BJT, CMOS, DMOS thiab lwm yam thev naus laus zis semiconductor

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Raws li cov txheej txheem tsim khoom semiconductor txuas ntxiv ua qhov kev tshawb pom tshiab, ib daim ntawv tshaj tawm nto moo hu ua "Moore's Law" tau ncig thoob plaws hauv kev lag luam. Nws tau raug tshaj tawm los ntawm Gordon Moore, ib tus neeg tsim Intel, xyoo 1965. Nws cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb yog: tus naj npawb ntawm cov transistors uas tuaj yeem haum rau ntawm lub voj voog sib xyaw yuav ob npaug kwv yees li txhua 18 txog 24 lub hlis. Txoj cai no tsis yog tsuas yog kev tshuaj xyuas thiab kev kwv yees ntawm kev txhim kho ntawm kev lag luam, tab sis kuj yog lub zog tsav tsheb rau kev txhim kho cov txheej txheem tsim khoom semiconductor - txhua yam yog ua cov transistors nrog qhov me me thiab kev ua haujlwm ruaj khov. Txij li xyoo 1950 txog tam sim no, kwv yees li 70 xyoo, tag nrho ntawm BJT, MOSFET, CMOS, DMOS, thiab hybrid BiCMOS thiab BCD cov txheej txheem thev naus laus zis tau tsim.

 

1. BJT

Bipolar junction transistor (BJT), feem ntau hu ua triode. Cov nqi ntws hauv transistor feem ntau yog vim qhov kev sib kis thiab kev txav ntawm cov neeg nqa khoom ntawm PN junction. Vim tias nws cuam tshuam nrog kev ntws ntawm ob qho tib si electrons thiab qhov, nws hu ua lub cuab yeej bipolar.

Rov qab saib keeb kwm ntawm nws txoj kev yug los. Vim yog lub tswv yim ntawm kev hloov cov triodes nqus tsev nrog cov amplifiers khov kho, Shockley tau thov kom ua qhov kev tshawb fawb yooj yim ntawm semiconductors thaum lub caij ntuj sov xyoo 1945. Nyob rau hauv ib nrab xyoo tom ntej ntawm xyoo 1945, Bell Labs tau tsim ib pawg tshawb fawb txog physics solid-state uas Shockley coj. Hauv pawg no, tsis yog tsuas yog cov kws kho mob xwb, tab sis kuj muaj cov kws ua haujlwm circuit thiab cov kws tshuaj, suav nrog Bardeen, tus kws kho mob theoretical, thiab Brattain, tus kws kho mob sim. Thaum Lub Kaum Ob Hlis 1947, ib qho xwm txheej uas tau suav hais tias yog lub hauv paus tseem ceeb los ntawm cov tiam tom qab tau tshwm sim zoo heev - Bardeen thiab Brattain tau tsim lub ntiaj teb thawj germanium point-contact transistor nrog kev ua kom muaj zog tam sim no.

Bardeen thiab Brattain thawj qhov taw tes-contact transistor

Tsis ntev tom qab ntawd, Shockley tau tsim lub transistor bipolar junction hauv xyoo 1948. Nws tau hais tias lub transistor tuaj yeem ua los ntawm ob lub pn junctions, ib qho forward biased thiab lwm qhov reverse biased, thiab tau txais daim ntawv pov thawj patent thaum Lub Rau Hli 1948. Xyoo 1949, nws tau luam tawm cov kev tshawb fawb ntxaws ntxaws ntawm kev ua haujlwm ntawm lub junction transistor. Ntau tshaj ob xyoos tom qab, cov kws tshawb fawb thiab cov engineers ntawm Bell Labs tau tsim ib txoj hauv kev los ua kom tiav kev tsim cov junction transistors (milestone hauv xyoo 1951), qhib lub sijhawm tshiab ntawm kev siv tshuab hluav taws xob. Hauv kev lees paub lawv cov kev koom tes rau kev tsim cov transistors, Shockley, Bardeen thiab Brattain tau yeej xyoo 1956 Nobel Prize hauv Physics.

Daim duab yooj yim ntawm NPN bipolar junction transistor

Hais txog cov qauv ntawm bipolar junction transistors, BJT feem ntau yog NPN thiab PNP. Cov qauv sab hauv ntxaws ntxaws tau qhia hauv daim duab hauv qab no. Thaj chaw semiconductor impurity uas sib raug rau emitter yog thaj chaw emitter, uas muaj qhov concentration doping siab; thaj chaw semiconductor impurity uas sib raug rau lub hauv paus yog thaj chaw hauv paus, uas muaj qhov dav nyias heev thiab qhov concentration doping qis heev; thaj chaw semiconductor impurity uas sib raug rau tus collector yog thaj chaw collector, uas muaj thaj chaw loj thiab qhov concentration doping qis heev.

