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Sibika umphumela omangalisayo we-photovoltaic ku-YBa2Cu3O6.96 (YBCO) ceramic phakathi kuka-50 no-300 K obangelwa ukukhanya kwe-blue-laser, okuhlobene ngqo ne-superconductivity ye-YBCO kanye ne-interface ye-electrode ye-YBCO-metallic. Kukhona ukuguqulwa kwe-polarity kwe-voltage yesekethe evulekile i-Voc kanye ne-short circuit current Isc lapho i-YBCO idlula ekushintsheni kusuka ku-superconducting kuya esimweni sokumelana. Sibonisa ukuthi kukhona amandla kagesi kuwo wonke ama-interface ensimbi ajwayelekile e-superconductor, ahlinzeka ngamandla okuhlukanisa ama-pair e-electron-hole abangelwa yi-photo-induced. Le potential ye-interface iqondisa kusuka ku-YBCO kuya ku-electrode yensimbi lapho i-YBCO i-superconducting futhi ishintshela kolunye uhlangothi lapho i-YBCO iba yi-non-superconducting. Imvelaphi yamandla ingahlotshaniswa kalula nomphumela wokusondela ku-interface yensimbi-superconductor lapho i-YBCO i-superconducting futhi inani layo lilinganiselwa ku-~10–8 mV ku-50 K ngamandla e-laser angu-502 mW/cm2. Ukuhlanganiswa kwezinto zohlobo lwe-p i-YBCO esimweni esijwayelekile nezinto zohlobo lwe-n i-Ag-paste yakha i-quasi-pn junction ebangela ukuziphatha kwe-photovoltaic kwe-YBCO ceramics emazingeni okushisa aphezulu. Okutholakele kwethu kungase kuvule indlela yokusetshenziswa okusha kwamadivayisi e-photon-electronic futhi kuveze ukukhanya okwengeziwe ngomphumela wokusondelana esibonakalayo se-superconductor-metal.
I-voltage ebangelwa yisithombe kuma-superconductor okushisa okuphezulu ibikwe ekuqaleni kwawo-1990 futhi yahlolwa kabanzi kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, kodwa uhlobo lwayo kanye nendlela esebenza ngayo akukaxazululwa. Amafilimu amancane e-YBa2Cu3O7-δ (YBCO)6,7,8, ikakhulukazi, afundwa ngokujulile ngesimo seseli le-photovoltaic (PV) ngenxa yegebe layo lamandla elilungisekayo9,10,11,12,13. Kodwa-ke, ukumelana okuphezulu kwe-substrate kuhlale kuholela ekusebenzeni kahle kokuguqulwa okuphansi kwedivayisi futhi kufihla izakhiwo ze-PV eziyinhloko ze-YBCO8. Lapha sibika umphumela omangalisayo we-photovoltaic obangelwa ukukhanya kwe-blue-laser (λ = 450 nm) ku-YBa2Cu3O6.96 (YBCO) ceramic phakathi kuka-50 no-300 K (Tc ~ 90 K). Sibonisa ukuthi umphumela we-PV uhlobene ngqo ne-superconductivity ye-YBCO kanye nohlobo lwesixhumi se-electrode se-YBCO-metallic. Kukhona ukuguquka kwe-polarity kwe-voltage ye-open circuit Voc kanye ne-short circuit current Isc lapho i-YBCO idlula ekushintsheni kusuka esigabeni se-superconducting kuya esimweni sokumelana. Kuphakanyiswa ukuthi kukhona amandla kagesi kuyo yonke i-superconductor-normal metal interface, enikeza amandla okuhlukanisa ama-electron-hole pair abangelwa yi-photo-induced. Le potential ye-interface iqondisa kusuka ku-YBCO kuya ku-electrode yensimbi lapho i-YBCO i-superconducting futhi ishintshela kolunye uhlangothi lapho isampula iba yi-non-superconducting. Imvelaphi yamandla ingase ihlotshaniswe ngokwemvelo nomphumela wokusondela14,15,16,17 ku-interface yensimbi-superconductor lapho i-YBCO i-superconducting futhi inani layo lilinganiselwa ku-~10−8 mV ku-50 K ngamandla e-laser angu-502 mW/cm2. Inhlanganisela ye-p-type material YBCO esimweni esijwayelekile ne-n-type material Ag-paste yakha, cishe, i-quasi-pn junction ebangela ukuziphatha kwe-PV kwe-YBCO ceramics emazingeni okushisa aphezulu. Ukubuka kwethu kukhanyise kabanzi ngemvelaphi yomphumela we-PV ku-superconducting YBCO ceramics yokushisa okuphezulu futhi kuvule indlela yokusetshenziswa kwayo kumadivayisi e-optoelectronic afana nesitholi sokukhanya esisheshayo esingasebenzi njll.
