Sizisebenzisela ukukunika amava angcono kakhulu. Ukuba uyaqhubeka nokusebenzisa iwebhusayithi yethu, siya kucinga ukuba wonwabile ukufumana zonke iikuki kule webhusayithi.
Inkampani yeoyile yase-Itali i-Eni ityale imali eyi-$50 yezigidi kwiCommonwealth Fusion Systems, i-MIT spinout esebenzisana neli ziko ekuphuhlisweni kweemagnethi eziqhuba i-superconducting ukuvelisa amandla angenakhabhoni kwisilingo samandla okuhlanganisa esibizwa ngokuba yi-SPARC. UJulian Turner ufumana isaphulelo kwi-CEO uRobert Mumgaard.
Ngaphakathi kwiiholo ezingcwele zeMassachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) kukho utshintsho lwamandla oluqhubekayo. Emva kweminyaka emininzi yenkqubela phambili, izazinzulu zikholelwa ukuba amandla okudibanisa ekugqibeleni akulungele ukuthatha ixesha lawo kwaye amandla angenamda, angenamlilo, angenakhabhoni anokufikelelwa.
I-Eni, inkampani enkulu yamandla yase-Itali, ikwabelane ngeli themba, ityale imali eyi-€50 yezigidi ($62 yezigidi) kwiprojekthi yokusebenzisana ne-Plasma Fusion and Science Center (PSFC) ye-MIT kunye nenkampani yabucala iCommonwealth Fusion Systems (CFS), ejolise ekukhawuleziseni amandla okudibanisa kwigridi kwiminyaka eli-15 nje kuphela.
Ukulawula ukudibana, inkqubo enika amandla ilanga neenkwenkwezi, kuyathintelwa yingxaki endala: nangona lo mkhuba ukhupha amandla amaninzi, unokwenziwa kuphela kumaqondo obushushu aphezulu kakhulu angama-degrees Celsius ayizigidi, ashushu ngaphezu kwembindi welanga, kwaye ashushu kakhulu ukuba nasiphi na isixhobo esiqinileyo singamelana nayo.
Ngenxa yomngeni wokuvalelwa kwamafutha e-fusion kwezi meko zinzima, iimvavanyo zamandla e-fusion, kude kube ngoku, zisebenza kwi-deficit, zivelisa amandla amancinci kunalawo afunekayo ukugcina ii-fusion reactions, kwaye ngenxa yoko azikwazi ukuvelisa umbane wegridi.
“Uphando lwe-fusion luye lwafundwa ngokubanzi kwiminyaka embalwa edlulileyo, nto leyo ekhokelele ekuphuculeni ukuqonda kwesayensi kunye nobuchwepheshe bamandla e-fusion,” utshilo umphathi we-CFS uRobert Mumgaard.
"I-CFS irhweba nge-fusion isebenzisa indlela ye-high-field, apho siphuhlisa iimagnethi ezintsha ze-high-field ukwenza izixhobo ezincinci ze-fusion sisebenzisa indlela efanayo yefiziksi njengeenkqubo zikarhulumente ezinkulu. Ukuze senze oku, i-CFS isebenzisana ngokusondeleyo ne-MIT kwiprojekthi yentsebenziswano, iqala ngokuphuhlisa iimagnethi ezintsha."
Isixhobo se-SPARC sisebenzisa amandla anamandla emagnethi ukubamba i-plasma eshushu – isuphu yegesi yamasuntswana angaphantsi kwe-atomic – ukuthintela ukuba ingadibani nayo nayiphi na indawo yegumbi lokucoca elimile okwedonathi.
“Umngeni ophambili kukudala iplasma kwiimeko apho idibaniso lwenzeka khona ukuze ivelise amandla angaphezu kwalawo iwasebenzisayo,” ucacisa uMumgaard. “Oku kuxhomekeke kakhulu kwicandelo elincinci lefiziksi elaziwa ngokuba yiplasma physics.”
Olu vavanyo luncinci lwenzelwe ukuvelisa malunga ne-100MW yobushushu kwiipulses zemizuzwana elishumi, amandla alingana nalawo asetyenziswa sisixeko esincinci. Kodwa, njengoko i-SPARC iluvavanyo, ayizukubandakanya iinkqubo zokuguqula amandla okuhlanganisa abe ngumbane.
Izazinzulu eMIT zilindele ukuba imveliso iphindwe kabini kunamandla asetyenziswa ukufudumeza iplasma, ekugqibeleni ifikelele kwinqanaba eliphezulu lobuchwephesha: amandla acocekileyo avela kwi-fusion.
“Ukudibana kwenzeka ngaphakathi kwiplasma ebanjwe endaweni yayo kwaye igqunywe kusetyenziswa amandla emagnethi,” utshilo uMumgaard. “Oku kufana nebhotile yemagnethi. Amandla emagnethi anxulumene kakhulu nokukwazi kwebhotile yemagnethi ukuthintela iplasma ukuze ifikelele kwiimeko zokudibana.
"Ngoko ke, ukuba singenza iimagnethi ezinamandla, singenza iiplasma ezinokuba shushu ngakumbi kwaye zibe nzima sisebenzisa amandla amancinci ukuzixhasa. Kwaye ngeeplasma ezingcono, singenza izixhobo zibe zincinci kwaye zilawuleke ngakumbi ukuzakha nokuziphuhlisa."
