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Peb tshaj tawm txog qhov cuam tshuam zoo kawg nkaus ntawm photovoltaic hauv YBa2Cu3O6.96 (YBCO) ceramic ntawm 50 thiab 300 K uas tshwm sim los ntawm lub teeb ci xiav-laser, uas yog ncaj qha cuam tshuam rau qhov superconductivity ntawm YBCO thiab YBCO-metallic electrode interface. Muaj qhov polarity reversal rau qhov qhib circuit voltage Voc thiab luv circuit tam sim no Isc thaum YBCO dhau los ntawm kev hloov pauv ntawm superconducting mus rau lub xeev resistive. Peb qhia tias muaj lub zog hluav taws xob hla lub superconductor-normal metal interface, uas muab lub zog sib cais rau cov duab-induced electron-hole pairs. Lub peev xwm interface no ncaj qha los ntawm YBCO mus rau lub electrode hlau thaum YBCO yog superconducting thiab hloov mus rau qhov kev taw qhia rov qab thaum YBCO dhau los ua nonsuperconducting. Lub hauv paus chiv keeb ntawm lub peev xwm yuav yooj yim cuam tshuam nrog qhov cuam tshuam ze ntawm cov hlau-superconductor interface thaum YBCO yog superconducting thiab nws tus nqi kwv yees li ~ 10–8 mV ntawm 50 K nrog lub zog laser ntawm 502 mW / cm2. Kev sib xyaw ua ke ntawm cov khoom siv p-hom YBCO ntawm lub xeev ib txwm nrog cov khoom siv n-hom Ag-paste tsim ib qho kev sib tshuam quasi-pn uas yog lub luag haujlwm rau tus cwj pwm photovoltaic ntawm YBCO ceramics ntawm qhov kub siab. Peb cov kev tshawb pom yuav ua rau txoj hauv kev rau cov ntawv thov tshiab ntawm cov khoom siv photon-electronic thiab ua rau pom kev ntxiv rau qhov cuam tshuam ntawm qhov sib thooj ntawm superconductor-metal interface.
Qhov hluav taws xob uas ua rau muaj duab los ntawm cov khoom siv kub siab tau raug tshaj tawm thaum ntxov xyoo 1990 thiab tau tshawb nrhiav ntau yam txij li thaum ntawd los, tsis tau nws qhov xwm txheej thiab txoj hauv kev tseem tsis tau daws teeb meem1,2,3,4,5. YBa2Cu3O7-δ (YBCO) cov yeeb yaj kiab nyias nyias6,7,8, tshwj xeeb, tau kawm ntau yam hauv daim ntawv ntawm lub cell photovoltaic (PV) vim nws qhov sib txawv ntawm lub zog hloov kho tau9,10,11,12,13. Txawm li cas los xij, qhov kev tiv thaiv siab ntawm lub substrate ib txwm ua rau muaj kev hloov pauv qis ntawm lub cuab yeej thiab npog cov khoom PV tseem ceeb ntawm YBCO8. Ntawm no peb tshaj tawm cov nyhuv photovoltaic zoo kawg nkaus uas tshwm sim los ntawm lub teeb xiav-laser (λ = 450 nm) hauv YBa2Cu3O6.96 (YBCO) ceramic ntawm 50 thiab 300 K (Tc ~ 90 K). Peb qhia tias cov nyhuv PV yog ncaj qha cuam tshuam nrog lub superconductivity ntawm YBCO thiab qhov xwm txheej ntawm YBCO-metallic electrode interface. Muaj qhov rov qab polarity rau qhov qhib hluav taws xob Voc thiab luv luv tam sim no Isc thaum YBCO dhau los ntawm kev hloov pauv ntawm theem superconducting mus rau lub xeev resistive. Nws tau hais tias muaj lub zog hluav taws xob hla lub superconductor-normal hlau interface, uas muab lub zog sib cais rau cov duab-induced electron-hole khub. Lub peev xwm interface no ncaj qha los ntawm YBCO mus rau lub hlau electrode thaum YBCO yog superconducting thiab hloov mus rau qhov kev taw qhia rov qab thaum tus qauv dhau los ua nonsuperconducting. Lub hauv paus chiv keeb ntawm lub peev xwm yuav yog qhov cuam tshuam nrog qhov sib thooj effect14,15,16,17 ntawm hlau-superconductor interface thaum YBCO yog superconducting thiab nws tus nqi kwv yees li ~ 10−8 mV ntawm 50 K nrog lub zog laser ntawm 502 mW / cm2. Kev sib xyaw ua ke ntawm p-hom khoom YBCO ntawm lub xeev ib txwm nrog n-hom khoom Ag-paste tsim, feem ntau yuav, quasi-pn junction uas yog lub luag haujlwm rau PV tus cwj pwm ntawm YBCO ceramics ntawm qhov kub siab. Peb cov kev soj ntsuam tau ua rau pom tseeb ntxiv txog keeb kwm ntawm PV cov nyhuv hauv cov khoom siv kub siab YBCO thiab ua rau nws siv rau hauv cov khoom siv optoelectronic xws li lub tshuab ntes teeb pom kev sai thiab lwm yam.
