Murakoze gusura nature.com. Mukoresha verisiyo ya mushakisha ifite ubufasha buke kuri CSS. Kugira ngo ubone uburambe bwiza, turabagira inama yo gukoresha mushakisha igezweho (cyangwa kuzimya uburyo bwo guhuza na interineti muri Internet Explorer). Hagati aho, kugira ngo dukomeze gushyigikira, turimo kwerekana urubuga rudafite imiterere na JavaScript.
Twavuze ingaruka zikomeye za photovoltaic muri YBa2Cu3O6.96 (YBCO) ceramic iri hagati ya 50 na 300 K iterwa n'urumuri rwa lazeri y'ubururu, bifitanye isano itaziguye n'ubushobozi bwa superconductivity bwa YBCO na YBCO-metallic electrode interface. Hariho ihinduka rya polarity kuri voltage ya open circuit Voc na short circuit current Isc iyo YBCO inyuze mu mpinduka kuva kuri superconductive kugera kuri resistive state. Twerekana ko hari ubushobozi bw'amashanyarazi ku buryo busanzwe bwa superconductor-metal interface, butanga imbaraga zo gutandukanya electron-hole pairs zikomoka kuri photo-induced. Ubu buryo bwa interface buva kuri YBCO bujya kuri electrode y'icyuma iyo YBCO iri superconductive kandi bugahinduka mu cyerekezo gitandukanye iyo YBCO ibaye superconductive. Inkomoko y'ubushobozi ishobora kujyana byoroshye n'ingaruka zo hafi kuri interface ya metal-superconductor iyo YBCO iri superconductive kandi agaciro kayo kaba kari ~10–8 mV kuri 50 K hamwe n'imbaraga za laser za 502 mW/cm2. Guhuza ibikoresho bya p-type YBCO mu buryo busanzwe n'ibikoresho bya n-type Ag-paste ikora ihuriro rya quasi-pn rituma ibikoresho bya YBCO bikora neza mu bushyuhe bwinshi. Ibyo twabonye bishobora gutuma habaho ikoreshwa rishya ry'ibikoresho bya photon-electronic no gutanga ibisobanuro birambuye ku ngaruka zo kuba hafi y'ibikoresho bya superconductor-metal.
Umuvuduko w’amashanyarazi uterwa n’amafoto mu byuma bishyuha cyane waragaragaye mu ntangiriro za 1990 kandi kuva icyo gihe wakoreweho ubushakashatsi bwimbitse, nyamara imiterere yabyo n’imikorere yabyo ntibirahinduka1,2,3,4,5. By’umwihariko, filime nto za YBa2Cu3O7-δ (YBCO) 6,7,8 zigwa cyane mu buryo bwa selile ya photovoltaic (PV) bitewe n’icyuho cyayo cy’ingufu 9,10,11,12,13. Ariko, ubukana bwinshi bw’icyuma gikoreshwa mu gupima buri gihe butuma igikoresho kidakora neza kandi kigapfuka imiterere y’ingenzi ya PV ya YBCO8. Aha turatangaza ingaruka zikomeye za photovoltaic ziterwa n’urumuri rwa blue-laser (λ = 450 nm) muri ceramic ya YBa2Cu3O6.96 (YBCO) iri hagati ya 50 na 300 K (Tc ~ 90 K). Tugaragaza ko ingaruka za PV zifitanye isano itaziguye n’umuvuduko w’amashanyarazi wa YBCO n’imiterere y’umurongo wa electrode y’icyuma ya YBCO. Hari impinduka ya polarity kuri voltage ya open circuit Voc na short circuit current Isc iyo YBCO inyuze mu mpinduka kuva kuri superconducting phase kugera kuri resistive state. Bivugwa ko hari ubushobozi bw'amashanyarazi mu gice cy'icyuma gisanzwe cya superconductor-normal, butanga imbaraga zo gutandukanya electron-hole pairs zikomoka kuri photo-induced. Ubu buryo bwo gutandukanya buva kuri YBCO bujya kuri electrode y'icyuma iyo YBCO iri superconducting kandi bugahinduka mu cyerekezo gitandukanye iyo icyitegererezo kidakora superconducting. Inkomoko y'ubushobozi ishobora kuba ifitanye isano n'ingaruka zo hafi14,15,16,17 kuri metal-superconductor interface iyo YBCO iri superconducting kandi agaciro kayo kaba kari ~10−8 mV kuri 50 K hamwe n'imbaraga za laser za 502 mW/cm2. Guhuza p-type material YBCO mu gihe gisanzwe n'in-type material Ag-paste ikora, birashoboka cyane, quasi-pn junction ituma PV ya YBCO ceramics ikora ku bushyuhe bwinshi. Ibyo twabonye byagaragaje byinshi ku inkomoko y’ingaruka za PV mu bikoresho bya YBCO bikoresha ubushyuhe bwinshi kandi bikanatanga inzira yo kubikoresha mu bikoresho bya optoelectronic nka detector y’urumuri rwihuse nibindi.
