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Kambani yeOiri yekuItaly Eni irikudyara madhora miriyoni makumi mashanu muCommonwealth Fusion Systems, iyo MIT spinout iri kushandirapamwe neInstitute mukuvandudza magineti makuru ekugadzira zero-carbon simba mukuyedza simba rekubatanidza rinonzi SPARC. Julian Turner anowana yakaderera kubva kuna CEO Robert Mumgaard.
Mukati medzimba dzakacheneswa dzeMassachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) shanduko yesimba iri kuitika. Mushure memakumi emakore ekufambira mberi, masayendisiti anotenda kuti simba rekubatanidza rakagadzirira kutora zuva raro uye kuti gireyiti tsvene yesimba risingaperi, risina kupisa, zero-carbon simba rinogona kusvika.
Italy simba hofori Eni anogovera tarisiro iyi, nekudyara €50m ($62m) muchirongwa chekubatana neMIT's Plasma Fusion and Science Center (PSFC) uye yakazvimirira kambani Commonwealth Fusion Systems (CFS), iyo ine chinangwa chekukurumidza-kutevera fusion simba pagridi mukati memakore gumi nemashanu.
Kudzora fusion, nzira inopa simba zuva nenyeredzi, inomiswa nedambudziko rekare: nepo tsika yacho ichiburitsa huwandu hukuru hwesimba, inogona chete kuitwa pakupisa kwakanyanya kwemamiriyoni emadhigirii Celsius, kupisa kupfuura pakati pezuva, uye kupisa zvakanyanya kuti chero chinhu chakasimba chitsungirire.
Nekuda kwedambudziko rekuvharirwa kwemafuta ekusanganiswa mumamiriro ezvinhu akanyanya aya, kuyedza simba refusion, kusvika zvino, rave nekushomeka, richigadzira simba shoma pane rinodiwa kuchengetedza kuita kwefusion, uye nekudaro havakwanise kugadzira magetsi egidhi.
“Nzvero yeFusion yakanzverwa zvakafara mumakumi amakore anoverengeka apfuura, zvichiguma nokufambira mberi mukunzwisisa kwesayenzi nounyanzvi hwokugadzira simba rokusanganisa,” anodaro CEO weCFS Robert Mumgaard.
"CFS inoshambadzira fusion ichishandisa nzira yepamusoro-soro, apo tiri kugadzira magineti matsva ekugadzira magineti madiki ekugadzira michina midiki yekusanganisa tichishandisa nzira imwechete yefizikisi semapurogiramu makuru ehurumende. Kuti iite izvi, CFS inoshanda zvakanyanya neMIT muchirongwa chekubatana, kutanga nekugadzira magineti matsva."
Iyo SPARC mudziyo unoshandisa simba remagineti kubata panzvimbo inopisa plasma - gaseous soup ye subbatomic particles - kudzivirira kuti isasangana nechero chikamu cheiyo donut-shaped vacuum chamber.
"Chinetso chikuru ndechekugadzira plasma mumamiriro ezvinhu ekuti fusion iitike kuitira kuti ibudise simba rakawanda kupfuura rinopedza," anotsanangura Mumgaard. "Izvi zvinotsamira zvakanyanya pane subfield yefizikisi inozivikanwa seplasma fizikisi."
Iyi compact test yakagadzirirwa kuburitsa 100MW yekupisa mumasekondi gumi, simba rakawanda sekushandiswa neguta diki. Asi, sezvo PARC iri kuyedza, haizosanganisire masisitimu ekushandura simba rekubatanidza kuita magetsi.
Masayendisiti kuMIT anotarisira kuburitsa kuve rakapetwa kaviri simba rinoshandiswa kupisa plasma, pakupedzisira kuzadzisa chekupedzisira chehunyanzvi chiitiko: yakanaka mambure simba kubva mukusanganiswa.
"Kusanganiswa kunoitika mukati meplasma yakabatwa panzvimbo uye yakavharidzirwa uchishandisa magineti," anodaro Mumgaard. “Izvi zvakangofanana nebhodhoro remagineti.” Kusimba kwemagnetic field kunoenderana nesimba remagineti bhodhoro rekudzivirira plasma kuitira kuti isvike pakusanganiswa.
“Saka kana tikakwanisa kugadzira magineti akasimba tinokwanisa kugadzira maplasma anogona kupisa uye kuomarara tichishandisa simba shoma kuti arambe akasimba.” Uye neplasma iri nani tinokwanisa kuita kuti michina yacho iite diki uye inokwanisa kugoneka kugadzira nekugadzira.