Isibalo 1a–c sibonisa ukuthi izici ze-IV zesampula ye-ceramic ye-YBCO ku-50 K. Ngaphandle kokukhanya okukhanyayo, i-voltage kulo lonke isampula ihlala ku-zero ngokushintsha kwamandla kagesi, njengoba kungalindelwa kusuka ku-superconducting material. Umphumela osobala we-photovoltaic uvela lapho umsebe we-laser uqondiswa ku-cathode (Isithombe 1a): ama-IV curve ahambisana ne-I-axis ahamba phansi ngokuqina kwe-laser okwandayo. Kusobala ukuthi kukhona i-negative photo-induced voltage engemihle ngisho noma ingenayo i-current (evame ukubizwa ngokuthi i-open circuit voltage Voc). I-zero slope ye-IV curve ikhombisa ukuthi isampula isaqhubeka nokuqhuba amandla kagesi ngaphansi kokukhanya kwe-laser.
(a–c) kanye no-300 K (e–g). Amanani e-V(I) atholwe ngokushanela ugesi kusukela ku-−10 mA kuya ku-+10 mA ku-vacuum. Ingxenye kuphela yedatha yokuhlola evezwayo ukuze kucace. a, Izici ze-current-voltage ze-YBCO ezilinganiswe nge-laser spot ebekwe ku-cathode (i). Wonke ama-IV curve ayimigqa eqondile evundlile ekhombisa ukuthi isampula isaqhubeka nokuqhuba i-superconducting nge-laser irradiation. I-curve yehla ngamandla e-laser akhulayo, okubonisa ukuthi kukhona amandla angemahle (i-Voc) phakathi kwama-voltage lead amabili ngisho nangogesi ongenalutho. Ama-IV curve ahlala engashintshi lapho i-laser iqondiswa enkabeni yesampula ku-ether 50 K (b) noma ku-300 K (f). Umugqa ovundlile uya phezulu njengoba i-anode ikhanyiswa (c). Imodeli yeskimu ye-metal-superconductor junction ku-50 K iboniswe ku-d. Izici zamandla kagesi zamanje zesimo esijwayelekile i-YBCO ku-300 K elinganiswe ngomsebe we-laser okhonjwe ku-cathode kanye ne-anode zinikezwa ku-e kanye no-g ngokulandelana. Ngokuphambene nemiphumela ku-50 K, ukuthambekela okungeyona i-zero kwemigqa eqondile kubonisa ukuthi i-YBCO isesimweni esijwayelekile; amanani e-Voc ayahlukahluka ngamandla okukhanya ohlangothini oluphambene, okubonisa indlela ehlukile yokuhlukanisa ishaja. Isakhiwo esibonakalayo esingaba khona ku-300 K siboniswe ku-hj Isithombe sangempela sesampula esinama-lead.
I-YBCO ecebile nge-oksijini esimweni se-superconducting ingamunca cishe ububanzi obugcwele bokukhanya kwelanga ngenxa yegebe layo elincane kakhulu lamandla (Isib.)9,10, ngaleyo ndlela idale ama-electron-hole pairs (e-h). Ukuze ukhiqize i-open circuit voltage Voc ngokumunca ama-photon, kuyadingeka ukuhlukanisa ama-eh pairs akhiqizwe ngesithombe ngaphambi kokuba kwenzeke ukuphinda kuhlanganiswe18. I-negative Voc, uma iqhathaniswa ne-cathode ne-anode njengoba kuboniswe ku-Fig. 1i, iphakamisa ukuthi kukhona amandla kagesi kuyo yonke i-interface yensimbi-superconductor, ehambisa ama-electron ku-anode futhi ivule imigodi ku-cathode. Uma kunjalo, kufanele futhi kube nokukhomba kwamandla kusuka ku-superconductor kuya ku-electrode yensimbi ku-anode. Ngenxa yalokho, i-Voc enhle ingatholakala uma indawo yesampula eduze kwe-anode ikhanyiswa. Ngaphezu kwalokho, akufanele kube nama-voltage abangelwa yi-photo lapho indawo ye-laser ikhomba ezindaweni ezikude nama-electrode. Ngokuqinisekile kunjalo njengoba kungabonakala ku-Fig. 1b,c!.
Uma indawo yokukhanya isuka ku-electrode ye-cathode iye enkabeni yesampula (cishe u-1.25 mm ngaphandle kwezindawo zokuhlangana), akukho ukushintshashintsha kwama-curve e-IV futhi akukho Voc okungabonakala ngokukhulisa amandla e-laser kuya enanini eliphezulu elitholakalayo (Isithombe 1b). Ngokwemvelo, lo mphumela ungabangelwa isikhathi esilinganiselwe sokuphila kwabathwali ababangelwa yizithombe kanye nokuntuleka kwamandla okuhlukanisa kusampula. Ama-pair e-electron-hole angadalwa noma nini lapho isampula ikhanyiswa, kodwa iningi lama-pair e-e-h lizobhujiswa futhi akukho mphumela we-photovoltaic obonwayo uma indawo ye-laser iwela ezindaweni ezikude nanoma yimaphi ama-electrode. Ukuhambisa indawo ye-laser kuma-electrode e-anode, ama-curve e-IV ahambisana ne-I-axis aqhubekela phezulu ngokukhulisa amandla e-laser (Isithombe 1c). Insimu kagesi efanayo eyakhelwe ngaphakathi ikhona endaweni yokuhlangana kwensimbi ne-superconductor ku-anode. Kodwa-ke, i-electrode yensimbi ixhumeka ku-lead enhle yesistimu yokuhlola kulokhu. Izimbobo ezikhiqizwa yi-laser zisunduzelwa ku-lead ye-anode ngakho-ke i-Voc enhle iyabonakala. Imiphumela evezwe lapha inikeza ubufakazi obuqinile bokuthi kukhona ngempela amandla okuxhumana akhomba kusukela ku-superconductor kuya ku-electrode yensimbi.