Daim Duab 1a – c qhia tau hais tias cov yam ntxwv IV ntawm YBCO ceramic qauv ntawm 50 K. Yog tsis muaj lub teeb ci ntsa iab, lub zog hluav taws xob hla tus qauv tseem nyob ntawm xoom nrog kev hloov pauv tam sim no, raws li tuaj yeem xav tau los ntawm cov khoom siv superconducting. Cov nyhuv photovoltaic pom tseeb tshwm sim thaum lub teeb laser raug taw qhia rau cathode (Daim Duab 1a): cov kab IV sib luag rau I-axis txav mus rau hauv qab nrog kev nce laser zog. Nws yog qhov tseeb tias muaj lub zog tsis zoo photo-induced txawm tias tsis muaj tam sim no (feem ntau hu ua qhib circuit voltage Voc). Lub voj voog xoom ntawm IV nkhaus qhia tau hais tias tus qauv tseem superconducting nyob rau hauv laser illumination.
(a–c) thiab 300 K (e–g). Cov nqi ntawm V(I) tau txais los ntawm kev siv lub zog tam sim no los ntawm −10 mA mus rau +10 mA hauv lub tshuab nqus tsev. Tsuas yog ib feem ntawm cov ntaub ntawv sim tau nthuav tawm rau qhov kom meej. a, Cov yam ntxwv tam sim no-voltage ntawm YBCO ntsuas nrog laser qhov chaw nyob ntawm cathode (i). Tag nrho cov kab IV yog cov kab ncaj kab rov tav qhia tias cov qauv tseem superconducting nrog laser irradiation. Cov kab txav mus rau hauv qab nrog kev nce laser zog, qhia tias muaj qhov tsis zoo (Voc) ntawm ob lub voltage leads txawm tias muaj xoom tam sim no. Cov kab IV tseem tsis hloov pauv thaum lub laser raug taw qhia rau ntawm qhov chaw ntawm cov qauv ntawm ether 50 K (b) lossis 300 K (f). Cov kab kab rov tav txav mus rau saum toj thaum lub anode ci ntsa iab (c). Ib qho qauv schematic ntawm hlau-superconductor sib tshuam ntawm 50 K tau qhia hauv d. Cov yam ntxwv tam sim no-voltage ntawm lub xeev ib txwm YBCO ntawm 300 K ntsuas nrog laser beam taw qhia ntawm cathode thiab anode tau muab hauv e thiab g feem. Sib piv rau cov txiaj ntsig ntawm 50 K, qhov tsis yog xoom ntawm cov kab ncaj qhia tias YBCO nyob rau hauv lub xeev ib txwm; cov nqi ntawm Voc sib txawv nrog lub teeb ci hauv qhov kev taw qhia rov qab, qhia txog lub tshuab sib cais them sib txawv. Ib qho qauv interface ua tau ntawm 300 K tau piav qhia hauv hj Daim duab tiag tiag ntawm cov qauv nrog cov hlau leads.
YBCO uas muaj oxygen ntau hauv lub xeev superconducting tuaj yeem nqus tau yuav luag tag nrho cov hnub ci vim nws qhov sib txawv me me ntawm lub zog (Eg)9,10, yog li tsim cov khub electron-qhov (e-h). Txhawm rau tsim lub zog qhib hluav taws xob Voc los ntawm kev nqus cov photons, nws yog qhov tsim nyog los cais cov khub eh uas tsim los ntawm cov duab ua ntej kev sib xyaw ua ke tshwm sim18. Qhov tsis zoo Voc, piv rau cathode thiab anode raws li qhia hauv daim duab 1i, qhia tias muaj lub zog hluav taws xob hla lub interface hlau-superconductor, uas sweeps cov electrons mus rau anode thiab qhov mus rau cathode. Yog tias qhov no yog qhov teeb meem, kuj yuav tsum muaj lub peev xwm taw qhia los ntawm superconductor mus rau lub electrode hlau ntawm anode. Yog li ntawd, Voc zoo yuav tau txais yog tias thaj chaw kuaj ze ntawm anode raug ci ntsa iab. Ntxiv mus, yuav tsum tsis muaj lub zog hluav taws xob photo-induced thaum lub laser qhov chaw taw qhia rau thaj chaw deb ntawm cov electrodes. Nws yog qhov tseeb raws li pom los ntawm daim duab 1b, c!.
Thaum lub teeb ci ntsa iab txav ntawm lub cathode electrode mus rau hauv nruab nrab ntawm cov qauv (kwv yees li 1.25 hli sib nrug ntawm qhov sib txuas), tsis muaj kev hloov pauv ntawm IV curves thiab tsis muaj Voc tuaj yeem pom nrog kev nce laser zog mus rau qhov siab tshaj plaws muaj (Daim duab 1b). Ntawm chav kawm, qhov tshwm sim no tuaj yeem raug muab rau lub neej txwv ntawm cov duab-induced carriers thiab tsis muaj lub zog sib cais hauv cov qauv. Electron-hole khub tuaj yeem tsim thaum twg cov qauv raug ci, tab sis feem ntau ntawm e-h khub yuav raug rhuav tshem thiab tsis muaj photovoltaic nyhuv yog pom yog tias lub laser qhov poob rau ntawm thaj chaw deb ntawm ib qho ntawm cov electrodes. Tsiv lub laser qhov mus rau lub anode electrodes, IV curves sib luag rau I-axis txav mus rau sab saud nrog kev nce laser zog (Daim duab 1c). Zoo sib xws built-in hluav taws xob teb muaj nyob rau hauv lub hlau-superconductor sib tshuam ntawm lub anode. Txawm li cas los xij, lub hlau electrode txuas rau qhov zoo lead ntawm lub kaw lus xeem lub sijhawm no. Cov qhov tsim los ntawm lub laser raug thawb mus rau lub anode lead thiab yog li ntawd qhov zoo Voc tau pom. Cov txiaj ntsig tau nthuav tawm ntawm no muab pov thawj muaj zog tias muaj qhov interface potential taw tes los ntawm lub superconductor mus rau lub electrode hlau.