Ishusho ya 1a–c igaragaza ko imiterere ya IV y’icyitegererezo cya YBCO kiri kuri 50 K. Hatabayeho urumuri, voltage iri ku cyitegererezo iguma kuri zeru hamwe n’umuvuduko uhindagurika, nk’uko byakwitezwe ku bikoresho bikoresha superconducting. Ingaruka zigaragara za photovoltaic zigaragara iyo urumuri rwa laser rwerekejwe kuri cathode (Ishusho ya 1a): imirongo ya IV ijyanye na I-axis imanuka hamwe n’imbaraga za laser ziyongera. Biragaragara ko hari voltage mbi iterwa na photo-induced nubwo nta muvuduko (ukunze kwitwa open circuit voltage Voc). Uburebure bw’umuvuduko wa IV bwerekana ko icyitegererezo kigikomeje gukora superconducting munsi y’urumuri rwa laser.
(a–c) na 300 K (e–g). Agaciro ka V(I) kabonetse hakoreshejwe gukurura umuyoboro w'amashanyarazi kuva kuri −10 mA kugeza kuri +10 mA muri vacuum. Igice kimwe cy'amakuru y'igerageza ni cyo cyagaragajwe kugira ngo hamenyekane neza. a, Ibiranga umuyoboro w'amashanyarazi wa YBCO byapimwe hakoreshejwe ahantu ha laser hashyizwe kuri cathode (i). Imirongo yose ya IV ni imirongo itambitse igororotse igaragaza ko icyitegererezo kigikomeje gukora superconducting hakoreshejwe imirasire ya laser. Umuyoboro umanuka hamwe n'imbaraga za laser ziyongera, bigaragaza ko hari ubushobozi bubi (Voc) hagati y'imirongo ibiri ya voltage nubwo nta muyoboro w'amashanyarazi uriho. Imirongo ya IV ntihinduka iyo laser yerekezaga hagati mu cyitegererezo kuri ether 50 K (b) cyangwa 300 K (f). Umurongo utambitse uzamuka uko anode imurikwa (c). Icyitegererezo cya schematic cy'ihuriro ry'icyuma na superconductor kuri 50 K kigaragara muri d. Ibiranga amashanyarazi asanzwe ya YBCO kuri 300 K bipimwe hakoreshejwe umuraba wa laser werekeza kuri cathode na anode bitangwa muri e na g. Bitandukanye n'ibyavuye kuri 50 K, imiterere idahinduka ya zeru y'imirongo igororotse igaragaza ko YBCO iri mu mimerere isanzwe; agaciro ka Voc karatandukanye bitewe n'ubukana bw'urumuri mu cyerekezo gitandukanye, bigaragaza uburyo butandukanye bwo gutandukanya charge. Imiterere ishoboka ya interface kuri 300 K igaragazwa muri hj Ishusho nyayo y'icyitegererezo gifite leads.
