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I te mea kei te haere tonu ngā mahi hanga hiko haurua-ira, kua horapa haere tētahi kōrero rongonui e kīia nei ko "Te Ture a Moore" i roto i te umanga. Nā Gordon Moore, tētahi o ngā kaiwhakaū o Intel, i whakatakoto i tēnei i te tau 1965. Ko tōna kaupapa matua ko: ka rua te maha o ngā transistors ka taea te whakauru ki tētahi ara iahiko whakauru i ia 18 ki te 24 marama. Ehara i te mea he tātaritanga me te matapae noa iho tēnei ture mō te ia whanaketanga o te umanga, engari he kaha hoki mō te whanaketanga o ngā tukanga hanga hiko haurua-ira - ko te katoa he hanga transistors he iti ake te rahi me te mahi pumau. Mai i te tekau tau atu i 1950 ki nāianei, tata ki te 70 tau, kua whakawhanakehia te katoa o ngā hangarau tukanga BJT, MOSFET, CMOS, DMOS, me te BiCMOS ranu me te BCD.
1. BJT
Ko te transistor hononga rua-ira (BJT), e mōhiotia whānuitia ana ko te triode. Ko te rere o te utu i roto i te transistor nā te nekehanga horapa me te nekeneke o ngā kaikawe i te hononga PN. Nā te mea kei roto te rere o ngā irahiko me ngā pū kōhao, ka kiia he taputapu rua-ira.
Ki te titiro whakamuri ki te hītori o tōna whānautanga. Nā te whakaaro ki te whakakapi i ngā triode korehau ki ngā whakakaha totoka, i whakaaro a Shockley ki te whakahaere rangahau taketake mō ngā semiconductors i te raumati o te tau 1945. I te haurua tuarua o te tau 1945, i whakatūria e Bell Labs tētahi rōpū rangahau ahupūngao totoka e arahina ana e Shockley. I roto i tēnei rōpū, ehara i te mea ko ngā tohunga ahupūngao anake, engari ko ngā miihini ara iahiko me ngā matū, tae atu ki a Bardeen, he tohunga ahupūngao ariā, me Brattain, he tohunga ahupūngao whakamātautau. I te marama o Tīhema o te tau 1947, i tupu pai tētahi huihuinga i whakaarohia e ngā whakatupuranga o muri mai he tohu nui - i angitu a Bardeen rāua ko Brattain ki te hanga i te transistor whakapā-ira germanium tuatahi o te ao me te whakakaha iahiko.
Ko te transistor whakapā-ira tuatahi a Bardeen rāua ko Brattain
I muri tata mai, ka hangaia e Shockley te transistor hononga bipolar i te tau 1948. I whakaarohia e ia ka taea te tito i te transistor i ngā hononga pn e rua, tētahi he piko whakamua, tētahi he piko whakamuri, ā, i whiwhi ia i tētahi patent i te marama o Hune 1948. I te tau 1949, i whakaputaina e ia te ariā taipitopito mō te mahi a te transistor hononga. Neke atu i te rua tau i muri mai, ka whakawhanakehia e ngā kaipūtaiao me ngā miihini i Bell Labs tētahi tukanga hei whakatutuki i te hanga papatipu o ngā transistor hononga (he tohu nui i te tau 1951), ka whakatuwhera i tētahi wā hou o te hangarau hiko. Hei whakamihi i ā rātou takoha ki te hanganga o ngā transistor, i toa tahi a Shockley, Bardeen, me Brattain i te Tohu Nobel mō te Ahupūngao i te tau 1956.
Te hoahoa hanganga māmā o te transistor hononga bipolar NPN
Mō te hanganga o ngā transistors hononga bipolar, ko ngā BJT noa ko te NPN me te PNP. Kei te pikitia i raro nei te hanganga ā-roto taipitopito. Ko te rohe haurua-haurua poke e rite ana ki te kaituku ko te rohe kaituku, he nui te kukū tāpiri; ko te rohe haurua-haurua poke e rite ana ki te turanga ko te rohe turanga, he whānui tino angiangi me te kukū tāpiri iti rawa; ko te rohe haurua-haurua poke e rite ana ki te kaikohi ko te rohe kaikohi, he nui te horahanga me te kukū tāpiri iti rawa.
Ko ngā painga o te hangarau BJT ko te tere urupare teitei, te whakawhiti-whakahaere teitei (ko ngā huringa ngaohiko tāuru e rite ana ki ngā huringa nui o te ia whakaputa), te iti o te haruru, te tika o te anarohiko, me te kaha taraiwa iahiko kaha; ko ngā ngoikoretanga ko te iti o te whakaurunga (kāore e taea te whakaiti i te hohonutanga poutū me te rahi taha) me te nui o te whakamahinga hiko.