Cov nyhuv photovoltaic hauv YBa2Cu3O6.96 ceramics ntawm 300 K tau qhia hauv daim duab 1e-g. Yog tsis muaj lub teeb ci, IV nkhaus ntawm cov qauv yog ib txoj kab ncaj hla lub hauv paus chiv keeb. Txoj kab ncaj no txav mus rau sab saud sib luag rau qhov qub nrog kev nce laser zog irradiating ntawm cathode leads (Daim duab 1e). Muaj ob qhov xwm txheej txwv ntawm kev txaus siab rau lub cuab yeej photovoltaic. Lub sijhawm luv luv tshwm sim thaum V = 0. Tam sim no hauv qhov no yog hu ua lub sijhawm luv luv (Isc). Qhov xwm txheej txwv thib ob yog qhov xwm txheej qhib-circuit (Voc) uas tshwm sim thaum R → ∞ lossis tam sim no yog xoom. Daim duab 1e qhia meej meej tias Voc yog qhov zoo thiab nce nrog kev nce lub teeb ci, sib piv nrog qhov tshwm sim tau txais ntawm 50 K; thaum Isc tsis zoo tau pom tias nce qhov loj nrog lub teeb ci, tus cwj pwm ib txwm muaj ntawm cov hlwb hnub ci.
Ib yam li ntawd, thaum lub teeb laser taw rau thaj chaw deb ntawm cov electrodes, qhov nkhaus V (I) yog ywj pheej ntawm qhov muaj zog laser thiab tsis muaj cov teebmeem photovoltaic tshwm sim (Daim Duab 1f). Zoo ib yam li kev ntsuas ntawm 50 K, cov nkhaus IV txav mus rau qhov kev taw qhia rov qab thaum lub electrode anode raug irradiated (Daim Duab 1g). Tag nrho cov txiaj ntsig no tau txais rau qhov YBCO-Ag paste system no ntawm 300 K nrog laser irradiated ntawm ntau qhov chaw ntawm cov qauv yog sib xws nrog lub peev xwm interface rov qab rau qhov pom ntawm 50 K.
Feem ntau ntawm cov electrons condense hauv Cooper khub hauv superconducting YBCO hauv qab nws qhov kub hloov pauv Tc. Thaum nyob hauv cov hlau electrode, tag nrho cov electrons tseem nyob hauv daim ntawv singular. Muaj qhov sib txawv loj rau ob qho tib si singular electrons thiab Cooper khub nyob ze ntawm cov hlau-superconductor interface. Feem ntau-carrier singular electrons hauv cov khoom siv hlau yuav diffuse mus rau hauv thaj chaw superconductor, thaum feem ntau-carrier Cooper-khub hauv YBCO cheeb tsam yuav diffuse mus rau hauv thaj chaw hlau. Raws li Cooper khub nqa ntau cov nqi thiab muaj kev txav mus los loj dua li singular electrons diffuse los ntawm YBCO mus rau hauv thaj chaw hlau, cov atoms them zoo raug tso tseg, ua rau muaj hluav taws xob hauv thaj chaw them chaw. Kev taw qhia ntawm lub teb hluav taws xob no tau pom hauv daim duab schematic Fig. 1d. Kev teeb pom kev zoo photon ze ntawm thaj chaw them chaw tuaj yeem tsim eh khub uas yuav raug sib cais thiab swept tawm tsim cov photocurrent hauv qhov kev taw qhia rov qab-bias. Thaum cov electrons tawm ntawm lub teb hluav taws xob tsim, lawv raug condensed ua khub thiab ntws mus rau lwm lub electrode yam tsis muaj kev tiv thaiv. Hauv qhov no, Voc nyob rau sab nraud ntawm qhov polarity uas tau teeb tsa ua ntej thiab tso saib tus nqi tsis zoo thaum lub teeb laser taw rau thaj chaw ib puag ncig lub electrode tsis zoo. Los ntawm tus nqi ntawm Voc, lub peev xwm hla lub interface tuaj yeem kwv yees tau: qhov deb ntawm ob lub voltage leads d yog ~ 5 × 10−3 m, qhov tuab ntawm lub interface hlau-superconductor, di, yuav tsum yog tib qho kev txiav txim ntawm qhov loj li qhov ntev ntawm coherence ntawm YBCO superconductor (~ 1 nm) 19,20, coj tus nqi ntawm Voc = 0.03 mV, lub peev xwm Vms ntawm lub interface hlau-superconductor raug soj ntsuam kom yog ~ 10−11 V ntawm 50 K nrog lub zog laser ntawm 502 mW / cm2, siv equation,
Peb xav hais ntxiv tias qhov hluav taws xob uas tshwm sim los ntawm daim duab tsis tuaj yeem piav qhia los ntawm cov nyhuv thermal ntawm daim duab. Tau sim los ntawm kev sim, qhov Seebeck coefficient ntawm superconductor YBCO yog Ss = 021. Seebeck coefficient rau cov xov hlau tooj liab yog nyob rau hauv qhov ntau ntawm SCu = 0.34–1.15 μV/K3. Qhov kub ntawm cov xov hlau tooj liab ntawm qhov chaw laser tuaj yeem tsa los ntawm me me ntawm 0.06 K nrog qhov siab tshaj plaws laser muaj nyob rau ntawm 50 K. Qhov no tuaj yeem tsim cov thermoelectric peev xwm ntawm 6.9 × 10−8 V uas yog peb qhov kev txiav txim me dua li Voc tau txais hauv daim duab 1 (a). Nws yog qhov tseeb tias cov nyhuv thermoelectric me dhau los piav qhia cov txiaj ntsig ntawm kev sim. Qhov tseeb, qhov sib txawv ntawm qhov kub thiab txias vim yog laser irradiation yuav ploj mus hauv tsawg dua ib feeb kom qhov kev koom tes los ntawm cov nyhuv thermal tuaj yeem raug tsis quav ntsej txog kev nyab xeeb.
