Sizisebenzisela ukukunikeza ulwazi olungcono kakhulu. Uma uqhubeka nokusebenzisa iwebhusayithi yethu, sizocabanga ukuthi uyajabula ukuthola wonke amakhukhi kule webhusayithi.
Inkampani kawoyela yase-Italy i-Eni itshala imali engu-$50m ku-Commonwealth Fusion Systems, okuyi-MIT spinout ebambisana nesikhungo ekuthuthukisweni kwama-magnets anamandla amakhulu ukukhiqiza amandla angenawo ugesi okhiqizwayo ocwaningweni lwamandla okuhlanganisa olubizwa nge-SPARC. UJulian Turner uthola isaphulelo esivela ku-CEO uRobert Mumgaard.
Ngaphakathi emahholo angcwele eMassachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) kwenzeka inguquko yamandla. Ngemva kwamashumi eminyaka yentuthuko, ososayensi bakholelwa ukuthi amandla okuhlanganisa asekulungele ukuthatha isikhathi sawo nokuthi amandla angcwele angenamkhawulo, angenawo umlilo, angenawo ugesi angase afinyeleleke.
I-Eni, inkampani enkulu yamandla yase-Italy, inalo leli themba, itshale imali engu-€50m ($62m) kuphrojekthi yokubambisana ne-Plasma Fusion and Science Center (PSFC) ye-MIT kanye nenkampani ezimele i-Commonwealth Fusion Systems (CFS), ehlose ukusheshisa amandla okuhlanganisa igridi eminyakeni eyi-15 nje kuphela.
Ukulawula ukuhlanganiswa, inqubo enika amandla ilanga nezinkanyezi, kuphazanyiswa yinkinga endala: ngenkathi lo mkhuba ukhipha amandla amaningi, ungenziwa kuphela emazingeni okushisa aphezulu kakhulu angama-degree Celsius ayizigidi, ashisa kakhulu kunesikhungo selanga, futhi ashisa kakhulu kunoma iyiphi into eqinile.
Ngenxa yenselele yokuvinjelwa kwamafutha okuhlanganisa kulezi zimo ezimbi kakhulu, izivivinyo zamandla okuhlanganisa, kuze kube manje, zisebenze ngokushoda, zikhiqiza amandla amancane kunalawo adingekayo ukuze kugcinwe ukusabela kokuhlanganisa, ngakho-ke azikwazi ukukhiqiza ugesi wegridi.
“Ucwaningo lwe-fusion luye lwafundwa kabanzi eminyakeni embalwa edlule, okuholele ekuthuthukisweni kokuqonda kwesayensi kanye nobuchwepheshe bamandla okuhlanganisa,” kusho i-CEO ye-CFS uRobert Mumgaard.
"I-CFS ithengisa ukuhlanganiswa kusetshenziswa indlela ye-high-field, lapho sithuthukisa khona omayinethi abasha be-high-field ukwenza amadivayisi amancane okuhlanganiswa sisebenzisa indlela efanayo yefiziksi njengezinhlelo zikahulumeni ezinkulu. Ukuze senze lokhu, i-CFS isebenzisana eduze ne-MIT kuphrojekthi yokubambisana, iqala ngokuthuthukisa omayinethi abasha."
Idivayisi ye-SPARC isebenzisa amasimu anamandla kazibuthe ukuze ibambe i-plasma eshisayo – isobho legesi lezinhlayiya ezincane – ukuze ivimbele ukuthi ihlangane nanoma iyiphi ingxenye yegumbi le-vacuum eliyisimo se-donut.
“Inselele enkulu ukudala i-plasma ezimweni zokuhlangana ukuze ikhiqize amandla amaningi kunalawo asetshenziswayo,” kuchaza uMumgaard. “Lokhu kuncike kakhulu emkhakheni ongaphansi kwe-physics owaziwa ngokuthi i-plasma physics.”
Lokhu kuhlola okuncane kuklanyelwe ukukhiqiza cishe ama-MW ayi-100 okushisa ngama-pulse emizuzwana eyishumi, amandla amaningi njengalawo asetshenziswa idolobha elincane. Kodwa, njengoba i-SPARC iwukuhlola, ngeke ifake izinhlelo zokuguqula amandla okuhlanganisa abe ugesi.
Ososayensi e-MIT balindele ukuthi umphumela uzoba ngaphezu kwamandla aphindwe kabili kunalawo asetshenziswa ukushisa i-plasma, ekugcineni bafinyelele ingqophamlando yobuchwepheshe: amandla amahle avela ekuhlanganisweni.
“Ukuhlangana kwenzeka ngaphakathi kwe-plasma ebanjwe endaweni yayo futhi ivalwe kusetshenziswa amasimu kazibuthe,” kusho uMumgaard. “Lokhu kufana nebhodlela kazibuthe. Amandla ensimu kazibuthe ahlobene kakhulu nekhono lebhodlela kazibuthe lokuvimba i-plasma ukuze ifinyelele ezimweni zokuhlangana.
"Ngakho-ke, uma singakha omaginethi abanamandla singenza ama-plasma angashisa kakhulu futhi abe makhulu sisebenzisa amandla amancane ukuwasekela. Futhi ngama-plasma angcono singenza amadivayisi abe mancane futhi alawuleke kalula ukuwakha nokuwathuthukisa."
"Nge-superconductors ezishisa kakhulu, sinethuluzi elisha lokwenza amasimu kazibuthe anamandla kakhulu, ngaleyo ndlela sibe namabhodlela kazibuthe angcono futhi amancane. Sikholelwa ukuthi lokhu kuzosenza sihlangane ngokushesha."