2. MOS
Ko te Transistor Pānga Marae o te Metal Oxide Semiconductor (Metal Oxide Semiconductor FET), arā, he transistor pānga mara e whakahaere ana i te pana o te hongere arataki semiconductor (S) mā te whakamahi i te ngaohiko ki te kuaha o te paparanga whakarewa (M-konganuku konumohe) me te pūtake mā te paparanga waikura (O-whakamaroke paparanga SiO2) hei whakaputa i te pānga o te mara hiko. Mai i te mea kua wehea te kuaha me te pūtake, me te kuaha me te waikeri e te paparanga whakamaroke SiO2, ka kiia hoki a MOSFET he transistor pānga mara kuaha whakamaroke. I te tau 1962, i whakapuaki mana a Bell Labs i te whanaketanga angitu, i riro ko tētahi o ngā tohu nui rawa atu i roto i te hītori o te whanaketanga semiconductor, ā, i whakatakoto tika i te turanga hangarau mō te taenga mai o te mahara semiconductor.
Ka taea te wehewehe i te MOSFET ki te hongere P me te hongere N i runga i te momo hongere kawe hiko. E ai ki te kaha o te ngaohiko kuaha, ka taea te wehewehe ki: momo whakahekenga - ina kore te ngaohiko kuaha, he hongere kawe hiko kei waenganui i te waikeri me te pūtake; momo whakarei - mō ngā taputapu hongere N (P), he hongere kawe hiko anake ina nui ake te ngaohiko kuaha i te (iti iho i te) kore, ā, ko te MOSFET mana he momo whakarei hongere N te nuinga.
Ko ngā rerekētanga matua i waenga i te MOS me te triode ko ēnei anake, engari kāore i te herea ki:
-He taputapu bipolar ngā triode nā te mea ka whai wāhi ngā kaikawe nuinga me ngā kaikawe tokoiti ki te kawe hiko i te wā kotahi; ko te MOS ia ka kawe hiko mā roto i ngā kaikawe nuinga i roto i ngā semiconductors, ā, ka kiia hoki he transistor unipolar.
-Ko ngā triode he taputapu e whakahaerehia ana e te au me te nui o te kaha e pau ana; ko ngā MOSFET ia he taputapu e whakahaerehia ana e te ngaohiko me te iti o te kaha e pau ana.
-He nui te ātete-ā-ringa o ngā triode, he iti te ātete-ā-ringa o ngā ngongo MOS, he torutoru rau miriōhm anake. I roto i ngā taputapu hiko o nāianei, ka whakamahia ngā ngongo MOS hei pana, nā te mea he teitei ake te whai huatanga o te MOS ki te whakataurite ki ngā triode.
-He pai te utu mō ngā triode, ā, he nui te utu mō ngā ngongo MOS.
-I ēnei rā, ka whakamahia ngā ngongo MOS hei whakakapi i ngā triode i te nuinga o ngā wā. I ētahi wā iti te mana, kāore rānei e aro ki te mana, ka whakamahia e mātou ngā triode me te whakaaro ki te painga o te utu.
3. CMOS
Kaitātari Ārai Waikura Whakakotahi: Ka whakamahia e te hangarau CMOS ngā transistors haukura whakarewa momo-p me te momo-n (MOSFET) whakakotahi hei hanga taputapu hiko me ngā ara iahiko arorau. E whakaatu ana te ahua e whai ake nei i tētahi kaitahuri CMOS noa, e whakamahia ana mō te tahuritanga "1→0" "0→1" rānei.
Ko te ahua e whai ake nei he wāhanga whakawhiti CMOS noa. Ko te taha maui ko te NMS, ā, ko te taha matau ko te PMOS. Ko ngā pou G o ngā MOS e rua e honoa ana hei tāuru kuaha noa, ā, ko ngā pou D e honoa ana hei putanga rerenga noa. Ka honoa te VDD ki te pūtake o te PMOS, ā, ka honoa te VSS ki te pūtake o te NMOS.
I te tau 1963, i hangaia e Wanlass rāua ko Sah o Fairchild Semiconductor te ara iahiko CMOS. I te tau 1968, i whakawhanakehia e te American Radio Corporation (RCA) te hua ara iahiko whakauru CMOS tuatahi, ā, mai i taua wā, kua tino whanake te ara iahiko CMOS. Ko ōna painga he iti te whakamahinga hiko me te nui o te whakaurunga (ka taea e te tukanga STI/LOCOS te whakapai ake i te whakaurunga); ko tōna ngoikoretanga ko te noho o te pānga raka (ka whakamahia te piko whakamuri o te hononga PN hei wehewehe i waenga i ngā ngongo MOS, ā, ka taea e te pokanoa te hanga i tētahi koropiko whakarei ake me te tahu i te ara iahiko).