Qhov teebmeem photovoltaic ntawm YBCO ntawm chav sov qhia tau hais tias muaj kev sib cais sib txawv ntawm cov txheej txheem no. Superconducting YBCO hauv lub xeev ib txwm yog cov khoom siv p-hom nrog cov qhov ua tus neeg nqa khoom 22,23, thaum cov hlau Ag-paste muaj cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov khoom siv n-hom. Zoo ib yam li pn junctions, qhov kev sib kis ntawm cov electrons hauv cov nyiaj paste thiab cov qhov hauv YBCO ceramic yuav tsim ib lub tshav pob hluav taws xob sab hauv taw rau YBCO ceramic ntawm qhov sib txuas (Daim duab 1h). Nws yog daim teb sab hauv no uas muab lub zog sib cais thiab ua rau muaj Voc zoo thiab Isc tsis zoo rau YBCO-Ag paste system ntawm chav sov, raws li pom hauv Daim duab 1e. Xwb, Ag-YBCO tuaj yeem tsim ib qho p-hom Schottky sib txuas uas kuj ua rau muaj peev xwm interface nrog tib lub polarity zoo li hauv tus qauv uas tau nthuav tawm saum toj no 24.
Txhawm rau tshawb nrhiav cov txheej txheem kev hloov pauv ntxaws ntawm cov khoom photovoltaic thaum lub sijhawm hloov pauv superconducting ntawm YBCO, IV kab ntawm cov qauv ntawm 80 K tau ntsuas nrog cov laser intensities xaiv ci ntsa iab ntawm cathode electrode (Daim Duab 2). Yog tsis muaj laser irradiation, lub zog hla cov qauv khaws cia ntawm xoom tsis hais txog tam sim no, qhia txog lub xeev superconducting ntawm cov qauv ntawm 80 K (Daim Duab 2a). Zoo ib yam li cov ntaub ntawv tau txais ntawm 50 K, IV kab sib luag rau I-axis txav mus rau hauv qab nrog kev nce laser zog kom txog thaum tus nqi tseem ceeb Pc raug ncav cuag. Saum toj no qhov tseem ceeb laser zog (Pc), lub superconductor dhau los ntawm kev hloov pauv ntawm theem superconducting mus rau theem resistive; lub zog pib nce nrog tam sim no vim yog qhov tshwm sim ntawm kev tiv thaiv hauv superconductor. Yog li ntawd, IV kab pib sib tshuam nrog I-axis thiab V-axis ua rau Voc tsis zoo thiab Isc zoo thaum xub thawj. Tam sim no cov qauv zoo li nyob rau hauv lub xeev tshwj xeeb uas lub polarity ntawm Voc thiab Isc yog qhov rhiab heev rau lub teeb zog; nrog rau qhov nce me me ntawm lub teeb ci Isc raug hloov pauv los ntawm qhov zoo mus rau qhov tsis zoo thiab Voc los ntawm qhov tsis zoo mus rau qhov zoo, dhau los ntawm keeb kwm (qhov kev nkag siab siab ntawm cov khoom photovoltaic, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog tus nqi ntawm Isc, rau lub teeb pom kev zoo tuaj yeem pom tseeb dua hauv daim duab 2b). Ntawm qhov siab tshaj plaws laser muaj, cov kab IV npaj siab yuav sib luag nrog ib leeg, qhia txog lub xeev ib txwm ntawm YBCO qauv.
Lub chaw laser nyob ib puag ncig cov cathode electrodes (saib daim duab 1i). a, IV kab ntawm YBCO irradiated nrog cov laser sib txawv. b (sab saum toj), Laser qhov kev vam khom ntawm qhov qhib hluav taws xob Voc thiab luv luv tam sim no Isc. Cov nqi Isc tsis tuaj yeem tau txais ntawm qhov muaj zog tsawg (<110 mW/cm2) vim tias cov kab IV yog sib luag rau I-axis thaum cov qauv nyob hauv lub xeev superconducting. b (hauv qab), qhov tsis kam sib txawv ua haujlwm ntawm laser qhov muaj zog.
