Kunoza imiterere y'imirongo y'imyenge ya karuboni -Ⅱ

Murakaza neza ku rubuga rwacu kugira ngo mumenye amakuru ku bicuruzwa no kugisha inama.

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Uburyo bwo gukoresha ikoranabuhanga n'imiti mu mubiri

Uburyo bwo gukora ku buryo bw'umubiri n'ubukoresha imiti bivuga uburyo bwo gutegura ibikoresho bifite imyenge binyuze mu guhuza uburyo bubiri bwo gukora ku buryo buvuzwe haruguru. Muri rusange, gukora ku buryo bw'imiti bibanza gukorwa, hanyuma gukora ku buryo bw'umubiri. Ubwa mbere, shyira selulose mu gisubizo cya 68% ~ 85% cya H3PO4 kuri 85°C mu gihe cy'amasaha 2, hanyuma ukayishyira mu itanura rifunze mu gihe cy'amasaha 4, hanyuma ukayikoresha CO2. Ubuso bwihariye bwa karubone ikora bwabonetse bwari bungana na 3700m2·g-1. Gerageza gukoresha fibre ya sisal nk'ibikoresho fatizo, hanyuma ukoreshe fibre ya karubone ikora (ACF) yabonetse hakoreshejwe H3PO4 rimwe, uyishyushye kugeza kuri 830°C munsi y'uburinzi bwa N2, hanyuma ukoreshe umwuka w'amazi nk'igikoresho cyo kuyikoresha ku buryo bw'inyongera. Ubuso bwihariye bwa ACF bwabonetse nyuma y'iminota 60 bwo gukora bwarushijeho kuba bwiza.

 

Imiterere y'imiterere y'imyenge y'umuyoboro wakozwekaruboni

 
Uburyo busanzwe bwo kugaragaza imikorere ya karubone ikoreshwa n'amabwiriza yo kuyikoresha bigaragazwa mu mbonerahamwe ya 2. Imiterere y'imirongo y'ibikoresho ishobora kugeragezwa mu buryo bubiri: isesengura ry'amakuru n'isesengura ry'amashusho.

 

Ubushakashatsi ku iterambere ry'ikoranabuhanga ryo kunoza imiterere y'imyenge ya karuboni ikora

Nubwo karuboni ikora ifite imyenge myinshi n'ubuso bunini bwihariye, ifite imikorere myiza mu nzego nyinshi. Ariko, bitewe n'uburyo bwinshi bwo guhitamo ibikoresho fatizo n'uburyo bugoye bwo gutegura, ibikoresho birangizwa muri rusange bifite ingaruka mbi z'imiterere y'imyenge idakora neza, ubuso butandukanye bwihariye, ingano y'imyenge idakora neza, n'imiterere mike ya shimi ku buso. Kubwibyo, hari ingaruka mbi nko kuba ingano nini no kuba idashobora guhinduka mu buryo buciriritse mu buryo bwo kuyikoresha, ibyo bikaba bidashobora kuzuza ibisabwa ku isoko. Kubwibyo, ni ingenzi cyane kunoza no kugenzura imiterere yayo no kunoza imikorere yayo yose. Uburyo bukunze gukoreshwa mu kunoza no kugenzura imiterere y'imyenge burimo kugenzura imiti, kuvanga polymer, no kugenzura gukora katalytic.

 

Ikoranabuhanga ryo kugenzura imiti

Ikoranabuhanga ryo kugenzura imiti rijyanye n'uburyo bwo gukora ibintu bifite imyenge byabonetse nyuma yo gukora hakoreshejwe imiti igabanya imyenge, kwagura imyenge y'umwimerere, cyangwa kongera gukora imyenge mishya kugira ngo hongerwe ubuso bwihariye n'imiterere y'imyenge y'ikintu. Muri rusange, umusaruro urangiye wo gukora ikintu kimwe muri rusange winjizwa mu gisubizo cya shimi inshuro 0.5 ~ 4 kugira ngo ugenzure imiterere y'imyenge no kongera ubuso bwihariye. Ubwoko bwose bw'imiti ya aside na alkali bushobora gukoreshwa nk'imiti igabanya imyenge mu gukora ikintu cya kabiri.

