopangira mphamvu yamagetsi yamagetsi pamodzi ndi batri. Fuel cell yomwe imagwiritsa ntchito haidrojeni ngati mafuta ndi hydrogen fuel cell. Hydrogen fuel cell imatha kumveka ngati reaction ya electrolysis yamadzi kukhala haidrojeni ndi okosijeni. Njira yochitira reaction ya hydrogen fuel cell ndi yoyera komanso yothandiza. Hydrogen fuel cell siili ndi malire ndi 42% ya kutentha kwa Carnot cycle yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito mu injini zamagalimoto zachikhalidwe, ndipo magwiridwe antchito amatha kufika pa 60%.

Mosiyana ndi ma roketi, maselo amafuta a haidrojeni amapanga mphamvu ya kinetic kudzera mu mphamvu yamphamvu ya haidrojeni ndi kuyaka kwa okosijeni, ndipo amatulutsa mphamvu ya Gibbs mu haidrojeni kudzera mu zida zoyatsira. Mphamvu ya Gibbs ndi mphamvu yamagetsi yokhudzana ndi entropy ndi malingaliro ena. Mfundo yogwira ntchito ya maselo amafuta a haidrojeni ndi yakuti haidrojeni imasungunuka kukhala ma ayoni a haidrojeni (monga ma protoni) ndi ma elekitironi kudzera mu catalyst (Platinum) mu electrode yabwino ya selo. Ma ayoni a haidrojeni amadutsa mu nembanemba ya proton exchange kupita ku electrode yoyipa ndipo mpweya umachitapo kanthu kuti ukhale madzi ndi kutentha, ndipo ma elekitironi ofanana amatuluka kuchokera ku electrode yabwino kupita ku electrode yoyipa kudzera mu dera lakunja kuti apange mphamvu yamagetsi.

Mumulu wa maselo amafuta, momwe haidrojeni ndi okosijeni zimachitikira zimachitika, ndipo pamakhala kusamutsa mphamvu mu ndondomekoyi, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti mphamvu ifike. Nthawi yomweyo, haidrojeni imachitapo kanthu ndi okosijeni kuti ipange madzi.
Monga dziwe la mankhwala, ukadaulo wofunikira kwambiri wa fuel cell stack ndi "proton exchange membrane". Mbali ziwiri za filimuyi zili pafupi ndi chothandizira kuti ziwononge haidrojeni kukhala ma ayoni omwe ali ndi mphamvu. Chifukwa molekyulu ya haidrojeni ndi yaying'ono, ma elekitironi omwe ali ndi mphamvu ya haidrojeni amatha kuyenda mbali inayo kudzera m'mabowo ang'onoang'ono a filimuyi. Komabe, munthawi yomwe ma elekitironi omwe ali ndi mphamvu ya haidrojeni amadutsa m'mabowo a filimuyi, ma elekitironi amachotsedwa m'mamolekyu, ndikusiya ma protoni a haidrojeni omwe ali ndi mphamvu ya positive kuti afike kumapeto ena kudzera mu filimuyi.
Mapulotoni a haidrojeniAmakopeka ndi electrode yomwe ili mbali ina ya filimuyi ndipo amasakanikirana ndi mamolekyu a okosijeni. Ma electrode plates mbali zonse ziwiri za filimuyi amagawa haidrojeni kukhala ma ion abwino a haidrojeni ndi ma electron, ndikugawa okosijeni kukhala ma atomu a okosijeni kuti agwire ma elekitironi ndikuwasandutsa ma ion a okosijeni (magetsi oipa). Ma electron amapanga mphamvu pakati pa ma electrode plates, ndipo ma ion awiri a haidrojeni ndi ion imodzi ya okosijeni zimaphatikizana kupanga madzi, zomwe zimakhala "zinyalala" zokha mu njira yochitira. Mwachidule, njira yonse yogwirira ntchito ndi njira yopanga mphamvu. Ndi kupita patsogolo kwa okosijeni, ma electron amasamutsidwa mosalekeza kuti apange mphamvu yofunikira kuti ayendetse galimoto.