Qhov kev vam khom ntawm Voc thiab Isc ntawm 80 K yog qhia nyob rau hauv daim duab 2b (sab saum toj). Cov khoom photovoltaic tuaj yeem tham txog hauv peb thaj tsam ntawm lub teeb ci. Thaj tsam thawj zaug yog nruab nrab ntawm 0 thiab Pc, uas YBCO yog superconducting, Voc yog qhov tsis zoo thiab txo qis (qhov nqi tag nrho nce) nrog lub teeb ci thiab ncav cuag qhov tsawg kawg nkaus ntawm Pc. Thaj tsam thib ob yog los ntawm Pc mus rau lwm qhov tseem ceeb P0, uas Voc nce thaum Isc txo qis nrog lub teeb ci nce thiab ob qho tib si ncav cuag xoom ntawm P0. Thaj tsam thib peb yog siab dua P0 kom txog thaum lub xeev ib txwm ntawm YBCO raug ncav cuag. Txawm hais tias ob qho tib si Voc thiab Isc sib txawv nrog lub teeb ci tib yam li hauv thaj tsam 2, lawv muaj qhov sib txawv polarity saum toj no qhov tseem ceeb P0. Qhov tseem ceeb ntawm P0 yog nyob rau hauv tias tsis muaj cov nyhuv photovoltaic thiab cov txheej txheem sib cais them hloov pauv zoo ntawm qhov no. Tus qauv YBCO dhau los ua tsis yog superconducting hauv qhov ntau ntawm lub teeb ci tab sis lub xeev ib txwm tseem tsis tau mus txog.
Nws meej meej tias cov yam ntxwv ntawm lub photovoltaic ntawm lub system muaj feem cuam tshuam nrog lub superconductivity ntawm YBCO thiab nws txoj kev hloov pauv superconducting. Qhov sib txawv tsis kam, dV / dI, ntawm YBCO tau qhia hauv daim duab 2b (hauv qab) ua haujlwm ntawm lub zog laser. Raws li tau hais ua ntej, lub zog hluav taws xob tsim hauv qhov interface vim yog Cooper khub diffusion ntsiab lus los ntawm superconductor mus rau hlau. Zoo ib yam li qhov pom ntawm 50 K, cov nyhuv photovoltaic tau txhim kho nrog kev nce laser zog los ntawm 0 mus rau Pc. Thaum lub zog laser ncav cuag tus nqi me ntsis saum Pc, qhov nkhaus IV pib qaij thiab qhov tsis kam ntawm cov qauv pib tshwm sim, tab sis lub polarity ntawm lub peev xwm interface tsis tau hloov pauv tseem. Cov nyhuv ntawm kev txhawb nqa optical ntawm superconductivity tau raug tshawb xyuas hauv thaj chaw pom lossis ze-IR. Thaum cov txheej txheem yooj yim yog rhuav tshem Cooper khub thiab rhuav tshem superconductivity25,26, qee zaum kev hloov pauv superconductivity tuaj yeem txhim kho27,28,29, cov theem tshiab ntawm superconductivity tuaj yeem raug induced30. Qhov tsis muaj superconductivity ntawm Pc tuaj yeem raug suav hais tias yog vim muaj kev tawg ntawm cov khub photo-induced. Ntawm qhov chaw P0, lub peev xwm hla lub interface dhau los ua xoom, qhia tias qhov ceev ntawm ob sab ntawm lub interface ncav cuag tib theem nyob rau hauv qhov kev siv lub teeb ci ntsa iab no. Kev nce ntxiv ntawm qhov muaj zog laser ua rau ntau tus khub Cooper raug rhuav tshem thiab YBCO maj mam hloov rov qab mus rau cov khoom siv p-hom. Hloov chaw ntawm electron thiab Cooper khub diffusion, qhov feature ntawm lub interface tam sim no txiav txim siab los ntawm electron thiab qhov diffusion uas ua rau muaj kev hloov pauv polarity ntawm lub teb hluav taws xob hauv lub interface thiab yog li ntawd muaj Voc zoo (piv rau daim duab 1d, h). Ntawm qhov muaj zog laser siab heev, qhov sib txawv ntawm YBCO saturates rau tus nqi sib xws rau lub xeev ib txwm thiab ob qho tib si Voc thiab Isc feem ntau hloov pauv linearly nrog laser zog (Daim duab 2b). Qhov kev soj ntsuam no qhia tau hais tias laser irradiation ntawm lub xeev ib txwm YBCO yuav tsis hloov nws qhov resistivity thiab qhov feature ntawm superconductor-hlau interface tab sis tsuas yog nce qhov concentration ntawm cov khub electron-qhov.