 

Ikoranabuhanga ryo guhindura aside hejuru y'urusobe rw'amazi

Guhindura aside surface oxidation ni uburyo bukoreshwa cyane mu kugenzura. Ku bushyuhe bukwiye, aside oxidation zishobora kongera imyenge iri muri activated carbon, kunoza ingano y'imyenge yayo, no gukuramo imyenge yazibye. Muri iki gihe, ubushakashatsi bwo mu gihugu no mu mahanga bwibanda cyane ku guhindura aside inorganic. HN03 ni oxidation ikoreshwa cyane, kandi abahanga benshi bakoresha HN03 kugira ngo bahindure activated carbon. Tong Li et al. [28] basanze HN03 ishobora kongera ingano y'amatsinda y'imikorere arimo ogisijeni n'afite azote ku buso bwa activated carbon no kunoza ingaruka za mercure mu gutera.

Guhindura karubone ikora hakoreshejwe HN03, nyuma yo guhindura, ubuso bwihariye bwa karubone ikora bwagabanutse kuva kuri 652m2·g-1 kugera kuri 241m2·g-1, ingano y'imyobo yiyongereye kuva kuri 1.27nm kugera kuri 1.641nm, kandi ubushobozi bwo kwinjiza benzophenone muri lisansi yiganye bwiyongereyeho 33.7%. Guhindura karubone ikora hakoreshejwe ibiti hamwe n'ingano ya 10% na 70% ya HN03, uko bikurikirana. Ibisubizo bigaragaza ko ubuso bwihariye bwa karubone ikora hakoreshejwe 10% HN03 bwiyongereye kuva kuri 925.45m2·g-1 kugera kuri 960.52m2·g-1; nyuma yo guhindura na 70% HN03, ubuso bwihariye bwagabanutse kugera kuri 935.89m2·g-1. Igipimo cyo gukuraho Cu2+ hakoreshejwe karubone ikora hakoreshejwe ingano ebyiri za HN03 cyari hejuru ya 70% na 90%, uko bikurikirana.

Ku bijyanye na karuboni ikoreshwa mu gice cyo gukurura, ingaruka zo gukurura ntizishingira gusa ku miterere y'imyenge ahubwo zishingira no ku miterere y'ubuso bw'imyenge. Imiterere y'imyenge igena ubuso bwihariye n'ubushobozi bwo gukurura karuboni ikora, mu gihe imiterere y'ubuso bw'imyenge igira ingaruka ku mikoranire iri hagati ya karuboni ikora n'imyenge ikora. Amaherezo byagaragaye ko guhindura aside ya karuboni ikora ntibishobora gusa guhindura imiterere y'imyenge iri imbere muri karuboni ikora no gukuraho imyenge yazibye, ahubwo binakongera ingano y'amatsinda y'aside ku buso bw'ikintu no kongera polarity na hydrophilicity y'ubuso. Ubushobozi bwo gukurura karuboni ikora bwa EDTA hakoreshejwe karuboni ikora yahinduwe na HCI bwiyongereyeho 49.5% ugereranije n'ubwa mbere yo guhindurirwa, ibyo bikaba byari byiza kurusha ubwo guhindurirwa HNO3.

Karuboni ikoreshwa mu bucuruzi yahinduwe hamwe na HNO3 na H2O2 uko bikurikirana! Uduce twihariye tw’ubuso nyuma yo guhinduka twari 91.3% na 80.8% by’utwo mbere yo guhinduka, uko bikurikirana. Amatsinda mashya y’imikorere arimo ogisijeni nka karuboni, karuboni na fenoli yongewe ku buso. Ubushobozi bwo kwinjiza nitrobenzene binyuze mu guhindura HNO3 bwari bwiza kurusha ubundi, bwari inshuro 3.3 mbere yo guhinduka. Byagaragaye ko kwiyongera kw’ibice by’imikorere birimo ogisijeni muri karuboni ikoreshwa nyuma yo guhindura aside byatumye umubare w’ingingo zikora ku buso wiyongera, byagize ingaruka zitaziguye ku kunoza ubushobozi bwo kwinjiza bwa ascorbate.

