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Kampani yamafuta yaku Italy, Eni, ikuyika ndalama zokwana $50 miliyoni mu Commonwealth Fusion Systems, kampani ya MIT yomwe ikugwirizana ndi bungweli pakupanga maginito opanga ma superconducting kuti apange mphamvu ya zero-carbon mu kuyesa kwa mphamvu yosakanikirana yotchedwa SPARC. Julian Turner walandira chiphaso kuchokera kwa CEO Robert Mumgaard.
Mkati mwa nyumba zopatulika za Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) kusintha kwa mphamvu kukuchitika. Pambuyo pa zaka makumi ambiri za kupita patsogolo, asayansi akukhulupirira kuti mphamvu yosakanikirana yakonzeka kutenga nthawi yake ndipo mphamvu yopanda kuyaka, yopanda mpweya, komanso yopanda mpweya ingapezeke.
Kampani yayikulu yamagetsi ku Italy, Eni, ili ndi chiyembekezo chotere, poika ndalama zokwana €50 miliyoni ($62 miliyoni) mu pulojekiti yogwirizana ndi MIT's Plasma Fusion and Science Center (PSFC) ndi kampani yachinsinsi ya Commonwealth Fusion Systems (CFS), yomwe cholinga chake ndi kufulumizitsa kufalikira kwa mphamvu zamagetsi pa gridi yamagetsi m'zaka 15 zokha.
Kulamulira kusakanikirana, njira yomwe imapatsa mphamvu dzuwa ndi nyenyezi, kwalepheretsedwa ndi vuto lakale: ngakhale kuti chizolowezichi chimatulutsa mphamvu zambiri, chingachitike kokha kutentha kwambiri kwa madigiri Celsius mamiliyoni ambiri, kotentha kuposa pakati pa dzuwa, komanso kotentha kwambiri moti chinthu chilichonse cholimba sichingathe kupirira.
Chifukwa cha vuto la kuletsa mafuta osakanikirana m'mikhalidwe yovuta kwambiri iyi, kuyesa kwa mphamvu yosakanikirana, mpaka pano, kwakhala kukuchitika chifukwa cha kusowa kwa mphamvu, zomwe zimapangitsa mphamvu zochepa kuposa zomwe zimafunikira kuti zipitirire kusakanikirana, motero sizingathe kupanga magetsi a gridi.
"Kafukufuku wokhudzana ndi kusakanikirana kwa zinthu wakhala akuphunziridwa kwambiri m'zaka makumi angapo zapitazi, zomwe zapangitsa kuti pakhale kupita patsogolo kwa kumvetsetsa kwasayansi ndi ukadaulo wa mphamvu yosakanikirana," akutero CEO wa CFS Robert Mumgaard.
"CFS ikugulitsa fusion pogwiritsa ntchito njira ya high-field, komwe tikupanga maginito atsopano a high-field kuti tipange zipangizo zazing'ono zophatikiza pogwiritsa ntchito njira yofanana ya fizikisi monga momwe mapulogalamu akuluakulu aboma amachitira. Kuti tichite izi, CFS imagwira ntchito limodzi ndi MIT mu pulojekiti yogwirizana, kuyambira ndi kupanga maginito atsopano."
Chipangizo cha SPARC chimagwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zamaginito kuti chigwire plasma yotentha - supu ya mpweya ya tinthu tating'onoting'ono ta subatomic - kuti isakhudze gawo lililonse la chipinda chotsukiramo mpweya chokhala ngati donati.
"Vuto lalikulu ndi kupanga plasma pamalo omwe angapangire kusakanikirana kuti ipange mphamvu zambiri kuposa zomwe imagwiritsa ntchito," akutero Mumgaard. "Izi zimadalira kwambiri gawo laling'ono la fizikisi lotchedwa plasma physics."
Kuyesera kochepa kumeneku kwapangidwa kuti kupange kutentha kwa pafupifupi 100MW mu ma pulses a masekondi khumi, mphamvu yofanana ndi yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi mzinda wawung'ono. Koma, popeza SPARC ndi kuyesa, sidzaphatikizapo machitidwe osinthira mphamvu yosakanikirana kukhala magetsi.
Asayansi ku MIT akuyembekeza kuti mphamvu yotulutsa idzakhala yoposa kawiri mphamvu yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito kutentha plasma, potsiriza kukwaniritsa cholinga chachikulu chaukadaulo: mphamvu yabwino yochokera ku fusion.
“Kusakanikirana kumachitika mkati mwa plasma yomwe imasungidwa pamalo ake ndikutetezedwa pogwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zamaginito,” akutero Mumgaard. “Izi zili ngati botolo la maginito. Mphamvu ya mphamvu yamaginito imagwirizana kwambiri ndi kuthekera kwa botolo la maginito kutetezera plasma kuti ifike pamlingo wosakanikirana.
"Chifukwa chake, ngati tingathe kupanga maginito amphamvu, titha kupanga ma plasma omwe angatenthe kwambiri pogwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zochepa kuti apitirire. Ndipo ndi ma plasma abwino, titha kupanga zida zazing'ono komanso zosavuta kupanga ndikukula."