Txhawm rau tshawb nrhiav qhov cuam tshuam ntawm qhov kub thiab txias rau cov khoom photovoltaic, lub cev hlau-superconductor tau raug irradiated ntawm cathode nrog lub laser xiav ntawm qhov muaj zog 502 mW / cm2. Cov kab IV tau txais ntawm qhov kub xaiv ntawm 50 thiab 300 K tau muab rau hauv Daim Duab 3a. Lub zog qhib hluav taws xob Voc, luv luv tam sim no Isc thiab qhov sib txawv tsis kam tuaj yeem tau txais los ntawm cov kab IV no thiab tau qhia hauv Daim Duab 3b. Yog tsis muaj lub teeb ci ntsa iab, tag nrho cov kab IV ntsuas ntawm qhov kub sib txawv dhau qhov keeb kwm raws li xav tau (inset ntawm Daim Duab 3a). Cov yam ntxwv IV hloov pauv ntau heev nrog qhov kub thiab txias nce ntxiv thaum lub cev raug ci los ntawm lub teeb laser muaj zog (502 mW / cm2). Thaum kub qis, cov kab IV yog cov kab ncaj nraim sib luag rau I-axis nrog cov nqi tsis zoo ntawm Voc. Cov kab no txav mus rau sab saud nrog qhov kub thiab txias nce thiab maj mam hloov mus rau hauv kab nrog qhov tsis yog xoom ntawm qhov kub tseem ceeb Tcp (Daim Duab 3a (sab saum toj)). Nws zoo li tias tag nrho cov kab IV yam ntxwv tig ib ncig ntawm ib qho taw tes hauv lub quadrant thib peb. Voc nce ntawm tus nqi tsis zoo mus rau tus nqi zoo thaum Isc txo qis ntawm tus nqi zoo mus rau tus nqi tsis zoo. Saum toj no qhov kub hloov pauv superconducting thawj Tc ntawm YBCO, qhov nkhaus IV hloov pauv txawv nrog qhov kub (hauv qab ntawm daim duab 3a). Ua ntej, qhov chaw tig ntawm cov nkhaus IV txav mus rau thawj quadrant. Qhov thib ob, Voc pheej txo qis thiab Isc nce nrog qhov kub nce (sab saum toj ntawm daim duab 3b). Qhov thib peb, qhov nqes hav ntawm cov nkhaus IV nce linearly nrog qhov kub ua rau muaj qhov kub zoo coefficient ntawm kev tiv thaiv rau YBCO (hauv qab ntawm daim duab 3b).
Kev vam khom kub ntawm cov yam ntxwv photovoltaic rau YBCO-Ag paste system nyob rau hauv 502 mW / cm2 laser illumination.
Lub chaw laser nyob ib puag ncig cov cathode electrodes (saib daim duab 1i). a, IV curves tau txais los ntawm 50 txog 90 K (sab saum toj) thiab los ntawm 100 txog 300 K (hauv qab) nrog qhov kub nce ntxiv ntawm 5 K thiab 20 K, raws li. Inset a qhia IV cov yam ntxwv ntawm ntau qhov kub hauv qhov tsaus ntuj. Tag nrho cov curves hla qhov chaw keeb kwm. b, qhib circuit voltage Voc thiab luv luv circuit tam sim no Isc (sab saum toj) thiab qhov sib txawv tsis kam, dV / dI, ntawm YBCO (hauv qab) ua haujlwm ntawm qhov kub thiab txias. Lub xoom tsis kam superconducting hloov pauv kub Tcp tsis tau muab vim nws nyob ze rau Tc0.
Peb qhov kub tseem ceeb tuaj yeem paub los ntawm daim duab 3b: Tcp, saum toj no uas YBCO dhau los ua tsis yog superconducting; Tc0, uas ob qho tib si Voc thiab Isc dhau los ua xoom thiab Tc, qhov kub hloov pauv superconducting thawj zaug ntawm YBCO yam tsis muaj laser irradiation. Hauv qab Tcp ~ 55 K, lub laser irradiated YBCO yog nyob rau hauv lub xeev superconducting nrog qhov concentration siab ntawm Cooper khub. Cov nyhuv ntawm laser irradiation yog kom txo qhov xoom tsis kam superconducting hloov pauv kub los ntawm 89 K mus rau ~ 55 K (hauv qab ntawm daim duab 3b) los ntawm kev txo qhov concentration ntawm Cooper khub ntxiv rau kev tsim cov photovoltaic voltage thiab tam sim no. Kev nce qib kub kuj rhuav tshem cov Cooper khub ua rau muaj peev xwm qis dua hauv qhov interface. Yog li ntawd, tus nqi tseeb ntawm Voc yuav dhau los ua me dua, txawm hais tias tib lub zog ntawm laser illumination siv. Lub interface peev xwm yuav dhau los ua me dua thiab me dua nrog kev nce ntxiv hauv qhov kub thiab ncav cuag xoom ntawm Tc0. Tsis muaj cov nyhuv photovoltaic ntawm qhov tshwj xeeb no vim tias tsis muaj thaj chaw sab hauv los cais cov duab-induced electron-hole khub. Ib qho kev hloov pauv polarity ntawm lub peev xwm tshwm sim saum toj no qhov kub tseem ceeb no vim tias qhov ceev ntawm cov nqi dawb hauv Ag paste yog ntau dua li qhov hauv YBCO uas maj mam hloov rov qab mus rau cov khoom siv p-hom. Ntawm no peb xav hais tias qhov kev hloov pauv polarity ntawm Voc thiab Isc tshwm sim tam sim ntawd tom qab xoom tsis kam hloov pauv superconducting, tsis hais txog qhov ua rau ntawm kev hloov pauv. Qhov kev soj ntsuam no qhia meej meej, thawj zaug, qhov kev sib raug zoo ntawm superconductivity thiab cov teebmeem photovoltaic cuam tshuam nrog cov hlau-superconductor interface peev xwm. Qhov xwm txheej ntawm lub peev xwm no hla lub superconductor-ib txwm hlau interface tau yog qhov kev tshawb fawb tsom mus rau ob peb xyoo dhau los tab sis muaj ntau cov lus nug tseem tos kom teb. Kev ntsuas ntawm cov nyhuv photovoltaic yuav ua pov thawj tias yog ib txoj hauv kev zoo rau kev tshawb nrhiav cov ntsiab lus (xws li nws lub zog thiab polarity thiab lwm yam) ntawm qhov tseem ceeb no thiab yog li ntawd tso lub teeb rau qhov kub siab superconducting proximity nyhuv.