YBCO ikungahaye kuri ogisijeni mu buryo bwa superconducting ishobora kwinjiza hafi urumuri rw'izuba rwose bitewe n'icyuho gito cyane cy'ingufu zayo (urugero)9,10, bityo igatuma habaho electron-hole pairs (e-h). Kugira ngo hakorwe voltage ya Voc ifunguye binyuze mu kwinjiza fotoni, ni ngombwa gutandukanya éh pairs zakozwe na photo mbere yuko habaho recombination18. Voc negative, ugereranije na cathode na anode nk'uko bigaragara ku Ishusho ya 1i, igaragaza ko hari ubushobozi bw'amashanyarazi mu gice cy'icyuma na superconductor, gikurura electron kuri anode n'imyobo kuri cathode. Niba ari uko bimeze, hagomba kandi kubaho ubushobozi bwo kwerekeza kuri superconductor kugera kuri electrode y'icyuma kuri anode. Kubera iyo mpamvu, Voc nziza yaboneka niba agace k'icyitegererezo hafi ya anode kamuritswe. Byongeye kandi, nta voltage ziterwa na photo-induced zigomba kubaho iyo ahantu ha laser hagejejwe ahantu kure ya electrodes. Ni ko bimeze rwose nkuko bigaragara ku Ishusho ya 1b,c!.
Iyo akadomo k'urumuri kavuye kuri electrode ya cathode kajya hagati mu cyitegererezo (hafi mm 1.25 uvuye ku miyoboro), nta guhindagurika kw'imirongo ya IV na Voc bishobora kugaragara hamwe n'ubukana bwa laser buzamuka kugeza ku gaciro ntarengwa gahari (Ishusho ya 1b). Birumvikana ko iki gisubizo gishobora guterwa n'igihe gito cy'abatwara ibintu bafite amafoto ndetse no kubura imbaraga zo gutandukanya icyitegererezo. Imirongo ya electron-hole ishobora gukorwa igihe cyose icyitegererezo cyamuritswe, ariko imirongo myinshi ya e-h izashira kandi nta ngaruka ya photovoltaic igaragara niba akadomo ka laser kaguye ahantu kure y'iyo ari yo yose muri electrodes. Kwimura akadomo ka laser kuri electrodes za anode, imirongo ya IV ijyanye n'umurongo wa I izamuka hamwe n'ubukana bwa laser bwiyongera (Ishusho ya 1c). Ishami ry'amashanyarazi nk'iryo riri mu ihuriro ry'icyuma na superconductor kuri anode. Ariko, electrode y'icyuma ihuzwa n'umurongo mwiza wa sisitemu yo gupima kuri iyi nshuro. Utwobo twakozwe na laser dusunikwa kuri anode lead bityo Voc nziza igaragara. Ibisubizo byatanzwe hano bitanga gihamya ikomeye y'uko koko hariho ubushobozi bwo kwerekana aho umurongo uherereye kuva kuri superconductor kugera kuri electrode y'icyuma.
Ingaruka za photovoltaic muri ceramics za YBa2Cu3O6.96 kuri dogere 300 K zigaragara ku ishusho ya 1e–g. Nta rumuri rumuritse, umurongo wa IV w'icyitegererezo ni umurongo ugororotse unyura aho ukomoka. Uyu murongo ugororotse uzamuka ugana ku wundi wa mbere hamwe n'imbaraga za laser ziyongera ku mirasire ya cathode (Ishusho ya 1e). Hari ibihe bibiri bigabanya ingano ku gikoresho cya photovoltaic. Imiterere ya short-circuit iba iyo V = 0. Umuriro muri uru rubanza witwa short-circuit current (Isc). Igice cya kabiri kigabanya ingano ni imiterere ya open-circuit (Voc) iba iyo R→∞ cyangwa umuriro ari zeru. Ishusho ya 1e igaragaza neza ko Voc ari nziza kandi yiyongera uko urumuri rwiyongera, bitandukanye n'umusaruro wabonetse kuri 50 K; mu gihe Isc negative igaragara ko yiyongera mu bunini hamwe n'urumuri rumuritse, imyitwarire isanzwe y'uturemangingo dusanzwe tw'izuba.
Mu buryo nk'ubwo, iyo umurasire wa laser werekejwe ahantu kure y'ama electrode, umurasire wa V(I) ntuba ushingiye ku bushyuhe bwa laser kandi nta ngaruka ya photovoltaic yagaragaye (Ishusho ya 1f). Kimwe n'igipimo cya 50 K, imirasire ya IV yimukira mu cyerekezo gitandukanye uko electrode ya anode iraswa (Ishusho ya 1g). Ibi byose byabonetse kuri iyi sisitemu ya YBCO-Ag paste kuri 300 K hamwe na laser iraswa ahantu hatandukanye h'icyitegererezo bihuye n'ubushobozi bwo guhuza n'ubwabonetse kuri 50 K.