UMumgaard ubhekisela esizukulwaneni esisha sama-electromagnets amakhulu asebenzisa i-superconducting anamandla okukhiqiza insimu yamagnetic enamandla aphindwe kabili kunalawo asetshenziswa kunoma yikuphi ukuhlolwa kwe-fusion okukhona, okuvumela ukwanda kwamandla okuphindwe kayishumi ngosayizi ngamunye.
Yenziwe ngetheyiphu yensimbi eboshwe ngenhlanganisela ebizwa ngokuthi i-yttrium-barium-copper oxide (YBCO), omakethi abasha be-superconducting bazokwenza i-SPARC ikwazi ukukhiqiza amandla okuhlanganisa cishe ingxenye yesihlanu kune-ITER kodwa kudivayisi ecishe ibe yi-1/65 kuphela yevolumu.
Ngokunciphisa usayizi, izindleko, isikhathi kanye nobunzima benhlangano obudingekayo ukwakha amadivayisi e-net fusion energy, omaginethi be-YBCO bazophinde bavumele izindlela ezintsha zezemfundo nezentengiselwano, zokuhlanganisa amandla.
“I-SPARC kanye ne-ITER zombili ziyi-tokamaks, uhlobo oluthile lwebhodlela likamazibuthe olusekelwe kwisayensi eyisisekelo ebanzi yentuthuko yefiziksi ye-plasma eminyakeni edlule,” kucacisa uMumgaard.
“I-SPARC izosebenzisa isizukulwane esilandelayo sama-magnets e-superconductor (HTS) asezingeni lokushisa eliphezulu avumela insimu yamagnetic ephezulu kakhulu, okwenza ukusebenza kwe-fusion okuqondiwe kube kuncane kakhulu.
"Sikholelwa ukuthi lokhu kuzoba yingxenye ebalulekile yokufeza ukuhlanganiswa kwesikhathi esihambisana nesimo sezulu kanye nomkhiqizo okhangayo ngokwezomnotho."
Ngokuphathelene nezikhathi kanye nokusebenza kahle kwezentengiselwano, i-SPARC iwukuvela komklamo we-tokamak oye wafundwa futhi wathuthukiswa amashumi eminyaka, okuhlanganisa nomsebenzi e-MIT owaqala ngawo-1970.
Ukuhlolwa kwe-SPARC kuhlose ukuvula indlela yesikhungo sokuqala samandla okuhlanganisa emhlabeni esinomthamo kagesi ongaba ngu-200MW, ofana nowezitshalo eziningi zamandla kagesi ezentengiselwano.
Naphezu kokungabaza okubanzi mayelana namandla okuhlanganisa – i-Eni inombono obheke phambili wokuba yinkampani yokuqala yamafutha emhlabeni wonke ukutshala imali eningi kuyo – abameli bakholelwa ukuthi le ndlela ingahlangabezana nengxenye enkulu yezidingo zamandla ezikhulayo emhlabeni, ngesikhathi esifanayo inciphisa ukukhishwa kwamagesi okushisa ukushisa.
Isikali esincane esivuselelwa yizinjini ezintsha ze-superconducting singase sivumele indlela esheshayo neshibhile yokuthola ugesi kusuka kumandla okuhlanganisa kugridi.
I-Eni ilinganisela ukuthi kuzobiza amaRandi ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezintathu ukuthuthukisa i-reactor ye-fusion engu-200MW ngo-2033. Iphrojekthi ye-ITER, ebambisene phakathi kweYurophu, i-US, i-China, i-India, i-Japan, i-Russia kanye ne-South Korea, ifinyelele esilinganisweni sayo sokuhlolwa kokuqala kwe-plasma okushisayo kakhulu ngo-2025 kanye nokuhlanganiswa kokuqala kwamandla aphelele ngo-2035, futhi inesabelomali esingaba yizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingama-20 zamaRandi. Njengase-SPARC, i-ITER yenzelwe ukungakhiqizi ugesi.
Ngakho-ke, njengoba igridi yase-US isuka ezitshalweni zamandla kagesi zamalahle ezingama-2GW-3GW noma ama-fission eziya kulezo ezisebangeni le-100MW-500MW, ingabe amandla okuhlanganisa angancintisana emakethe enzima - futhi, uma kunjalo, nini?
“Kusekhona ucwaningo okusamele lwenziwe, kodwa izinselele ziyaziwa, ukusungula izinto ezintsha kukhombisa indlela yokusheshisa izinto, abadlali abasha njenge-CFS baletha ukugxila kwezentengiselwano ezinkingeni futhi isayensi eyisisekelo isivuthiwe,” kusho uMumgaard.
“Sikholelwa ukuthi ukuhlanganiswa kuseduze kakhulu kunalokho abantu abaningi abakucabangayo. Hlala ubukele.” jQuery( document ).ready(function() { /* Izinkampani ze-carousel */ jQuery('.carousel').slick({ amachashazi: true, infinite: true, speed: 300, lazyLoad: 'ondemand', slidesToShow: 1, slidesToScroll: 1, adaptiveHeight: true }); });
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Uma ufuna ukuthuthukisa ukusebenza kwesitshalo sakho samandla kanye nokuthembeka kwaso, uzofuna ulwazi olufanele lokulingisa ukuze lukufikise lapho. Enye inkampani izinikezele ekukhiqizeni izilingisi zesitshalo samandla ezingokoqobo eziqinisekisa ukuthi abasebenzi bakho banolwazi oludingekayo lokusebenzisa isitshalo sakho samandla ngokuphepha nangokusebenza kahle.
Isikhathi sokuthunyelwe: Disemba 18-2019