Qhov kub nce ntxiv ntawm Tc0 mus rau Tc ua rau muaj qhov sib xyaw me dua ntawm Cooper khub thiab kev txhim kho hauv qhov muaj peev xwm ntawm qhov interface thiab yog li ntawd Voc loj dua. Ntawm Tc qhov sib xyaw ntawm Cooper khub dhau los ua xoom thiab qhov muaj peev xwm tsim ntawm qhov interface ncav cuag qhov siab tshaj plaws, ua rau muaj qhov siab tshaj plaws Voc thiab qhov tsawg kawg nkaus Isc. Qhov nce sai ntawm Voc thiab Isc (tus nqi tag nrho) hauv qhov kub no sib raug rau qhov kev hloov pauv superconducting uas tau nthuav dav los ntawm ΔT ~ 3 K mus rau ~ 34 K los ntawm laser irradiation ntawm qhov muaj zog 502 mW / cm2 (Daim duab 3b). Hauv cov xeev ib txwm saum toj no Tc, qhov hluav taws xob qhib Voc txo qis nrog qhov kub (sab saum toj ntawm Daim duab 3b), zoo ib yam li tus cwj pwm linear ntawm Voc rau cov hlwb hnub ci ib txwm raws li pn junctions31,32,33. Txawm hais tias qhov kev hloov pauv ntawm Voc nrog qhov kub thiab txias (−dVoc/dT), uas nyob ntawm qhov muaj zog ntawm laser, yog me dua li ntawm cov hnub ci cell ib txwm muaj, qhov kub thiab txias ntawm Voc rau YBCO-Ag junction muaj tib qho kev txiav txim ntawm qhov loj li ntawm cov hnub ci cell. Lub sijhawm xau ntawm pn junction rau lub hnub ci cell ib txwm muaj nce nrog qhov kub thiab txias nce, ua rau Voc txo qis thaum kub nce. Cov kab IV linear pom rau qhov Ag-superconductor system no, vim yog thawj qhov me me interface peev xwm thiab qhov thib ob qhov rov qab-rau-rov qab kev sib txuas ntawm ob lub heterojunctions, ua rau nws nyuaj rau txiav txim siab qhov xau tam sim no. Txawm li cas los xij, nws zoo li tias qhov kub thiab txias tib yam ntawm qhov xau tam sim no yog lub luag haujlwm rau Voc tus cwj pwm pom hauv peb qhov kev sim. Raws li qhov kev txhais, Isc yog qhov tam sim no xav tau los tsim lub zog tsis zoo los them Voc kom tag nrho lub zog yog xoom. Thaum kub nce, Voc ua me dua kom tsawg dua tam sim no xav tau los tsim lub zog tsis zoo. Ntxiv mus, qhov kev tiv thaiv ntawm YBCO nce linearly nrog qhov kub saum toj no Tc (hauv qab ntawm daim duab 3b), uas kuj tseem pab txhawb rau qhov me dua ntawm Isc ntawm qhov kub siab.
Nco ntsoov tias cov txiaj ntsig tau muab rau hauv Figs 2,3 yog tau los ntawm laser irradiating ntawm thaj chaw nyob ib puag ncig cathode electrodes. Kev ntsuas kuj tau rov ua dua nrog laser qhov chaw nyob ntawm anode thiab cov yam ntxwv IV zoo sib xws thiab cov khoom photovoltaic tau pom tshwj tsis yog tias polarity ntawm Voc thiab Isc tau raug thim rov qab hauv qhov no. Tag nrho cov ntaub ntawv no ua rau muaj lub tshuab rau cov nyhuv photovoltaic, uas muaj feem cuam tshuam nrog lub superconductor-hlau interface.