Elektroni nyinshi zihuzwa mu matsinda ya Cooper mu gukora superconducting YBCO munsi y'ubushyuhe bwayo bwo guhindura Tc. Mu gihe ziri muri electrode y'icyuma, elektroni zose ziguma mu buryo bumwe. Hari ubucucike bwinshi bwa elektroni zombi hamwe na Cooper zombi hafi y'aho icyuma kigera. Elektroni zombi zitwara nyinshi mu bikoresho by'icyuma zizakwirakwira mu gace ka superconductor, mu gihe Cooper zombi zitwara nyinshi mu gace ka YBCO zizakwirakwira mu karere ka metali. Uko Cooper zombi zitwara imbaraga nyinshi kandi zifite ingendo nini kurusha elektroni zombi zikwirakwira ziva kuri YBCO zijya mu karere ka metali, atome zitwara ingufu nziza zirasigara, bigatuma habaho amashanyarazi mu gace ka charge y'ikirere. Icyerekezo cy'uyu murima w'amashanyarazi kigaragara ku gishushanyo mbonera Ishusho ya 1d. Imurika rya photon hafi y'akarere ka charge y'ikirere rishobora kurema eh zombi zizatandukana kandi zigakurwaho zigatanga photocurrent mu cyerekezo cya reverse-bias. Iyo elektroni zisohotse mu murima w'amashanyarazi winjiriyemo, zihuzwa mu matsinda zigaterana zijya mu yindi electrode nta bushobozi. Muri iki kibazo, Voc inyuranyije na polarity yashyizweho mbere kandi igaragaza agaciro ka negative iyo umurabyo wa laser werekeje ku gace gakikije electrode negative. Uhereye ku gaciro ka Voc, ubushobozi bwo kuzenguruka urubuga bushobora kugereranywa: intera iri hagati y'amashanyarazi abiri d ni ~5 × 10−3 m, ubunini bw'umurongo wa metal-superconductor, di, bugomba kuba urwego rumwe n'uburebure bw'umuyoboro wa YBCO superconductor (~1 nm)19,20, fata agaciro ka Voc = 0.03 mV, Vms zishobora kugaragara ku murongo wa metal-superconductor zipimwa ko ari ~10−11 V kuri 50 K hamwe n'imbaraga za laser za 502 mW/cm2, hakoreshejwe ikigereranyo,
Aha turashaka gushimangira ko ingufu zikomoka ku mafoto zidashobora gusobanurwa hakoreshejwe ingaruka z'ubushyuhe bw'amafoto. Byagaragaye mu buryo bw'igerageza ko igipimo cya Seebeck cya superconductor YBCO ari Ss = 021. Igipimo cya Seebeck ku nsinga z'umuringa kiri hagati ya SCu = 0.34–1.15 μV/K3. Ubushyuhe bw'insinga z'umuringa ku gice cya laser bushobora kuzamurwaho gato 0.06 K hamwe n'imbaraga ntarengwa za laser ziboneka kuri 50 K. Ibi bishobora gutanga ubushobozi bwa thermoelectric bwa 6.9 × 10−8 V bungana na toni eshatu z'uburebure buto ugereranyije na Voc yabonetse ku ishusho ya 1 (a). Biragaragara ko ingaruka za thermoelectric ari nto cyane ku buryo zitasobanura ibisubizo by'igerageza. Mu by'ukuri, ihindagurika ry'ubushyuhe riterwa n'imirasire ya laser ryashira mu gihe kitarenze umunota umwe ku buryo uruhare rw'ingaruka z'ubushyuhe rushobora kwirengagizwa mu buryo bwizewe.