"Ngee-superconductors ezishushu kakhulu, sinesixhobo esitsha sokwenza amasimi emagnethi anamandla kakhulu, ngaloo ndlela neebhotile zemagnethi ezingcono nezincinci. Sikholelwa ukuba oku kuya kusenza sidibane ngokukhawuleza."
UMumgaard ubhekisa kwisizukulwana esitsha see-electromagnets ezinkulu ezine-superconducting ezinamandla okuvelisa intsimi yemagnethi enamandla aphindwe kabini kunaleyo isetyenziswa kulo naluphi na uvavanyo lwe-fusion olukhoyo, okuvumela ukwanda kwamandla ngokuphindwe kalishumi ngobukhulu.
Zenziwe ngeteyiphu yentsimbi egqunywe yi-compound ebizwa ngokuba yi-yttrium-barium-copper oxide (YBCO), iimagnethi ezintsha ze-superconducting ziya kwenza i-SPARC ikwazi ukuvelisa amandla okuxuba malunga nesinye kwisihlanu se-ITER kodwa kwisixhobo esimalunga ne-1/65 kuphela yomthamo.
Ngokunciphisa ubungakanani, iindleko, ixesha kunye nobunzima bombutho obufunekayo ukwakha izixhobo zamandla okuhlanganisa i-net, iimagnethi ze-YBCO ziya kuvumela neendlela ezintsha zemfundo kunye nezorhwebo, zokudibanisa amandla.
“I-SPARC kunye ne-ITER zombini zii-tokamaks, uhlobo oluthile lwebhotile yemagnethi olusekelwe kwisayensi ebanzi esisiseko yophuhliso lwefiziksi yeplasma kwiminyaka emininzi,” ucacisa uMumgaard.
“I-SPARC iza kusebenzisa isizukulwana esilandelayo seemagnethi ze-superconductor ezishushu kakhulu (i-HTS) ezivumela amandla emagnethi aphezulu kakhulu, zinika ukusebenza kwe-fusion ekujoliswe kuyo ngobukhulu obuncinci kakhulu.”
"Sikholelwa ukuba oku kuya kuba yinxalenye ebalulekileyo yokufezekisa ukudibana kwexesha elihambelana nemozulu kunye nemveliso enomtsalane kwezoqoqosho."
Ngokuphathelele amaxesha kunye nokusebenza kakuhle kwezorhwebo, i-SPARC yinguquko yoyilo lwe-tokamak oluye lwafundwa kwaye lwaphuculwa amashumi eminyaka, kuquka nomsebenzi eMIT owaqala ngeminyaka yoo-1970.
Uvavanyo lwe-SPARC lujolise ekuvuleni indlela yesikhululo sokuqala sombane esidibanisayo emhlabeni esinomthamo wombane omalunga ne-200MW, ofana nowezityalo ezininzi zombane zorhwebo.
Nangona kukho ukungaqiniseki okubanzi malunga namandla okudibanisa - i-Eni inombono ojonge phambili wokuba yinkampani yokuqala yeoyile yehlabathi ukutyala imali eninzi kuyo - abameli bakholelwa ukuba le ndlela inokwanelisa inxalenye enkulu yeemfuno zamandla ezikhulayo zehlabathi, ngelixa kwangaxeshanye inciphisa ukukhutshwa kwegesi ezibangela ubushushu.
Isikali esincinci esivuselelwa ziimagnethi ezintsha ze-superconducting sinokubangela indlela ekhawulezayo nengabizi kakhulu yokufikelela kumbane ukusuka kumandla okudibanisa kwigridi.
I-Eni iqikelela ukuba iza kubiza i-$3 billion ukuphuhlisa i-200MW fusion reactor ngo-2033. Iprojekthi ye-ITER, intsebenziswano phakathi kweYurophu, i-US, i-China, i-India, i-Japan, i-Russia kunye ne-South Korea, ingaphezulu kwesiqingatha sokufikelela kujoliso lwayo lovavanyo lokuqala lwe-plasma olushushu kakhulu ngo-2025 kunye nolwe-full-power fusion lokuqala ngo-2035, kwaye inohlahlo-lwabiwo mali olumalunga ne-€20 billion. Njengakwi-SPARC, i-ITER yenzelwe ukuba ingavelisi umbane.
Ngoko ke, njengoko igridi yaseMelika isuka kwizityalo zamandla zamalahle ze-2GW-3GW okanye ze-fission ukuya kwezo zikwi-100MW-500MW, ngaba amandla okudibanisa angakhuphisana kwindawo yokuthengisa enzima - kwaye, ukuba kunjalo, nini?
“Kusekho uphando olusamele lwenziwe, kodwa imingeni iyaziwa, uyilo olutsha lubonisa indlela yokukhawulezisa izinto, abadlali abatsha abafana neCFS bazisa ingqwalasela kwezorhwebo kwiingxaki kwaye isayensi esisiseko sele ivuthiwe,” utshilo uMumgaard.
“Sikholelwa ukuba ukuhlanganiswa kusondele kunokuba abantu abaninzi becinga. Hlala ubukele.” jQuery( document ).ready(function() { /* Companies carousel */ jQuery('.carousel').slick({ amachaphaza: true, infinite: true, speed: 300, lazyLoad: 'ondemand', slidesToShow: 1, slidesToScroll: 1, adaptiveHeight: true }); });
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Ixesha leposi: Disemba-18-2019