Umphumela we-photovoltaic ku-ceramics ye-YBa2Cu3O6.96 ku-300 K uboniswe ku-Fig. 1e–g. Ngaphandle kokukhanya kokukhanya, ijika le-IV lesampula liwumugqa oqondile owela umsuka. Lo mugqa oqondile uhamba uye phezulu uhambisana nowokuqala ngokukhanya okukhulu kwe-laser ku-cathode leads (Fig. 1e). Kunezimo ezimbili ezikhawulelayo ezithakazelisayo zedivayisi ye-photovoltaic. Isimo se-short-circuit senzeka lapho i-V = 0. Ugesi kulokhu ubizwa ngokuthi ugesi we-short circuit (Isc). Icala lesibili elikhawulelayo yisimo se-open-circuit (Voc) esenzeka lapho i-R→∞ noma ugesi u-zero. Isibalo 1e sibonisa ngokusobala ukuthi i-Voc inhle futhi iyanda ngokukhanya okwandayo, ngokungafani nomphumela otholwe ku-50 K; kuyilapho i-Isc engemihle ibonakala ikhula ngobukhulu ngokukhanya kokukhanya, ukuziphatha okuvamile kwamaseli elanga avamile.
Ngokufanayo, lapho umsebe we-laser ukhonjiswe ezindaweni ezikude nama-electrode, ijika le-V(I) alincikile kumandla e-laser futhi akukho mphumela we-photovoltaic ovele (Isithombe 1f). Ngokufanayo nokulinganiswa ku-50 K, amajika e-IV aya kolunye uhlangothi njengoba i-electrode ye-anode ishiswa (Isithombe 1g). Yonke le miphumela etholwe kulolu hlelo lokunamathisela lwe-YBCO-Ag ku-300 K olune-laser ishiswa ezindaweni ezahlukene zesampula iyahambisana nekhono lokuxhumana eliphambene nalelo elibonwe ku-50 K.
Iningi lama-electron lihlangana ngama-Cooper pair ku-superconducting YBCO ngaphansi kokushisa kwalo kokushintsha kwe-Tc. Ngesikhathi ku-electrode yensimbi, wonke ama-electron ahlala ngesimo esisodwa. Kukhona i-gradient enkulu yobuningi bama-electron angawodwa kanye nama-Cooper pair eduze kwesixhumi se-metal-superconductor. Ama-electron angawodwa amaningi ezintweni zensimbi azosakazeka esifundeni se-superconductor, kanti ama-Coo-pair angawodwa amaningi esifundeni se-YBCO azosakazeka esifundeni sensimbi. Njengoba ama-Cooper ephethe amashaja amaningi futhi enokuhamba okukhulu kunama-electron angawodwa esakazeka esuka ku-YBCO aye esifundeni sensimbi, ama-athomu ashaja kahle ayashiywa ngemuva, okuholela ensimini kagesi esifundeni se-space charge. Isiqondiso sale nsimu kagesi siboniswe kumdwebo weskimu Umfanekiso 1d. Ukukhanya kwe-photon yesigameko eduze kwesifunda se-space charge kungadala ama-eh pair azohlukaniswa futhi akhishwe akhiqize i-photocurrent ohlangothini oluphambene nobandlululo. Lapho nje ama-electron ephuma ensimini kagesi eyakhelwe ngaphakathi, ahlanganiswa abe ngamabili futhi ageleze aye kwenye i-electrode ngaphandle kokumelana. Kulesi simo, i-Voc iphambene ne-polarity esethiwe futhi ibonisa inani elibi lapho umsebe we-laser ukhomba endaweni ezungeze i-electrode engemihle. Kusukela enanini le-Voc, amandla kulo lonke i-interface angalinganiselwa: ibanga eliphakathi kwama-voltage lead amabili d lingu-~5 × 10−3 m, ubukhulu be-interface yensimbi-superconductor, di, kufanele bube yi-oda elifanayo lobukhulu njengobude bokuhambisana be-YBCO superconductor (~1 nm)19,20, thatha inani le-Voc = 0.03 mV, ama-Vms anamandla ku-interface yensimbi-superconductor ahlolwa ukuthi angama-~10−11 V ku-50 K ngamandla e-laser angu-502 mW/cm2, kusetshenziswa i-equation,
Sifuna ukugcizelela lapha ukuthi i-voltage ebangelwa yisithombe ayinakuchazwa ngomphumela wokushisa kwesithombe. Kuye kwaqinisekiswa ngokuhlola ukuthi i-coefficient ye-Seebeck ye-superconductor YBCO yi-Ss = 021. I-coefficient ye-Seebeck yezintambo ze-lead zethusi ikububanzi be-SCu = 0.34–1.15 μV/K3. Izinga lokushisa lentambo yethusi endaweni ye-laser lingaphakanyiswa ngenani elincane lika-0.06 K kanye nobukhulu be-laser obutholakala ku-50 K. Lokhu kungakhiqiza amandla okushisa angu-6.9 × 10−8 V okuwubukhulu obuthathu obuncane kune-Voc etholwe ku-Fig 1 (a). Kusobala ukuthi umphumela wokushisa uncane kakhulu ukuchaza imiphumela yokuhlolwa. Eqinisweni, ukushintshashintsha kwezinga lokushisa ngenxa yokukhanya kwe-laser kuzonyamalala ngaphansi komzuzu owodwa ukuze umnikelo ovela kumphumela wokushisa unganakwa ngokuphephile.
