Ka pilina ma waena o ka graphite a me ka semiconducto

He mea pololei ʻole loa ke ʻōlelo ʻana he semiconductor ka graphite. ma kekahi mau kahua noiʻi palena, nā mea kalapona e like me nā nanotubes kalapona, nā kiʻiʻoniʻoni sieve molekala kalapona a me nā kiʻiʻoniʻoni kalapona e like me ke daimana (ʻo ka hapa nui o ia mau mea he mau waiwai semiconductor koʻikoʻi ma lalo o kekahi mau kūlana) nonā mea graphite, akā ʻokoʻa loa ko lākou microstructure mai ka ʻano graphite papa maʻamau.

I loko o ka graphite, aia ʻehā mau electrons ma ka papa waho loa o nā ʻātoma kalapona, ʻekolu o ia mau mea e hana i nā pilina covalent me nā electrons o nā ʻātoma kalapona ʻē aʻe, no laila he ʻekolu mau electrons o kēlā me kēia ʻātoma kalapona e hana i nā pilina covalent, a ʻo ke koena i kapa ʻia ʻo π electrons. Neʻe kēia mau electrons π ma kahi o ka manuahi ma waena o nā papa, a ʻo ke alakaʻi ʻana o ka graphite e hilinaʻi nui ʻia ma luna o kēia mau electrons π. Ma o nā ʻano kemika, ma hope o ka hoʻololi ʻia ʻana o ke kalapona i loko o ka graphite i mea paʻa, e like me ke kalapona dioxide, ua nāwaliwali ke alakaʻi ʻana. Inā ua oxidized ka graphite, e hana kēia mau electrons π i nā pilina covalent me nā electrons o nā ʻātoma oxygen, no laila ʻaʻole hiki iā lākou ke neʻe manuahi, a e emi nui ke alakaʻi ʻana. ʻO kēia ke kumumanaʻo alakaʻi oalakaʻi kalaima.

ʻO ka ʻoihana semiconductor ka mea nui i haku ʻia me nā kaapuni hoʻohui ʻia, optoelectronics, separators a me nā sensors. Pono nā mea semiconductor hou e hahai i nā kānāwai he nui e pani i nā mea silicon kuʻuna a lanakila i ka ʻike mākeke. ʻO ka hopena Photoelectric a me ka hopena Hall nā kānāwai koʻikoʻi ʻelua i kēia lā. Ua nānā nā kānaka ʻepekema i ka hopena Hall quantum o graphene ma ka mahana o ka lumi a ʻike ʻaʻole e hana ka graphene i ka scattering back ma hope o ka hālāwai ʻana me nā haumia, e hōʻike ana he mau waiwai conductive super. Eia kekahi, ua aneane moakaka ka graphene me ka maka ʻōlohelohe a he transparency kiʻekiʻe loa. Loaʻa iā Graphene nā waiwai optical maikaʻi loa a e loli me kona mānoanoa. He kūpono ia no ka noi ʻana ma ke kahua o optoelectronics. He nui nā waiwai maikaʻi o Graphene a e hoʻohana ʻia ma nā kahua he nui, e like me ka pale hōʻike, capacitor, sensor a pēlā aku.