"Ndi ma superconductors otentha kwambiri, tili ndi chida chatsopano chopangira mphamvu zamaginito amphamvu kwambiri, motero mabotolo abwino komanso ang'onoang'ono amaginito. Tikukhulupirira kuti izi zitithandiza kuti tigwirizane mwachangu."
Mumgaard akunena za mbadwo watsopano wa maginito amphamvu kwambiri omwe ali ndi mphamvu yopangira mphamvu ya maginito yowirikiza kawiri kuposa yomwe idagwiritsidwa ntchito mu kuyesa kulikonse komwe kulipo, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti mphamvuyo iwonjezeke kakhumi pa kukula kulikonse.
Yopangidwa ndi tepi yachitsulo yokutidwa ndi mankhwala otchedwa yttrium-barium-copper oxide (YBCO), maginito atsopano a superconducting athandiza SPARC kupanga mphamvu yosakanikirana pafupifupi gawo limodzi mwa magawo asanu a ITER koma mu chipangizo chomwe chili ndi voliyumu pafupifupi 1/65 yokha.
Mwa kuchepetsa kukula, mtengo, nthawi ndi zovuta zomwe zimafunika kuti pakhale zida zamagetsi zolumikizirana, maginito a YBCO adzathandizanso njira zatsopano zamaphunziro ndi zamalonda, kuti pakhale mphamvu zolumikizirana.
"SPARC ndi ITER onse ndi ma tokamaks, mtundu winawake wa botolo la maginito lozikidwa pa sayansi yayikulu yoyambira ya fizikisi ya plasma kwa zaka makumi ambiri," akutero Mumgaard.
"SPARC idzagwiritsa ntchito mbadwo wotsatira wa maginito a high-temperature superconductor (HTS) omwe amalola mphamvu yamaginito yapamwamba kwambiri, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti fusion yolunjika ikhale yaying'ono kwambiri."
"Tikukhulupirira kuti izi zidzakhala gawo lofunika kwambiri pakukwaniritsa mgwirizano pakati pa nthawi yokhudzana ndi nyengo komanso chinthu chokongola pazachuma."
Ponena za nthawi ndi kuthekera kwa malonda, SPARC ndi kusintha kwa kapangidwe ka tokamak komwe kwaphunziridwa ndikukonzedwa kwa zaka zambiri, kuphatikizapo ntchito ku MIT yomwe idayamba m'ma 1970.
Kuyesera kwa SPARC cholinga chake ndi kukonza njira yopangira malo oyamba padziko lonse lapansi opangira magetsi osakanikirana okhala ndi mphamvu yamagetsi pafupifupi 200MW, ofanana ndi omwe amapangidwa ndi mafakitale ambiri amagetsi amalonda.
Ngakhale kuti pali kukayikira kwakukulu pankhani ya mphamvu yogwirizanitsa - Eni ali ndi masomphenya oti akhale kampani yoyamba yamafuta padziko lonse lapansi kuyika ndalama zambiri - ochirikiza amakhulupirira kuti njirayi ikhoza kukwaniritsa gawo lalikulu la zosowa zamagetsi zomwe zikukula padziko lonse lapansi, pomwe nthawi yomweyo ikuchepetsa mpweya woipa womwe umatulutsa kutentha.
Kuchuluka kochepa komwe kumayendetsedwa ndi maginito atsopano a superconducting kungathandize kuti pakhale njira yachangu komanso yotsika mtengo yopezera magetsi kuchokera ku mphamvu yosakanikirana pa gridi.
Eni akuyerekeza kuti zidzawononga ndalama zokwana $3 biliyoni kuti apange 200MW fusion reactor pofika chaka cha 2033. Pulojekiti ya ITER, yomwe ndi mgwirizano pakati pa Europe, US, China, India, Japan, Russia ndi South Korea, ili pafupi kufika pakati pa cholinga chake choyesa koyamba plasma yotentha kwambiri pofika chaka cha 2025 ndi fusion yoyamba yamphamvu yonse pofika chaka cha 2035, ndipo ili ndi bajeti yokwana €20 biliyoni. Monga momwe zilili ndi SPARC, ITER idapangidwa kuti isapange magetsi.
Kotero, pamene gridi ya US ikuchoka pa malo opangira magetsi a 2GW-3GW kapena fission kupita ku omwe ali mu 100MW-500MW, kodi mphamvu yosakanikirana ingapikisane pamsika wovuta - ndipo, ngati ndi choncho, liti?
"Pali kafukufuku woti achitike, koma mavuto akudziwika, zatsopano zikuwonetsa njira yopititsira patsogolo zinthu, osewera atsopano monga CFS akubweretsa chidwi chamalonda pamavuto ndipo sayansi yoyambira yakula," akutero Mumgaard.
"Timakhulupirira kuti kusakanikirana kuli pafupi kuposa momwe anthu ambiri amaganizira. Khalani tcheru." jQuery( chikalata ).ready(function() { /* Makampani a carousel */ jQuery('.carousel').slick({ madontho: true, infinite: true, speed: 300, lazyLoad: 'ondemand', slidesToShow: 1, slidesToScroll: 1, adaptiveHeight: true }); });
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Nthawi yotumizira: Disembala-18-2019