Lo mphumela we-photovoltaic we-YBCO ekushiseni kwegumbi wembula ukuthi indlela ehlukile yokuhlukanisa ishaja ihilelekile lapha. I-Superconducting YBCO esimweni esijwayelekile iyinto yohlobo lwe-p enezimbobo njenge-charge carrier22,23, kuyilapho i-Ag-paste yensimbi inezici zezinto zohlobo lwe-n. Njenge-pn junctions, ukusabalala kwama-electron ku-silver paste kanye nezimbobo ku-YBCO ceramic kuzokwakha insimu kagesi yangaphakathi ekhomba ku-YBCO ceramic esibonakalayo (Isithombe 1h). Yile nsimu yangaphakathi enikeza amandla okuhlukanisa futhi iholela ku-Voc enhle kanye ne-Isc engemihle yesistimu yokunamathisela ye-YBCO-Ag ekushiseni kwegumbi, njengoba kuboniswe ku-Fig. 1e. Ngaphandle kwalokho, i-Ag-YBCO ingakha i-p-type Schottky junction ephinde iholele ku-interface potential ene-polarity efanayo naleyo esemodelini eyethulwe ngenhla24.
Ukuze kuhlolwe inqubo yokuvela eningiliziwe yezakhiwo ze-photovoltaic ngesikhathi sokuguqulwa kwe-superconducting ye-YBCO, ama-curve e-IV esampula ku-80 K alinganiswe ngamandla e-laser akhethiwe akhanyisa ku-cathode electrode (Isithombe 2). Ngaphandle kokushiswa yi-laser, i-voltage kulo lonke isampula igcina ku-zero kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ingakanani i-current, okubonisa isimo se-superconducting sesampula ku-80 K (Isithombe 2a). Ngokufanayo nedatha etholwe ku-50 K, ama-curve e-IV ahambisana ne-I-axis ahamba phansi ngokuqina kwe-laser okwandayo kuze kube yilapho kufinyelelwa inani elibalulekile le-Pc. Ngaphezu kwalokhu kuqina kwe-laser okubucayi (i-Pc), i-superconductor idlula ekushintsheni kusuka esigabeni se-superconducting kuya esigabeni sokumelana; i-voltage iqala ukwanda ngogesi ngenxa yokubonakala kokumelana ku-superconductor. Ngenxa yalokho, i-curve ye-IV iqala ukuhlangana ne-I-axis kanye ne-V-axis okuholela ku-Voc engemihle kanye ne-Isc enhle ekuqaleni. Manje isampula ibonakala isesimweni esikhethekile lapho i-polarity ye-Voc kanye ne-Isc ibucayi kakhulu ekuqineni kokukhanya; Ngokwanda okuncane kakhulu kwamandla okukhanya, i-Isc iguqulwa isuke kokuhle iye kokubi kanti i-Voc isuke kokubi iye kokuhle, idlula umsuka wayo (ukuzwela okuphezulu kwezakhiwo ze-photovoltaic, ikakhulukazi inani le-Isc, kuya ekukhanyeni kokukhanya kungabonakala ngokucacile ku-Fig. 2b). Ngokuqina okuphezulu kakhulu kwe-laser okutholakalayo, ama-IV curve ahlose ukuhambisana, okubonisa isimo esijwayelekile sesampula ye-YBCO.
Isikhungo sendawo ye-laser sibekwe eduze kwama-electrode e-cathode (bheka uMfanekiso 1i). a, amajika e-IV e-YBCO akhanyiswe ngamandla e-laser ahlukene. b (phezulu), Ukuncika kwamandla e-Laser kwe-voltage yesekethe evulekile i-Voc kanye ne-short circuit current Isc. Amanani e-Isc awatholakali ngamandla okukhanya aphansi (< 110 mW/cm2) ngoba amajika e-IV ahambisana ne-I-axis lapho isampula isesimweni se-superconducting. b (phansi), ukumelana kokungafani njengomsebenzi wokuqina kwe-laser.