Ugereranyije na aside inorganic, hari raporo nke zigaragaza impinduka za aside organic kuri karubone ikora. Gereranya ingaruka zo guhindura aside organic ku miterere y'imyenge ya karubone ikora no kwinjiza methanol. Nyuma yo guhindura, ubuso bwihariye n'ingano yose ya karubone ikora yagabanutse. Uko aside ikomera, niko igabanuka cyane. Nyuma yo guhinduranya aside oxalic, aside tartarique na aside citric, ubuso bwihariye bwa karubone ikora bwagabanutse kuva kuri 898.59m2·g-1 kugera kuri 788.03m2·g-1, 685.16m2·g-1 na 622.98m2·g-1 uko bikurikirana. Ariko, porosity ya karubone ikora yariyongereye nyuma yo guhinduranya. Porosity ya karubone ikora yahinduwe na aside citric yariyongereye kuva kuri 75.9% kugera kuri 81.5%.

Guhindura aside oxalic na aside tartarike bigira akamaro mu kwinjiza methanol, mu gihe aside citric igira ingaruka zo gukumira. Ariko, J.Paul Chen n'abandi [35] basanze karuboni ikoreshwa yahinduwe na aside citric ishobora kongera kwinjiza iyoni z'umuringa. Lin Tang n'abandi [36] yahinduye karuboni ikoreshwa mu bucuruzi ikoresheje aside formic, aside oxalic na aside aminosulfonique. Nyuma yo guhindura, ubuso bwihariye n'ingano y'imyenge byaragabanutse. Amatsinda y'imikorere arimo ogisijeni nka 0-HC-0, C-0 na S=0 yashinzwe ku buso bw'umusaruro urangiye, maze inzira zitagaragara neza n'amakristaro yera biragaragara. Ubushobozi bwo kwinjiza acetone na isopropanol nabyo byariyongereye cyane.

 

Ikoranabuhanga ryo guhindura umuti wa alkali

Hari abahanga bakoresheje umuti wa alkaline kugira ngo bakore ibikorwa bya kabiri kuri karubone ikora. Shyiramo umuti wa Na0H ukozwe mu mashanyarazi wo mu rugo ufite ibipimo bitandukanye kugira ngo ugenzure imiterere y'imyenge. Ibisubizo byagaragaje ko ibipimo bike bya alkaline byafashaga kwiyongera no kwaguka kw'imyenge. Ingaruka nziza yabonetse iyo ibipimo by'uburemere byari 20%. Karubone ikora yari ifite ubuso bwihariye (681m2·g-1) n'ingano y'imyenge (0.5916cm3·g-1). Iyo ibipimo by'uburemere bya Na0H birengeje 20%, imiterere y'imyenge ya karubone ikora irangirika kandi ibipimo by'imiterere y'imyenge bitangira kugabanuka. Ibi biterwa nuko ibipimo byinshi bya Na0H bizangiza imiterere ya karubone maze imyenge myinshi irasenyuka.

Gutegura karuboni ikora neza cyane hakoreshejwe polimeri. Imbuto zabanje zari furfural resin na furfuryl alcohol, kandi ethylene glycol ni yo yatumaga imyanya ihinduka. Imiterere y'iminyanya yagenzurwaga hakoreshejwe guhindura ingano y'iminyanya itatu, maze haboneka ibikoresho bifite imyenge ifite ingano iri hagati ya 0.008 na 5 μm. Hari intiti zagaragaje ko polisine-imide film (PUI) ishobora guhindurwa karuboni kugira ngo haboneke filime ya karuboni, kandi imiterere y'iminyanya ishobora kugenzurwa hakoreshejwe guhindura imiterere ya molekile ya polyurethane (PU) prepolymer [41]. Iyo PUI ishyushye kugeza kuri 200°C, PU na polyimide (PI) bizakorwa. Iyo ubushyuhe bwo kuvura ubushyuhe buzamutse bukagera kuri 400°C, PU pyrolysis ikora gaze, bigatuma habaho imiterere y'iminyanya kuri filime ya PI. Nyuma yo gukaruboniza, haboneka filime ya karuboni. Byongeye kandi, uburyo bwo kuvanga polimeri bushobora no kunoza imiterere imwe n'imwe y'ibikoresho ku rugero runaka.