Hauv kev xaus, cov yam ntxwv IV ntawm laser irradiated superconducting YBCO-Ag paste system tau ntsuas raws li kev ua haujlwm ntawm qhov kub thiab lub zog laser. Cov nyhuv photovoltaic zoo kawg nkaus tau pom nyob rau hauv qhov kub thiab txias ntawm 50 txog 300 K. Nws pom tias cov khoom photovoltaic sib raug zoo heev rau superconductivity ntawm YBCO ceramics. Kev hloov pauv polarity ntawm Voc thiab Isc tshwm sim tam sim ntawd tom qab kev hloov pauv photo-induced superconducting mus rau qhov tsis yog superconducting. Kev vam khom kub ntawm Voc thiab Isc ntsuas ntawm qhov ruaj khov laser qhia tau tias muaj kev hloov pauv polarity sib txawv ntawm qhov kub tseem ceeb saum toj no uas cov qauv dhau los ua resistive. Los ntawm kev nrhiav qhov chaw laser mus rau qhov sib txawv ntawm cov qauv, peb qhia tias muaj lub zog hluav taws xob hla lub interface, uas muab lub zog sib cais rau cov duab-induced electron-hole khub. Lub peev xwm interface no ncaj qha los ntawm YBCO mus rau lub electrode hlau thaum YBCO yog superconducting thiab hloov mus rau qhov kev taw qhia rov qab thaum cov qauv dhau los ua nonsuperconducting. Lub hauv paus chiv keeb ntawm lub peev xwm yuav yog qhov cuam tshuam nrog qhov cuam tshuam ntawm cov hlau-superconductor interface thaum YBCO yog superconducting thiab kwv yees li ~ 10−8 mV ntawm 50 K nrog lub zog laser ntawm 502 mW / cm2. Kev sib cuag ntawm cov khoom p-hom YBCO ntawm lub xeev ib txwm nrog cov khoom n-hom Ag-paste tsim ib qho quasi-pn junction uas yog lub luag haujlwm rau tus cwj pwm photovoltaic ntawm YBCO ceramics ntawm qhov kub siab. Cov kev soj ntsuam saum toj no qhia txog qhov cuam tshuam PV hauv cov khoom siv superconducting YBCO kub siab thiab ua rau txoj hauv kev rau cov ntawv thov tshiab hauv cov khoom siv optoelectronic xws li lub tshuab ntes teeb pom kev sai thiab lub tshuab ntes photon ib leeg.
Cov kev sim ua haujlwm ntawm photovoltaic tau ua tiav rau ntawm YBCO ceramic qauv ntawm 0.52 hli tuab thiab 8.64 × 2.26 mm2 rectangular duab thiab ci ntsa iab los ntawm continuous wave blue-laser (λ = 450 nm) nrog laser qhov loj ntawm 1.25 hli hauv radius. Kev siv cov qauv loj dua li cov qauv zaj duab xis nyias ua rau peb kawm txog cov khoom photovoltaic ntawm superconductor yam tsis tas yuav cuam tshuam nrog cov kev cuam tshuam ntawm lub substrate6,7. Ntxiv mus, cov khoom loj tuaj yeem ua rau nws yooj yim rau nws cov txheej txheem npaj thiab tus nqi qis. Cov xov hlau tooj liab tau sib sau ua ke ntawm YBCO qauv nrog cov nyiaj nplaum tsim plaub lub voj voog electrodes txog 1 hli hauv txoj kab uas hla. Qhov deb ntawm ob lub electrodes voltage yog li 5 hli. IV yam ntxwv ntawm cov qauv tau ntsuas siv lub vibration sample magnetometer (VersaLab, Quantum Design) nrog lub qhov rais quartz crystal. Tus qauv plaub-xaim txoj kev tau siv los tau txais cov kab IV. Cov chaw sib piv ntawm electrodes thiab laser qhov chaw tau qhia hauv daim duab 1i.
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Txoj haujlwm no tau txais kev txhawb nqa los ntawm National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 60571063), Fundamental Research Projects of Henan Province, China (Grant No. 122300410231).
FY tau sau cov ntawv ntawm daim ntawv thiab MYH tau npaj cov qauv ceramic YBCO. FY thiab MYH tau ua qhov kev sim thiab tshuaj xyuas cov txiaj ntsig. FGC tau coj qhov project thiab kev txhais lus ntawm cov ntaub ntawv. Txhua tus kws sau ntawv tau tshuaj xyuas cov ntawv sau.
Daim ntawv no tau tso cai raws li Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. Cov duab lossis lwm yam khoom siv los ntawm lwm tus neeg hauv tsab xov xwm no suav nrog hauv tsab xov xwm daim ntawv tso cai Creative Commons, tshwj tsis yog tias tau hais lwm yam hauv kab credit; yog tias cov khoom siv tsis suav nrog hauv daim ntawv tso cai Creative Commons, cov neeg siv yuav tsum tau txais kev tso cai los ntawm tus neeg tuav daim ntawv tso cai kom rov ua dua cov khoom siv. Yog xav saib daim ntawv theej ntawm daim ntawv tso cai no, mus saib http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Yang, F., Han, M. & Chang, F. Keeb kwm ntawm cov nyhuv photovoltaic hauv superconducting YBa2Cu3O6.96 ceramics. Sci Rep 5, 11504 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1038/srep11504
Thaum koj xa ib qho lus tawm tswv yim, koj pom zoo ua raws li peb Cov Lus Cog Tseg thiab Cov Lus Qhia Hauv Zej Zog. Yog tias koj pom qee yam tsis zoo lossis tsis ua raws li peb cov lus cog tseg lossis cov lus qhia, thov cim nws tias tsis tsim nyog.
Lub sijhawm tshaj tawm: Plaub Hlis-22-2020