Ukuncika kokuqina kwe-laser kwe-Voc ne-Isc ku-80 K kuboniswe ku-Fig. 2b (phezulu). Izakhiwo ze-photovoltaic zingaxoxwa ngazo ezifundeni ezintathu zokuqina kokukhanya. Isifunda sokuqala siphakathi kuka-0 no-Pc, lapho i-YBCO iqhuba khona i-superconducting, i-Voc ayibi futhi iyancipha (inani eliphelele liyakhuphuka) ngokuqina kokukhanya futhi ifinyelela ubuncane ku-Pc. Isifunda sesibili sisuka ku-Pc siye kwenye i-critical intensity P0, lapho i-Voc ikhuphuka khona kuyilapho i-Isc incipha ngokuqina kokukhanya okwandayo futhi zombili zifinyelela ku-zero ku-P0. Isifunda sesithathu singaphezu kwe-P0 kuze kube yilapho kufinyelelwa isimo esijwayelekile se-YBCO. Nakuba zombili i-Voc ne-Isc ziyahlukahluka ngokuqina kokukhanya ngendlela efanayo nesifunda sesi-2, zine-polarity ephambene ngaphezu kwe-critical intensity P0. Ukubaluleka kwe-P0 kulele ekutheni akukho mphumela we-photovoltaic futhi indlela yokuhlukaniswa kweshaja iyashintsha ngokwekhwalithi kuleli phuzu elithile. Isampula ye-YBCO ayiba yi-superconducting kulolu hlu lokuqina kokukhanya kodwa isimo esijwayelekile asikafinyelelwa.
Ngokusobala, izici ze-photovoltaic zesistimu zihlobene kakhulu ne-superconductivity ye-YBCO kanye noshintsho lwayo lwe-superconducting. Ukumelana okuhlukile, i-dV/dI, ye-YBCO kuboniswe ku-Fig. 2b (ngezansi) njengomsebenzi wokuqina kwe-laser. Njengoba kushiwo ngaphambili, amandla kagesi akhelwe ngaphakathi ku-interface ngenxa yamaphuzu okusabalalisa ama-Cooper pair kusuka ku-superconductor kuya kwensimbi. Ngokufanayo nalokho okubonwe ku-50 K, umphumela we-photovoltaic ukhuliswa ngokwanda kokuqina kwe-laser kusuka ku-0 kuya ku-Pc. Lapho ukuqina kwe-laser kufinyelela inani elingaphezu kancane kwe-Pc, ijika le-IV liqala ukuthambekela futhi ukumelana kwesampula kuqala ukuvela, kodwa i-polarity yamandla e-interface ayikashintshi okwamanje. Umphumela we-optical excitation ku-superconductivity uphenywe esifundeni esibonakalayo noma esiseduze ne-IR. Ngenkathi inqubo eyisisekelo iwukuphula ama-Cooper pair nokubhubhisa i-superconductivity25,26, kwezinye izimo ukuguquka kwe-superconductivity kungakhuliswa27,28,29, izigaba ezintsha ze-superconductivity zingabangelwa30. Ukungabikho kwe-superconductivity ku-Pc kungabangelwa ukuphuka kwe-photo-induced pair. Ephuzwini le-P0, amandla kulo lonke i-interface aba yi-zero, okubonisa ukuthi ukuminyana kweshaja kuzo zombili izinhlangothi ze-interface kufinyelela ezingeni elifanayo ngaphansi kwalokhu kuqina kokukhanya. Ukwanda okwengeziwe kokuqina kwe-laser kubangela ukuthi ama-pair e-Cooper amaningi abhujiswe futhi i-YBCO iguqulwa kancane kancane ibe yinto yohlobo lwe-p. Esikhundleni sokusabalalisa ama-pair e-electron ne-Cooper, isici se-interface manje sinqunywa ukusabalala kwama-electron nemigodi okuholela ekuguqulweni kwe-polarity kwensimu kagesi ku-interface futhi ngenxa yalokho kube yi-Voc enhle (qhathanisa no-Fig.1d, h). Ekuqineni kwe-laser okuphezulu kakhulu, ukumelana okuhlukile kwe-YBCO kugcwala kube yinani elihambisana nesimo esijwayelekile futhi kokubili i-Voc ne-Isc kuvame ukuhluka ngokuhambisana nokuqina kwe-laser (Umfanekiso 2b). Lokhu kuqaphela kwembula ukuthi ukushiswa kwe-laser esimweni esijwayelekile i-YBCO ngeke isashintsha ukumelana kwayo kanye nesici se-interface ye-superconductor-metal kodwa kwandisa kuphela ukuhlushwa kwama-pair e-electron-hole.
