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Isosiyete y’ibikomoka kuri peteroli yo mu Butaliyani, Eni, irimo gushora miliyoni 50 z’amadolari muri Commonwealth Fusion Systems, ikigo cya MIT gikorana n’ikigo mu guteza imbere magneti akoresha imbaraga zidasanzwe mu gukora ingufu za zero-carbon mu igerageza ry’ingufu zivanze ryitwa SPARC. Julian Turner yahawe ayo makuru na CEO Robert Mumgaard.
Mu byumba byera by’Ikigo cy’Ikoranabuhanga cya Massachusetts (MIT) harimo impinduramatwara mu bijyanye n’ingufu. Nyuma y’imyaka ibarirwa muri za mirongo y’iterambere, abahanga mu bya siyansi bizera ko imbaraga zo guhuza ziteguye kwigarurira igihe cyazo kandi ko ingufu zitagira imipaka, zitagira umuriro, kandi zidafite karuboni zishobora kugerwaho.
Isosiyete ikomeye mu by’ingufu mu Butaliyani, Eni, isangiye iki cyizere, ishora miliyoni 50 z’amayero (miliyoni 62 z’amayero) mu mushinga w’ubufatanye na MIT's Plasma Fusion and Science Center (PSFC) hamwe n’ikigo cyigenga cya Commonwealth Fusion Systems (CFS), kigamije kwihutisha ubufatanye bw’ingufu mu miyoboro y’amashanyarazi mu gihe cy’imyaka 15 gusa.
Kugenzura ihuzwa ry’izuba n’inyenyeri, inzira iha imbaraga izuba n’inyenyeri, irahagarikwa n’ikibazo cya kera: nubwo iki gikorwa gisohora ingufu nyinshi, gishobora gukorwa gusa ku bushyuhe bukabije bwa dogere selisiyusi miliyoni, bushyushye kurusha hagati y’izuba, kandi bushyushye cyane ku buryo ikintu cyose gikomeye kitabasha kwihanganira.
Kubera imbogamizi zo kugabanya ingufu zikoreshwa mu guhuza amashanyarazi muri ibi bihe bikomeye, kugeza ubu, igerageza ry’ingufu zikoreshwa mu guhuza amashanyarazi ryagiye rikorwa ku cyuho, ritanga ingufu nke ugereranyije n’izisabwa kugira ngo amashanyarazi akomeze kwiyongera, bityo ntirishobora gukora amashanyarazi akoreshwa mu muyoboro w’amashanyarazi.
“Ubushakashatsi ku bijyanye no guhuza ibintu bwakozweho ubushakashatsi bwinshi mu myaka yashize, bigatuma habaho iterambere mu gusobanukirwa siyansi n’ikoranabuhanga mu bijyanye n’imbaraga zo guhuza ibintu,” uyu ni Robert Mumgaard, umuyobozi mukuru wa CFS.
“CFS irimo gucuruza ihuriro ry’ibintu bivangwa n’amashanyarazi hakoreshejwe uburyo bwa “high-field approach”, aho turimo guteza imbere “high-field magnets” nshya kugira ngo dukore ibikoresho bito bivangwa n’amashanyarazi dukoresheje uburyo bumwe bwa fiziki nk’ubwa gahunda za leta. Kugira ngo ibi bigerweho, CFS ikorana bya hafi na MIT mu mushinga w’ubufatanye, duhereye ku guteza imbere “high-field magnets”.”
Igikoresho cya SPARC gikoresha imbaraga za rukuruzi kugira ngo gifate plasma ishyushye - isupu y'uduce duto twa atome - kugira ngo wirinde ko igera ku gice icyo ari cyo cyose cy'icyumba cy'imyanda gifite ishusho y'ifu.
Mumgaard asobanura agira ati: “Ikibazo gikomeye ni ugukora plasma mu gihe cyo kwihuza kugira ngo itange imbaraga zirenze izo ikoresha. Ibi bishingiye cyane ku gice gito cya fiziki kizwi nka plasma fiziki.”