Iyi ngaruka ya YBCO ku bushyuhe bw'icyumba igaragaza ko hari uburyo butandukanye bwo gutandukanya amashanyarazi. Superconducting YBCO mu buryo busanzwe ni ibikoresho bya p-type bifite imyobo nk'imodoka itwara amashanyarazi22,23, mu gihe Ag-paste y'icyuma ifite imiterere y'ibikoresho bya n-type. Kimwe n'aho pn ihurira, gukwirakwira kwa electron mu ifu y'ifeza n'imyobo muri YBCO ceramic bizarema amashanyarazi y'imbere yerekeza kuri YBCO ceramic ku ihurizo (Ishusho ya 1h). Ni wo murima w'imbere utanga imbaraga zo gutandukanya kandi biganisha kuri Voc nziza na negative Isc kuri sisitemu ya YBCO-Ag paste ku bushyuhe bw'icyumba, nk'uko bigaragara ku Ishusho ya 1e. Ubundi buryo, Ag-YBCO ishobora gukora ihurizo rya Schottky ry'ubwoko bwa p rinatuma habaho ubushobozi bwo gutandukanya bufite polarity imwe nk'uko bigaragara mu icyitegererezo cyagaragajwe haruguru24.
Kugira ngo hamenyekane uburyo burambuye bwo guhindura imiterere ya photovoltaic mu gihe cyo guhindura YBCO mu buryo bwa superconducting, imiyoboro ya IV y'icyitegererezo kuri 80 K yapimwe hakoreshejwe imbaraga za laser zatoranijwe zimurikira kuri electrode ya cathode (Ishusho ya 2). Nta mirasire ya laser iterwa na laser, voltage kuri icyo cyitegererezo iguma kuri zeru hatitawe ku muyoboro w'amashanyarazi, bigaragaza imiterere ya superconducting y'icyitegererezo kuri 80 K (Ishusho ya 2a). Kimwe n'amakuru yabonetse kuri 50 K, imiyoboro ya IV ijyanye na I-axis imanuka hamwe n'imbaraga za laser ziyongera kugeza igihe Pc igeze ku gaciro k'ingenzi. Hejuru y'ubu bushyuhe bwa laser bw'ingenzi (Pc), superconductor inyura mu mpinduka kuva kuri superconducting phase kugera kuri resistive phase; voltage itangira kwiyongera hamwe n'umuyoboro w'amashanyarazi bitewe n'uko resistance iri muri superconductor. Kubera iyo mpamvu, IV curve itangira guhura na I-axis na V-axis biganisha kuri Voc negative na Isc nziza mbere. Noneho icyitegererezo gisa nkaho kiri mu mimerere yihariye aho polarity ya Voc na Isc irushaho kwiyumvamo cyane ubushyuhe bw'urumuri; Iyo urumuri rwiyongereye gato cyane, Isc ihinduka iva kuri positivity ijya kuri negative, naho Voc iva kuri negative ijya kuri positivity, ikava kuri positivity ijya kuri positivity, ikava kuri positivity ijya kuri positivity, ikaba yaravuye kuri positivity iturutse kuri positivity ijya ...
Hagati ya laser iherereye hafi ya electrodes za cathode (reba Ishusho ya 1i). a, imiyoboro ya IV ya YBCO irabagirana hamwe n'imbaraga zitandukanye za laser. b (hejuru), Ingufu za laser zishingiye kuri voltage ya open circuit Voc na short circuit current Isc. Agaciro ka Isc ntigashobora kuboneka ku bushyuhe buke bw'urumuri (< 110 mW/cm2) kuko imiyoboro ya IV ihura na I-axis iyo icyitegererezo kiri mu rwego rwo hejuru. b (hejuru), ihinduka ry'ubudahangarwa nk'uko ingufu za laser zibigaragaza.
Uburyo Voc na Isc bishingira kuri lazeri ku bushyuhe bwa 80 K bigaragara ku ishusho ya 2b (hejuru). Imiterere ya photovoltaic ishobora kuganirwaho mu turere dutatu tw’ubushyuhe bw’urumuri. Agace ka mbere kari hagati ya 0 na Pc, aho YBCO ikora superconducting, Voc iba negative kandi igabanuka (agaciro kayo kariyongera) hamwe n’ubushyuhe bw’urumuri kandi ikagera ku rugero ruto kuri Pc. Agace ka kabiri kava kuri Pc kajya ku rundi bushyuhe bw’ingenzi P0, aho Voc yiyongera mu gihe Isc igabanuka uko ubushyuhe bw’urumuri bwiyongera kandi byombi bikagera kuri zeru kuri P0. Agace ka gatatu kari hejuru ya P0 kugeza igihe YBCO igeze ku bushyuhe busanzwe. Nubwo Voc na Isc byombi bitandukanye bitewe n’ubushyuhe bw’urumuri kimwe no mu gace ka 2, bifite polarity iri hejuru y’ubushyuhe bw’ingenzi P0. Akamaro ka P0 ni uko nta ngaruka ya photovoltaic ibaho kandi uburyo bwo gutandukanya charge burahinduka muri iki gihe. Icyitegererezo cya YBCO kiba kidakora superconducting muri uru rwego rw’ubushyuhe bw’urumuri ariko imiterere isanzwe itaragerwaho.