Ukuze kuhlolwe umphumela wokushisa ezimpahleni ze-photovoltaic, uhlelo lwe-metal-superconductor lukhanyiswe ku-cathode nge-laser eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka enamandla angu-502 mW/cm2. Ama-IV curve atholwe emazingeni okushisa akhethiwe aphakathi kuka-50 no-300 K anikezwe ku-Fig. 3a. I-voltage yesekethe evulekile i-Voc, i-short circuit current Isc kanye nokumelana kokungafani kungatholakala kulezi zi-IV curve futhi kuboniswe ku-Fig. 3b. Ngaphandle kokukhanya kokukhanya, wonke ama-IV curve alinganiswe emazingeni okushisa ahlukene adlula umsuka njengoba bekulindelekile (isithombe esisesithombeni 3a). Izici ze-IV ziyashintsha kakhulu ngokushisa okwandayo lapho uhlelo lukhanyiswa umsebe we-laser oqinile (502 mW/cm2). Emazingeni okushisa aphansi ama-IV curve ayimigqa eqondile ehambisana ne-I-axis enamanani angalungile e-Voc. Le curve iqhubekela phezulu ngokushisa okwandayo futhi kancane kancane iphenduka ibe umugqa onomugqa ongeyi-zero ekushiseni okubucayi kwe-Tcp (Fig. 3a (phezulu)). Kubonakala sengathi wonke ama-IV characteristic curve ajikeleza iphuzu ku-quadrant yesithathu. I-Voc iyanda kusukela kunani elibi kuya kwelihle ngenkathi i-Isc incipha kusukela kunani elihle kuya kwelihle. Ngaphezulu kokushisa kokuguquguquka kwe-superconducting yokuqala i-Tc ye-YBCO, ijika le-IV lishintsha ngendlela ehlukile ngokushisa (phansi koMfanekiso 3a). Okokuqala, isikhungo sokujikeleza samajika e-IV siyahamba siye ku-quadrant yokuqala. Okwesibili, i-Voc iyaqhubeka nokwehla kanti i-Isc iyanda ngokushisa okwandayo (phezulu koMfanekiso 3b). Okwesithathu, ukuthambekela kwamajika e-IV kuyanda ngokulandelana ngokushisa okuholela ekulinganisweni kokushisa okuhle kwe-YBCO (phansi koMfanekiso 3b).
Ukuncika kwezinga lokushisa kwezici ze-photovoltaic zesistimu yokunamathisela ye-YBCO-Ag ngaphansi kokukhanya kwe-laser okungu-502 mW/cm2.
Isikhungo sendawo ye-laser sibekwe eduze kwama-electrode e-cathode (bheka uMfanekiso 1i). a, ama-curve e-IV atholakala kusukela ku-50 kuya ku-90 K (phezulu) kanye naku-100 kuya ku-300 K (phansi) kanye nokwenyuka kwezinga lokushisa okungu-5 K kanye no-20 K, ngokulandelana. Isethi a ibonisa izici ze-IV emazingeni okushisa amaningana ebumnyameni. Wonke ama-curve awela iphuzu lokuqala. b, i-voltage yesekethe evulekile i-Voc kanye ne-short circuit current Isc (phezulu) kanye nokumelana okuhlukile, i-dV/dI, ye-YBCO (phansi) njengomsebenzi wokushisa. Izinga lokushisa lokuguquguquka kwe-superconducting i-Tcp alinikezwa ngoba liseduze kakhulu ne-Tc0.
Amazinga okushisa amathathu abalulekile angabonakala ku-Fig. 3b: I-Tcp, lapho i-YBCO ingaseyona i-superconducting; i-Tc0, lapho i-Voc ne-Isc zombili ziba yi-zero kanye ne-Tc, izinga lokushisa lokuqala lokushintsha kwe-superconducting le-YBCO ngaphandle kokukhanya kwe-laser. Ngaphansi kwe-Tcp ~ 55 K, i-YBCO ekhanyiswe nge-laser isesimweni sokushintsha kwe-superconducting enezinga eliphezulu lama-Cooper pairs. Umphumela wokukhanya kwe-laser ukunciphisa izinga lokushisa lokushintsha kwe-superconducting elimelana ne-zero kusuka ku-89 K kuya ku-~55 K (phansi kwe-Fig. 3b) ngokunciphisa izinga lokushisa le-Cooper pair ngaphezu kokukhiqiza i-voltage ye-photovoltaic kanye ne-current. Ukushisa okwandayo nakho kuphula ama-Cooper pairs okuholela ekubeni namandla aphansi ku-interface. Ngenxa yalokho, inani eliphelele le-Voc lizoba lincane, yize kusetshenziswa amandla afanayo okukhanya kwe-laser. Amandla okuxhumana azoba mancane futhi abe mancane ngokunyuka okuqhubekayo kokushisa futhi afinyelele ku-zero ku-Tc0. Akukho mphumela we-photovoltaic kuleli phuzu elikhethekile ngoba akukho nsimu yangaphakathi yokuhlukanisa ama-electron-hole pairs abangelwa yi-photo. Ukuguqulwa kwe-polarity kwamandla kwenzeka ngaphezu kwaleli zinga lokushisa elibucayi njengoba ubuningi be-free charge ku-Ag paste bukhulu kunalokho okuku-YBCO okudluliselwa kancane kancane emuva ku-p-type material. Lapha sifuna ukugcizelela ukuthi ukuguqulwa kwe-polarity kwe-Voc ne-Isc kwenzeka ngokushesha ngemva kokuguqulwa kwe-zero resistance superconducting, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi imbangela yokuguquka iyini. Lokhu kuqaphela kwembula ngokusobala, okokuqala, ubudlelwano phakathi kwe-superconductivity nemiphumela ye-photovoltaic ehlotshaniswa nekhono le-metal-superconductor interface. Uhlobo lwaleli khono kulo lonke i-superconductor-metal interface evamile lube yinto egxilwe ocwaningweni eminyakeni embalwa edlule kodwa kunemibuzo eminingi esalinde ukuphendulwa. Ukulinganisa umphumela we-photovoltaic kungase kube yindlela ephumelelayo yokuhlola imininingwane (njengamandla ayo kanye ne-polarity njll.) yaleli khono elibalulekile futhi ngaleyo ndlela kukhanyise umphumela wokusondelana kwe-superconducting lokushisa eliphezulu.