"Nemagineti epamusoro-soro, tine chishandiso chitsva chekugadzira magineti ane simba repamusoro-soro, uye nekudaro mabhodhoro ari nani uye madiki emagineti. Tinotenda kuti izvi zvichatiita kuti tisanganise nekukurumidza."
Mumgaard arikureva chizvarwa chitsva chemagetsi magineti makuru ane simba rekuburitsa simba remagineti rakasimba zvakapetwa kaviri pane rinoshandiswa mune chero kuyedza fusion iripo, zvichiita kuti simba riwedzere kakapetwa kagumi muhukuru pahukuru.
Yakagadzirwa kubva mutepi yesimbi yakavharwa nekomboni inonzi yttrium-barium-copper oxide (YBCO), iwo magineti matsva ekuitisa anogonesa SPARC kuburitsa simba rekusanganisa rinosvika chikamu chimwe chete muzvishanu cheITER asi mumudziyo unongosvika 1/65 vhoriyamu.
Nekudzikisa saizi, mutengo, nguva uye kuomarara kwesangano kunodiwa kuvaka mambure emagetsi emagetsi emagetsi, magineti eYBCO anogonesa nzira nyowani dzedzidzo uye dzekutengesa, kusanganisa simba.
"SPARC neITER ese ari maviri tokamaks, imwe mhando yebhodhoro remagineti yakavakirwa pane yakakura sainzi yekuvandudza fizikisi yeplasma mumakumi emakore," Mumgaard anotsanangura.
"SPARC ichashandisa chizvarwa chinotevera chepamusoro-tembiricha superconductor (HTS) magineti anobvumira kune yakakwira magineti, ichipa iyo yakanangwa fusion kuita pahukuru hudiki.
"Isu tinotenda ichi chichava chinhu chakakosha pakuita fusion panguva ine chekuita nemamiriro ekunze uye chigadzirwa chinokwezva mune zvehupfumi."
Panyaya yenguva uye kutengeserana kwekutengesa, SPARC ishanduko yedhizaini tokamak iyo yakadzidzwa nekunatswa kwemakumi emakore, kusanganisira basa kuMIT iro rakatanga muma1970s.
Chiyedzo cheSPARC chine chinangwa chekuvhura nzira yekutanga pasirese yechokwadi fusion magetsi emagetsi anokwana 200MW emagetsi, anoenzaniswa neakawanda ekutengesa magetsi emagetsi emagetsi.
Kunyangwe kukahadzika kwakapararira pamusoro pesimba rekubatanidza - Eni ane chiono chekumberi chekuve kambani yekutanga yemafuta epasi rose kuisa mari yakawanda mairi - vamiriri vanotenda kuti nzira iyi inogona kusangana nechikamu chikuru chesimba rinokura repasi rose, ukuwo ichipwanya kuburitsa gasi rinopisa.
Iyo diki chiyero inogoneswa neiyo nyowani superconducting magineti inogona kugonesa inokurumidza, yakachipa nzira yemagetsi kubva kune fusion simba pane grid.
Eni inofungidzira kuti ichadhura madhora mabhiriyoni matatu kugadzira 200MW fusion reactor panosvika 2033. Chirongwa cheITER, mubatanidzwa pakati peEurope, US, China, India, Japan, Russia neSouth Korea, inopfuura hafu yenhanho yakanangana neiyo yekutanga kupisa-inopisa plasma bvunzo panosvika 2025 uye yekutanga-yakazara-simba fusion ne2035 bhajeti, uye ine bhajeti re2035. Sezvakaita PARC, ITER yakagadzirirwa kusaburitsa magetsi.
Saka, negedhi reUS richisimuka kubva kune monolithic 2GW-3GW marasha kana fission magetsi emagetsi akananga kune ayo ari mu100MW-500MW renji, simba rekubatanidza rinogona kukwikwidza mumusika wakaoma - uye, kana zvakadaro, rinhi?
“Kuchine tsvakurudzo inofanira kuitwa, asi matambudziko anozivikanwa, hutsva hutsva huri kuratidza nzira yekukurumidzira zvinhu, vatambi vatsva vakaita seCFS vari kuunza pfungwa yezvokutengeserana kumatambudziko uye sainzi yekutanga yakura,” anodaro Mumgaard.
"Tinotenda kuti fusion iri padyo kupfuura zvinofungwa nevanhu vazhinji. Ramba wakatarisa." jQuery( gwaro ).ready(function() {/* Makambani carousel */ jQuery('.carousel').slick({ dots: true, infinite: true, speed: 300, lazyLoad: 'odemand', slidesToShow: 1, slidesToScroll: 1, adaptive);
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Nguva yekutumira: Zvita-18-2019