Qhov zoo ntawm BJT thev naus laus zis yog qhov teb ceev ceev, transconductance siab (kev hloov pauv voltage input sib raug rau cov kev hloov pauv tam sim no loj), suab nrov tsawg, qhov tseeb analog siab, thiab muaj peev xwm tsav tsheb tam sim no muaj zog; qhov tsis zoo yog kev koom ua ke qis (qhov tob ntsug tsis tuaj yeem txo nrog qhov loj me sab) thiab kev siv hluav taws xob ntau.

 

2. MOS

Hlau Oxide Semiconductor Field Effect Transistor (Hlau Oxide Semiconductor FET), uas yog, lub transistor teb uas tswj qhov hloov ntawm semiconductor (S) conductive channel los ntawm kev siv hluav taws xob rau lub rooj vag ntawm cov hlau txheej (M-hlau txhuas) thiab qhov chaw los ntawm oxide txheej (O-insulating txheej SiO2) los tsim cov nyhuv ntawm lub teb hluav taws xob. Txij li thaum lub rooj vag thiab qhov chaw, thiab lub rooj vag thiab lub qhov dej ntws raug cais los ntawm SiO2 insulating txheej, MOSFET kuj tseem hu ua insulated gate field effect transistor. Xyoo 1962, Bell Labs tau tshaj tawm txoj kev loj hlob zoo, uas tau dhau los ua ib qho tseem ceeb tshaj plaws hauv keeb kwm ntawm kev txhim kho semiconductor thiab ncaj qha tso lub hauv paus kev siv tshuab rau kev tshwm sim ntawm semiconductor nco.

MOSFET muaj peev xwm muab faib ua P channel thiab N channel raws li hom conductive channel. Raws li qhov amplitude ntawm lub rooj vag voltage, nws muaj peev xwm muab faib ua: hom depletion - thaum lub rooj vag voltage yog xoom, muaj ib txoj kab conductive ntawm qhov ntws thiab qhov chaw; hom txhim kho - rau N (P) channel li, muaj ib txoj kab conductive tsuas yog thaum lub rooj vag voltage ntau dua (tsawg dua) xoom, thiab lub zog MOSFET feem ntau yog hom txhim kho N channel.

Qhov sib txawv tseem ceeb ntawm MOS thiab triode suav nrog tab sis tsis txwv rau cov ntsiab lus hauv qab no:

-Triodes yog cov khoom siv bipolar vim tias ob qho tib si feem ntau thiab tsawg tus neeg nqa khoom koom nrog kev sib txuas lus tib lub sijhawm; thaum MOS tsuas yog ua hluav taws xob los ntawm feem ntau cov neeg nqa khoom hauv semiconductors, thiab tseem hu ua unipolar transistor.
-Triodes yog cov khoom siv tswj tam sim no nrog kev siv hluav taws xob ntau; thaum MOSFETs yog cov khoom siv tswj hluav taws xob nrog kev siv hluav taws xob tsawg.
-Triodes muaj qhov loj ntawm kev tiv thaiv, thaum MOS cov raj muaj qhov me me ntawm kev tiv thaiv, tsuas yog ob peb puas milliohms xwb. Hauv cov khoom siv hluav taws xob tam sim no, MOS cov raj feem ntau yog siv ua qhov hloov pauv, vim tias qhov ua tau zoo ntawm MOS yog qhov siab dua piv rau triodes.
-Triodes muaj tus nqi zoo dua, thiab MOS raj kuj kim dua.
-Niaj hnub no, cov raj MOS siv los hloov cov triodes hauv feem ntau qhov xwm txheej. Tsuas yog hauv qee qhov xwm txheej uas tsis muaj zog lossis tsis muaj zog, peb yuav siv cov triodes xav txog qhov zoo ntawm tus nqi.

3. CMOS

Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor: CMOS thev naus laus zis siv cov p-hom thiab n-hom hlau oxide semiconductor transistors (MOSFETs) los tsim cov khoom siv hluav taws xob thiab cov voj voog logic. Daim duab hauv qab no qhia txog CMOS inverter, uas siv rau "1→0" lossis "0→1" hloov pauv.

Daim duab hauv qab no yog ib qho CMOS cross-section ib txwm muaj. Sab laug yog NMS, thiab sab xis yog PMOS. Cov G poles ntawm ob lub MOS txuas ua ke ua ib qho common gate input, thiab cov D poles txuas ua ke ua ib qho drain output. VDD txuas nrog lub hauv paus ntawm PMOS, thiab VSS txuas nrog lub hauv paus ntawm NMOS.

Xyoo 1963, Wanlass thiab Sah ntawm Fairchild Semiconductor tau tsim lub CMOS circuit. Xyoo 1968, American Radio Corporation (RCA) tau tsim thawj lub CMOS integrated circuit khoom, thiab txij thaum ntawd los, lub CMOS circuit tau ua tiav kev loj hlob zoo. Nws qhov zoo yog kev siv hluav taws xob tsawg thiab kev sib koom ua ke siab (STI/LOCOS txheej txheem tuaj yeem txhim kho kev sib koom ua ke ntxiv); nws qhov tsis zoo yog qhov muaj qhov cuam tshuam xauv (PN junction reverse bias siv los ua kev sib cais ntawm MOS raj, thiab kev cuam tshuam tuaj yeem yooj yim tsim lub voj voog txhim kho thiab hlawv lub circuit).