Ukwanda okwengeziwe kwezinga lokushisa kusuka ku-Tc0 kuya ku-Tc kuholela ekuqongeleleni okuncane kwama-Cooper pair kanye nokuthuthukiswa kwamandla okuxhumana kanye ne-Voc enkulu ngenxa yalokho. Ku-Tc ukuqongelelana kwama-Cooper pair kuba yi-zero futhi amandla okwakha ngaphakathi ku-interface afinyelela esiphezulu, okuholela ku-Voc ephezulu kanye ne-Isc encane. Ukwanda okusheshayo kwe-Voc kanye ne-Isc (inani eliphelele) kulolu hlu lokushisa kuhambisana noshintsho lwe-superconducting olunwetshwa kusuka ku-ΔT ~ 3 K kuya ku-~34 K ngokushiswa kwe-laser kwamandla angu-502 mW/cm2 (Isithombe 3b). Ezimweni ezijwayelekile ngaphezu kwe-Tc, i-voltage yesekethe evulekile i-Voc iyancipha ngokushisa (phezulu kwesithombe 3b), okufana nokuziphatha okuqondile kwe-Voc kwamaseli elanga ajwayelekile ngokusekelwe kuma-pn junctions31,32,33. Nakuba izinga lokushintsha kwe-Voc ngokushisa (−dVoc/dT), elincike kakhulu ekuqineni kwe-laser, lincane kakhulu kunelaseli lelanga elijwayelekile, i-coefficient yokushisa ye-Voc ye-YBCO-Ag junction inohlelo olufanayo lobukhulu njengolwamaseli elanga. Ukuvuza kwamanje kwe-pn junction yedivayisi evamile yeseli yelanga kuyanda ngokushisa okwandayo, okuholela ekwehleni kwe-Voc njengoba izinga lokushisa likhuphuka. Ama-curve e-linear IV abonwe kulolu hlelo lwe-Ag-superconductor, okokuqala ngenxa yamandla amancane kakhulu esixhumi esibonakalayo kanye nokuxhumeka emuva kuya emuva kwama-heterojunction amabili, kwenza kube nzima ukunquma ukuvuza kwamanje. Noma kunjalo, kungenzeka kakhulu ukuthi ukuncika okufanayo kokushisa kwamanje okuvuzayo kuyimbangela yokuziphatha kwe-Voc okubonwe ekuhlolweni kwethu. Ngokusho kwencazelo, i-Isc ingumbane odingekayo ukukhiqiza i-voltage engemihle ukuze kubuyiselwe i-Voc ukuze i-voltage iyonke ibe yi-zero. Njengoba izinga lokushisa likhuphuka, i-Voc iba yincane ukuze kudingeke umbane omncane ukukhiqiza i-voltage engemihle. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukumelana kwe-YBCO kuyanda ngokulandelana ngokushisa okungaphezu kwe-Tc (ngezansi koMfanekiso 3b), okuphinde kube negalelo enanini elincane kakhulu le-Isc emazingeni okushisa aphezulu.
Qaphela ukuthi imiphumela enikezwe ku-Figs 2,3 itholakala ngokukhanyisa nge-laser endaweni ezungeze ama-electrode e-cathode. Ukulinganisa kuphinde kwaphindwa nge-laser spot ebekwe ku-anode futhi izici ezifanayo ze-IV kanye nezakhiwo ze-photovoltaic kuye kwabonwa ngaphandle kokuthi i-polarity ye-Voc ne-Isc iguqulwe kulokhu. Yonke le datha iholela endleleni yomphumela we-photovoltaic, ohlobene eduze ne-interface ye-superconductor-metal.