 

Ikoranabuhanga ryo kugenzura ibikorwa byo gukoresha ingufu za katalisiti

Ikoranabuhanga ryo kugenzura uburyo bwo gukora ibintu mu buryo bwa "catalytic activation" mu by'ukuri ni uruvange rw'uburyo bwo gukora ibintu mu buryo bwa "chemical activation" n'uburyo bwo gukora ibintu mu buryo bushyuha cyane. Muri rusange, ibintu bya "chemical" byongerwa mu bikoresho fatizo nk'ibitera imbaraga, kandi ibitera imbaraga bikoreshwa mu gufasha mu gukora "carbonization" cyangwa "activation" kugira ngo haboneke ibikoresho bya "carbon" bifite imyenge. Muri rusange, ibyuma muri rusange bigira ingaruka ku "catalytic", ariko ingaruka za "catalytic" ziratandukanye.

Mu by’ukuri, ubusanzwe nta rugabano rugaragara ruri hagati y’amategeko agenga ibikorwa byo gukora imiti n’amategeko agenga ibikorwa byo gukora ibintu bifite imyenge. Ibi biterwa nuko ubwo buryo bwombi bwongeramo ibintu bihindura imyenge mu gihe cyo gukora karuboni no gukora. Uruhare rw’ibi bintu rugena niba uburyo ari ubwo mu cyiciro cy’ibikorwa byo gukora ibintu bifite imyenge.

Imiterere y'ibikoresho bifite imyenge ya karuboni ubwayo, imiterere y'umubiri n'iya chimique bya catalyst, imiterere y'impinduka mu gukurura ndetse n'uburyo bwo gushyiramo catalyst byose bishobora kugira ingaruka zitandukanye ku ngaruka zo kugenga. Gukoresha amakara ya bituminous nk'ibikoresho fatizo, Mn (N03)2 na Cu (N03)2 nk'ibinyabutabire bishobora gutegura ibikoresho bifite imyenge birimo okiside z'icyuma. Ingano ikwiye ya okiside z'icyuma ishobora kongera ubwinshi bw'imyenge n'ingano y'imyenge, ariko ingaruka za catalytic z'ibyuma bitandukanye ziratandukanye gato. Cu (N03)2 ishobora guteza imbere iterambere ry'imyenge iri hagati ya 1.5 ~ 2.0nm. Byongeye kandi, okiside z'icyuma n'imyunyu ngugu iri mu ivu ry'ibikoresho fatizo nabyo bigira uruhare mu ivu ry'ibikoresho fatizo. Xie Qiang n'abandi [42] bizeraga ko impinduka mu gukurura ibintu nka kalisiyumu na icyuma mu bintu fatizo ishobora guteza imbere iterambere ry'imyenge. Iyo ibi bintu bibiri birengeje urugero, igipimo cy'imyenge iri hagati n'inini mu bicuruzwa kiriyongera cyane.

 

Umwanzuro

Nubwo karuboni ikora, nk'ikintu gikoreshwa cyane mu gukurura karuboni, yagize uruhare runini mu nganda no mu buzima, iracyafite amahirwe menshi yo kunoza kwaguka kw'ibikoresho fatizo, kugabanya ikiguzi, kunoza ubwiza, kunoza ingufu, kongera ubuzima no kunoza imbaraga. Gushaka ibikoresho fatizo bya karuboni ikora neza kandi bihendutse, guteza imbere ikoranabuhanga ryo gukora karuboni ikora neza kandi isuku, no kunoza no kugenzura imiterere y'imyobo ya karuboni ikora hakurikijwe amashami atandukanye y'ikoreshwa bizaba icyerekezo cy'ingenzi cyo kunoza ubwiza bw'ibicuruzwa bya karuboni ikora no guteza imbere iterambere ry'inganda za karuboni ikora neza.