Birumvikana ko imiterere ya photovoltaic ya sisitemu ifitanye isano rya hafi n'ubushobozi bwa superconductivity bwa YBCO n'impinduka yayo ya superconductivity. Ubudahangarwa butandukanye, dV/dI, bwa YBCO bugaragazwa ku Ishusho ya 2b (hasi) nk'uburyo bwa laser ihinduka. Nkuko byavuzwe mbere, ubushobozi bw'amashanyarazi bwinjira mu buryo bugaragara bitewe n'ingingo za Cooper pair diffusion ziva kuri superconductor zigera ku byuma. Kimwe n'ibyagaragaye kuri 50 K, ingaruka za photovoltaic ziyongera hamwe n'imbaraga za laser ziyongera kuva kuri 0 kugeza kuri Pc. Iyo imbaraga za laser zigeze ku gaciro gato ka Pc, umurongo wa IV utangira kunyeganyega kandi ubushobozi bw'icyitegererezo butangira kugaragara, ariko polarity y'ubushobozi bwa interface ntabwo irahinduka. Ingaruka zo gushyuha kwa optique ku buryo bwa superconductivity zakoreweho ubushakashatsi mu gace kagaragara cyangwa hafi ya IR. Nubwo inzira y'ibanze ari ugucamo ibice bya Cooper pairs no gusenya superconductivity25,26, mu bihe bimwe na bimwe impinduka ya superconductivity ishobora kwiyongera27,28,29, ibyiciro bishya bya superconductivity bishobora no guterwa30. Kuba nta superconductivity kuri Pc ishobora guterwa no gucika kw'impande zombi zikozweho na photo-induced pair. Ku gice cya P0, ubushobozi bwo kuzenguruka urubuga buba zeru, bigaragaza ko ubucucike bw'amashanyarazi ku mpande zombi z'urubuga bugera ku rwego rumwe munsi y'ubu bushyuhe bw'urumuri. Ukwiyongera k'ubushyuhe bwa laser bituma habaho byinshi muri Cooper pairs byangirika maze YBCO igahinduka buhoro buhoro ikaba ibikoresho bya p-type. Aho gukwirakwira kwa electron na Cooper pairs, imiterere y'urubuga ubu igenwa na electron n'imyobo bitera ihindagurika rya polarity ry'umurima w'amashanyarazi mu rubuga bityo Voc nziza (gereranya Ishusho ya 1d, h). Ku bushyuhe bwinshi cyane bwa laser, ubushyuhe butandukanye bwa YBCO bugera ku gaciro gahuye n'imiterere isanzwe kandi Voc na Isc byombi bikunda gutandukana mu buryo bugororotse hamwe n'ubushyuhe bwa laser (Ishusho ya 2b). Iki gitekerezo kigaragaza ko imirasire ya laser ku mimerere isanzwe ya YBCO itazongera guhindura ubushyuhe bwayo n'imiterere y'umurongo wa superconductor-metal ahubwo yongera gusa ubwinshi bw'imyobo ya electron-hole pairs.