 

4. DMOS

Ob Chav-Diffused Hlau Oxide Semiconductor: Zoo ib yam li cov qauv ntawm cov khoom siv MOSFET ib txwm muaj, nws kuj muaj qhov chaw, ntws, rooj vag thiab lwm yam electrodes, tab sis qhov hluav taws xob tawg ntawm qhov kawg ntws yog siab. Cov txheej txheem diffusion ob npaug yog siv.

Daim duab hauv qab no qhia txog qhov seem ntawm tus qauv N-channel DMOS. Hom khoom siv DMOS no feem ntau siv rau hauv cov ntawv thov hloov pauv qis, qhov twg qhov chaw ntawm MOSFET txuas nrog hauv av. Tsis tas li ntawd, muaj P-channel DMOS. Hom khoom siv DMOS no feem ntau siv rau hauv cov ntawv thov hloov pauv siab, qhov twg qhov chaw ntawm MOSFET txuas nrog lub zog hluav taws xob zoo. Zoo ib yam li CMOS, cov khoom siv DMOS sib txuas siv N-channel thiab P-channel MOSFETs ntawm tib lub chip los muab cov haujlwm hloov pauv sib txuas.

Nyob ntawm seb qhov kev taw qhia ntawm cov channel, DMOS tuaj yeem muab faib ua ob hom, uas yog ntsug ob chav-diffused hlau oxide semiconductor teb nyhuv transistor VDMOS (Ntsug Ob Chav-Diffused MOSFET) thiab sab nraud ob chav-diffused hlau oxide semiconductor teb nyhuv transistor LDMOS (Lateral Ob Chav-Diffused MOSFET).

Cov khoom siv VDMOS tau tsim los nrog ib txoj kab ntsug. Piv nrog rau cov khoom siv DMOS sab nraud, lawv muaj qhov hluav taws xob tawg thiab kev tswj hwm tam sim no siab dua, tab sis qhov kev tiv thaiv ntawm qhov hluav taws xob tseem loj heev.

Cov khoom siv LDMOS yog tsim los nrog ib txoj kab sab nraud thiab yog cov khoom siv hluav taws xob asymmetric MOSFET. Piv nrog cov khoom siv DMOS ntsug, lawv tso cai rau qis dua on-resistance thiab ceev dua switching.

Piv nrog rau MOSFETs ib txwm muaj, DMOS muaj peev xwm ntau dua thiab tsis kam qis dua, yog li nws siv dav hauv cov khoom siv hluav taws xob muaj zog xws li cov hloov hluav taws xob, cov cuab yeej hluav taws xob thiab cov tsav tsheb hluav taws xob.

 

5. BiCMOS

Bipolar CMOS yog ib lub thev naus laus zis uas sib koom ua ke CMOS thiab cov khoom siv bipolar rau tib lub chip tib lub sijhawm. Nws lub tswv yim yooj yim yog siv cov khoom siv CMOS ua lub voj voog tseem ceeb, thiab ntxiv cov khoom siv bipolar lossis cov voj voog uas xav tau cov khoom siv loj loj kom tsav tau. Yog li ntawd, BiCMOS circuits muaj qhov zoo ntawm kev sib koom ua ke siab thiab kev siv hluav taws xob tsawg ntawm CMOS circuits, thiab qhov zoo ntawm kev ceev ceev thiab muaj zog tam sim no ntawm BJT circuits.

STMicroelectronics' BiCMOS SiGe (silicon germanium) thev naus laus zis sib xyaw ua ke RF, analog thiab digital qhov chaw rau ntawm ib lub chip, uas tuaj yeem txo qhov ntau ntawm cov khoom sab nraud thiab ua kom zoo dua kev siv hluav taws xob.

 

6. BCD

Bipolar-CMOS-DMOS, cov thev naus laus zis no tuaj yeem ua rau bipolar, CMOS thiab DMOS cov khoom siv ntawm tib lub chip, hu ua BCD txheej txheem, uas tau tsim thawj zaug los ntawm STMicroelectronics (ST) hauv xyoo 1986.

Bipolar yog qhov tsim nyog rau cov analog circuits, CMOS yog qhov tsim nyog rau cov digital thiab logic circuits, thiab DMOS yog qhov tsim nyog rau lub zog thiab cov khoom siv hluav taws xob siab. BCD muab cov txiaj ntsig ntawm peb yam ua ke. Tom qab kev txhim kho tas mus li, BCD tau siv dav hauv cov khoom lag luam hauv kev tswj hwm hluav taws xob, kev tau txais cov ntaub ntawv analog thiab cov actuators fais fab. Raws li ST lub vev xaib official, cov txheej txheem paub tab rau BCD tseem nyob ib puag ncig 100nm, 90nm tseem nyob hauv kev tsim qauv prototype, thiab 40nmBCD thev naus laus zis yog nws cov khoom lag luam tiam tom ntej uas tab tom tsim.