Iri gerageza rito ryagenewe gutanga ubushyuhe bwa megawati 100 mu masegonda icumi, ingufu zingana n'izikoreshwa n'umujyi muto. Ariko, kubera ko SPARC ari igerageza, ntabwo izaba irimo sisitemu zo guhindura ingufu zihuza amashanyarazi.
Abahanga mu bya siyansi bo muri MIT bateganya ko umusaruro uzaba ukubye kabiri imbaraga zikoreshwa mu gushyushya plasma, amaherezo bakagera ku ntambwe ikomeye mu bya tekiniki: ingufu nziza ziva mu guhuza.
Mumgaard agira ati: “Guhuza ibintu biba mu maraso bifatwa kandi bigashyirwa mu cyuma gikoresha imbaraga za rukuruzi. Ibi bisa n’icupa rya rukuruzi. Imbaraga z’imbaraga za rukuruzi zifitanye isano rikomeye n’ubushobozi bw’icupa rya rukuruzi bwo gushyira mu cyuma plasma kugira ngo ibashe kugera ku miterere y’imvange.
“Bityo rero, niba dushobora gukora rukuruzi zikomeye dushobora gukora plasma zishobora gushyuha no kuba nyinshi dukoresheje imbaraga nke zo kuzikomeza. Kandi hamwe na plasma nziza dushobora gutuma ibikoresho bito kandi byoroshye kubikora no kubikora.”
“Dukoresheje superconductors zifite ubushyuhe bwinshi, dufite igikoresho gishya cyo gukora imbaraga za rukuruzi zikomeye cyane, bityo tukaba twanakora amacupa meza kandi mato ya rukuruzi. Twizera ko ibi bizadufasha kwihuza vuba.”
Mumgaard yerekeza ku gisekuru gishya cy’ingufu za electromagnete zikora superconducting zifite ubushobozi bwo gukora imbaraga za magnetic field zikubye kabiri imbaraga zikoreshwa mu igerageza iryo ari ryo ryose risanzweho ryo guhuza ibyuma, bigatuma imbaraga ziyongera inshuro zirenga icumi kuri buri ngano.
Yakozwe mu cyuma gitwikiriwe n'ikintu cyitwa yttrium-barium-copper oxide (YBCO), magnets nshya zikora superconducting zizafasha SPARC gukora ingufu zivanze hafi kimwe cya gatanu cy'ingufu za ITER ariko mu gikoresho gifite ingano ya 1/65 gusa y'ubunini.
Mu kugabanya ingano, ikiguzi, igihe n'ubuhanga mu mikorere bikenewe mu kubaka ibikoresho by'ingufu zihuza ingufu, rukuruzi za YBCO zizatuma habaho uburyo bushya bwo kwigisha no gukwirakwiza ingufu.
Mumgaard asobanura agira ati: “SPARC na ITER byombi ni tokamaks, ubwoko bwihariye bw’icupa rya rukuruzi bushingiye ku bumenyi bw’ibanze bw’iterambere rya fiziki ya plasma mu myaka ibarirwa muri za mirongo.”
“SPARC izakoresha magneti agezweho ya superconductor (HTS) afite ubushyuhe bwinshi, atuma ingufu za rukuruzi zigira imbaraga nyinshi, bityo bigatuma ingano nto y’amashanyarazi ihinduka.”
“Twizera ko ibi bizaba igice cy'ingenzi mu kugera ku guhuza ibihe bijyanye n'ikirere n'umusaruro ukurura ubukungu.”
Ku bijyanye n'igihe n'ubushobozi bwo gukora ubucuruzi, SPARC ni impinduka mu gishushanyo mbonera cya tokamak cyizwe kandi kigatunganywa mu myaka ibarirwa muri za mirongo, harimo n'imirimo yakozwe muri MIT yatangiye mu myaka ya 1970.
Igerageza rya SPARC rigamije gutegurira inzira ikigo cya mbere cy’amashanyarazi ku isi gifite ubushobozi bwa megawati 200 z’amashanyarazi, nk’uko bigenda ku nganda nyinshi z’amashanyarazi zikora.