Ngamafuphi, izici ze-IV zesistimu yokunamathisela i-YBCO-Ag ekhanyiswe nge-laser zilinganiswe njengemisebenzi yokushisa kanye nokuqina kwe-laser. Umphumela we-photovoltaic ophawulekayo ubonwe ebangeni lokushisa elisukela ku-50 kuya ku-300 K. Kutholakale ukuthi izakhiwo ze-photovoltaic zihlobene kakhulu nokuqina kwe-superconductivity ye-YBCO ceramics. Ukuguqulwa kwe-polarity kwe-Voc ne-Isc kwenzeka ngokushesha ngemva kokuguqulwa kwe-photo-induced superconducting kuya ekushintsheni okungeyona i-superconducting. Ukuxhomekeka kokushisa kwe-Voc ne-Isc okulinganiswe ngokuqina kwe-laser okuhleliwe kukhombisa nokuguqulwa kwe-polarity okuhlukile ekushiseni okubucayi ngaphezu kwalokho isampula iba yi-resistance. Ngokuthola indawo ye-laser engxenyeni ehlukile yesampula, sibonisa ukuthi kukhona amandla kagesi kulo lonke i-interface, okunikeza amandla okuhlukanisa amabhangqa e-electron-hole abangelwa yi-photo. Le potential ye-interface iqondisa kusuka ku-YBCO kuya ku-electrode yensimbi lapho i-YBCO iqhuba i-superconducting futhi ishintshela kolunye uhlangothi lapho isampula iba yi-non-superconducting. Imvelaphi yamandla ingase ihlotshaniswe ngokwemvelo nomphumela wokusondela esibonakalayo sensimbi-superconductor lapho i-YBCO iqhuba i-superconducting futhi kulinganiselwa ukuthi ingu-~10−8 mV ku-50 K ngamandla e-laser angu-502 mW/cm2. Ukuthintana kwezinto ze-p-type YBCO esimweni esijwayelekile ngezinto ze-n-type Ag-paste kwakha i-quasi-pn junction ebangela ukuziphatha kwe-photovoltaic kwe-YBCO ceramics emazingeni okushisa aphezulu. Lokhu okubonwe ngenhla kukhanyisa umphumela we-PV ku-high temperature superconducting YBCO ceramics futhi kuvula indlela yezinhlelo zokusebenza ezintsha kumadivayisi e-optoelectronic njenge-fast passive light detector kanye ne-single photon detector.
Ukuhlolwa komphumela we-photovoltaic kwenziwe kusampula ye-ceramic ye-YBCO enobukhulu obungu-0.52 mm kanye nesimo esingunxande esingu-8.64 × 2.26 mm2 futhi kwakhanyiswa yi-continuous wave blue-laser (λ = 450 nm) enobukhulu be-laser spot obungu-1.25 mm ku-radius. Ukusebenzisa isampula yefilimu enkulu kuneye-thin kusenza sikwazi ukutadisha izakhiwo ze-photovoltaic ze-superconductor ngaphandle kokubhekana nethonya eliyinkimbinkimbi le-substrate6,7. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izinto ezinkulu zingaba usizo enkambisweni yayo elula yokulungiselela kanye nezindleko eziphansi. Izintambo ze-lead zethusi zihlanganiswe kusampula ye-YBCO nge-silver paste eyakha ama-electrode amane ayindilinga angaba ngu-1 mm ububanzi. Ibanga phakathi kwama-electrode amabili e-voltage lingaba ngu-5 mm. Izici ze-IV zesampula zilinganiswe kusetshenziswa i-vibration sample magnetometer (VersaLab, Quantum Design) enefasitela le-quartz crystal. Indlela ejwayelekile yezintambo ezine yasetshenziswa ukuthola ama-IV curve. Izikhundla ezihambisanayo zama-electrode kanye ne-laser spot ziboniswe ku-Fig. 1i.
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Lo msebenzi usekelwe yiNational Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 60571063), i-Fundamental Research Projects of Henan Province, eShayina (Grant No. 122300410231).
U-FY wabhala umbhalo wephepha kwathi u-MYH walungisa isampula ye-YBCO ceramic. U-FY no-MYH benze ucwaningo futhi bahlaziya imiphumela. I-FGC yahola iphrojekthi kanye nokuchazwa kwesayensi kwedatha. Bonke ababhali babukeze umbhalo.
Lo msebenzi unelayisensi ngaphansi kwelayisensi yamazwe ngamazwe ye-Creative Commons Attribution 4.0. Izithombe noma ezinye izinto ezivela eceleni kulesi sihloko zifakiwe kwilayisensi ye-Creative Commons yesihloko, ngaphandle uma kuboniswe ngenye indlela emgqeni wesikweletu; uma izinto zingafakiwe ngaphansi kwelayisensi ye-Creative Commons, abasebenzisi kuzodingeka bathole imvume kumnikazi welayisensi yokukhiqiza kabusha izinto. Ukuze ubuke ikhophi yale layisensi, vakashela ku-http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
UYang, F., uHan, M. kanye noChang, F. Umsuka womphumela we-photovoltaic ku-superconducting YBa2Cu3O6.96 ceramics. I-Sci Rep 5, 11504 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1038/srep11504
Ngokuthumela amazwana uyavuma ukuthobela Imigomo yethu kanye Nezinkombandlela Zomphakathi. Uma uthola okuthile okuhlukumezayo noma okungahambisani nemigomo noma iziqondiso zethu sicela ukubeke njengokungafanele.
Isikhathi sokuthunyelwe: Ephreli-22-2020