4. DMOS
Ārahi-ārahi Waikura Konukura-Rua: He rite ki te hanganga o ngā taputapu MOSFET noa, he pūtake, he rerenga wai, he kēti me ētahi atu irahiko anō hoki, engari he teitei te ngaohiko pakaru o te pito rerenga wai. Ka whakamahia te tukanga rerenga wai rua.
E whakaatu ana te ahua i raro nei i te wāhanga whakawhiti o te DMOS hongere-N paerewa. Ko tēnei momo taputapu DMOS e whakamahia ana i ngā tono whakawhiti taha-iti, ina honoa te pūtake o te MOSFET ki te whenua. Hei tāpiri, he DMOS hongere-P. Ko tēnei momo taputapu DMOS e whakamahia ana i ngā tono whakawhiti taha-tiketike, ina honoa te pūtake o te MOSFET ki te ngaohiko pai. He rite ki te CMOS, ka whakamahia e ngā taputapu DMOS tāpiri ngā MOSFET hongere-N me ngā MOSFET hongere-P i runga i te maramara kotahi hei whakarato i ngā mahi whakawhiti tāpiri.
I runga i te ahunga o te hongere, ka taea te wehewehe i te DMOS kia rua ngā momo, arā, ko te transistor pānga mara haurua-whakarara-rua poutū VDMOS (Vertical Double-Diffused MOSFET) me te transistor pānga mara haurua-whakarara-rua taha LDMOS (Lateral Double-Diffused MOSFET).
He hongere poutū te hoahoa o ngā taputapu VDMOS. Ki te whakatauritea ki ngā taputapu DMOS taha, he nui ake ō rātou kaha ki te whakahaere i te ngaohiko pakaru me te iahiko, engari he nui tonu te ātete-ki-te-hiko.
He hongere taha te hoahoa o ngā taputapu LDMOS, ā, he taputapu MOSFET mana kore taurite. Ki te whakatauritea ki ngā taputapu DMOS poutū, he iti ake te ātete-ā-ringa me te tere whakawhiti tere ake.
Ki te whakatauritea ki ngā MOSFET tuku iho, he nui ake te kaha-whakaoho o te DMOS, he iti ake hoki te ātete, nō reira e whakamahia whānuitia ana i roto i ngā taputapu hiko mana-teitei pērā i ngā pana hiko, ngā taputapu hiko me ngā puku waka hiko.
5. BiCMOS
Ko te CMOS Bipolar he hangarau e whakauru ana i ngā taputapu CMOS me ngā taputapu bipolar ki te maramara kotahi i te wā kotahi. Ko tōna whakaaro matua ko te whakamahi i ngā taputapu CMOS hei ara iahiko matua, me te tāpiri i ngā taputapu bipolar, i ngā ara iahiko rānei e hiahiatia ana he kawenga kaha nui hei taraiwa. Nō reira, he pai ngā painga o ngā ara iahiko BiCMOS ko te whakaurunga nui me te iti o te whakamahinga hiko o ngā ara iahiko CMOS, me ngā painga o te tere teitei me te kaha taraiwa iahiko o ngā ara iahiko BJT.
Mā te hangarau BiCMOS SiGe (silicon germanium) a STMicroelectronics ka whakauruhia ngā wāhanga RF, anaro me te mamati ki roto i tētahi maramara kotahi, ka taea te whakaiti i te maha o ngā wāhanga o waho me te arotau i te whakapaunga hiko.
6. BCD
Ko te Bipolar-CMOS-DMOS, ka taea e tēnei hangarau te hanga i ngā pūrere bipolar, CMOS me te DMOS i runga i te maramara kotahi, e kiia nei ko te tukanga BCD, i whakawhanakehia tuatahitia e STMicroelectronics (ST) i te tau 1986.
He pai te Bipolar mō ngā ara iahiko anaro, he pai te CMOS mō ngā ara iahiko matihiko me ngā ara iahiko arorau, ā, he pai te DMOS mō ngā taputapu hiko me ngā taputapu ngaohiko teitei. Ka whakakotahi te BCD i ngā painga o ēnei e toru. Whai muri i te whakapai tonu, ka whakamahia whānuitia te BCD i roto i ngā hua i roto i ngā mara o te whakahaere hiko, te kohikohi raraunga anaro me ngā kaiwhakaoho hiko. E ai ki te paetukutuku mana o ST, kei te tata tonu te tukanga pakari mō te BCD ki te 100nm, kei te hoahoa tauira tonu te 90nm, ā, nō roto te hangarau 40nmBCD i ana hua o te whakatupuranga e whai ake nei kei te whakawhanakehia.
Wā tuku: Hepetema-10-2024