Nubwo hari gushidikanya ku ngufu zihuza ingufu – Eni ifite icyerekezo cy’ejo hazaza cyo kuba ikigo cya mbere ku isi gishora imari muri peteroli – abayishyigikiye bemeza ko ubu buryo bushobora guhaza igice kinini cy’ingufu zikomeje kwiyongera ku isi, mu gihe kimwe no kugabanya imyuka ihumanya ikirere.
Igipimo gito gikoreshwa na rukuruzi nshya zikora superconducting gishobora gutuma inzira yihuse kandi ihendutse yo kugera ku mashanyarazi iva ku ngufu zihurira kuri grid.
Eni iteganya ko bizatwara miliyari 3 z'amadolari kugira ngo ikore icyuma gitera ingufu za megawati 200 bitarenze umwaka wa 2033. Umushinga wa ITER, ubufatanye hagati y'Uburayi, Amerika, Ubushinwa, Ubuhinde, Ubuyapani, Uburusiya na Koreya y'Epfo, uri mu nzira irenga kimwe cya kabiri cy'intego yawo yo gupima bwa mbere plasma ishyushye cyane bitarenze umwaka wa 2025 n'ingufu zose bitarenze umwaka wa 2035, kandi ufite ingengo y'imari ingana na miliyari 20 z'amayero. Kimwe na SPARC, ITER yagenewe kudakora amashanyarazi.
None se, hamwe n’uko amashanyarazi yo muri Amerika agenda ava ku nganda z’amakara za monolithic 2GW-3GW cyangwa fission zigashyirwa ku nganda ziri ku rugero rwa 100MW-500MW, ese ingufu zivanze zishobora guhangana ku isoko rikomeye - kandi niba ari byo, ryari?
Mumgaard agira ati: “Haracyari ubushakashatsi bugomba gukorwa, ariko imbogamizi zirazwi, udushya dushya turimo kwerekana inzira yo kwihutisha ibintu, abakinnyi bashya nka CFS barimo gushyira imbere ibibazo mu bucuruzi kandi siyansi y’ibanze irakuze.”
“Twizera ko guhuza ibintu biri hafi cyane kurusha uko abantu benshi babitekereza. Komeza ukurikirane.” jQuery(inyandiko).ready(function() { /* Ibigo bya carousel */ jQuery('.carousel').slick({ dots: true, infinite: true, speed: 300, lazyLoad: 'ondemand', slidesToShow: 1, slidesToScroll: 1, adaptiveHeight: true}); });
DAMM Cellular Systems A/S ni imwe mu za mbere ku isi mu itumanaho ryizewe, rikomeye kandi ryoroshye kwaguka rya Terrestrial Trunked Radio (TETRA) na digital mobile radio (DMR) ku bakiriya b’inganda, ubucuruzi n’umutekano rusange.
DAMM TetraFlex Dispatcher itanga imikorere myiza mu bigo, ikoresha itsinda ry'abafatabuguzi bakeneye ubuyobozi, igenzura n'igenzura ry'itumanaho rya radiyo.
Sisitemu ya DAMM TetraFlex yo kubika amakuru mu ijwi no mu makuru itanga uburyo bwo kwandika amajwi n'amakuru mu buryo bwuzuye kandi bunoze, ndetse n'uburyo butandukanye bwo kubika amakuru muri CDR.
Green Tape Solutions ni ikigo cy’ubujyanama cyo muri Ositaraliya, cyihariye mu isuzuma ry’ibidukikije, kwemeza no kugenzura, ndetse n’ubushakashatsi ku bidukikije.
Iyo ushaka kunoza imikorere n'ubwizerwe bw'uruganda rwawe rw'amashanyarazi, uzakenera ubunararibonye bukwiye bwo kwigana kugira ngo bugufashe kugera aho ugeze. Hari ikigo gifite umuhate wo gukora simulators z'uruganda rw'amashanyarazi zikora neza zizemeza ko abakozi bawe bafite ubumenyi bukenewe kugira ngo bakoreshe uruganda rwawe rw'amashanyarazi mu buryo bwizewe kandi bunoze.
Igihe cyo kohereza: Ukuboza 18-2019