Kugira ngo hamenyekane ingaruka z'ubushyuhe ku miterere ya photovoltaic, sisitemu ya metal-superconductor yamurikiwe kuri cathode hakoreshejwe laser y'ubururu ifite imbaraga za 502 mW/cm2. Imirongo ya IV yabonetse ku bushyuhe bwatoranijwe hagati ya 50 na 300 K igaragazwa ku Ishusho ya 3a. Voltage ya open circuit Voc, umuvuduko w'amashanyarazi wa short circuit Isc hamwe n'ubudahangarwa bw'itandukaniro bishobora kuboneka muri iyi mirongo ya IV kandi bigaragara ku Ishusho ya 3b. Hatabayeho urumuri, imirongo yose ya IV yapimwe ku bushyuhe butandukanye inyura aho yari iturutse nk'uko byari byitezwe (ishusho y'Ishusho ya 3a). Imiterere ya IV irahinduka cyane iyo ubushyuhe bwiyongera iyo sisitemu imurikiwe n'umuraba ukomeye wa laser (502 mW/cm2). Ku bushyuhe buke, imirongo ya IV ni imirongo igororotse ijyanye na I-axis hamwe n'agaciro ka Voc. Iyi mirongo izamuka iyo ubushyuhe bwiyongera kandi buhoro buhoro ihinduka umurongo ufite umusenyi utari zeru ku bushyuhe buhambaye bwa Tcp (Ishusho ya 3a (hejuru)). Bigaragara ko imirongo yose ya IV izenguruka ahantu runaka muri quadrant ya gatatu. Voc iriyongera kuva ku gaciro kari hasi kugera kuri positive mu gihe Isc igabanuka kuva kuri positive kugera kuri positive. Hejuru y'ubushyuhe bw'impinduka ya superconducting Tc ya YBCO, curve ya IV ihinduka mu buryo butandukanye bitewe n'ubushyuhe (hepfo y'Ishusho ya 3a). Ubwa mbere, centre yo kuzenguruka y'icurve ya IV yimukira kuri quartrant ya mbere. Ubwa kabiri, Voc ikomeza kugabanuka naho Isc ikiyongera uko ubushyuhe bwiyongera (hejuru y'Ishusho ya 3b). Icya gatatu, imiterere y'icurve ya IV yiyongera ku buryo bugororotse bitewe n'ubushyuhe bigatuma habaho résistance nziza y'ubushyuhe kuri YBCO (hepfo y'Ishusho ya 3b).
Ubushyuhe buterwa n'imiterere ya photovoltaic kuri sisitemu ya YBCO-Ag paste munsi y'urumuri rwa laser rwa 502 mW/cm2.
Hagati ya laser hashyizwe hafi ya electrodes za cathode (reba Ishusho ya 1i). a, imiyoboro ya IV iboneka kuva kuri 50 kugeza 90 K (hejuru) no kuva kuri 100 kugeza 300 K (hejuru) hamwe n'ubwiyongere bw'ubushyuhe bwa 5 K na 20 K, uko bikurikirana. Ishusho a igaragaza imiterere ya IV ku bushyuhe bwinshi mu mwijima. Imiyoboro yose inyura aho ikomoka. b, voltage y'uruziga rufunguye Voc na short circuit current Isc (hejuru) hamwe na differential resistance, dV/dI, ya YBCO (hejuru) nk'uko ubushyuhe buhagaze. Zero resistance superconducting transition temperature Tcp ntabwo itangwa kuko yegereye cyane Tc0.
Ubushyuhe butatu bw'ingenzi bushobora kumenyekana uhereye ku Ishusho ya 3b: Tcp, hejuru yayo YBCO iba idakora superconducting; Tc0, aho Voc na Isc byombi biba zeru na Tc, ubushyuhe bwa mbere bwo guhindura superconducting bwa YBCO nta mirasire ya laser. Munsi ya Tcp ~ 55 K, YBCO yatewe na laser iri mu rwego rwo guhindura superconducting hamwe n'ubwinshi bwinshi bwa Cooper pairs. Ingaruka zo gutanga laser ni ukugabanya ubushyuhe bwo guhindura superconducting kuva kuri 89 K kugera kuri ~ 55 K (hasi ku Ishusho ya 3b) binyuze mu kugabanya ubushyuhe bwa Cooper pairs hamwe no gukora voltage ya photovoltaic n'umuyoboro w'amashanyarazi. Ubushyuhe bwiyongera kandi bugabanya Cooper pairs bigatuma ubushobozi buke mu buryo bugaragara. Kubera iyo mpamvu, agaciro ka Voc kazaba gake, nubwo imbaraga zimwe z'urumuri rwa laser zikoreshwa. Ubushobozi bwo gushyira ahagaragara buzagenda bugabanuka uko ubushyuhe bwiyongera kandi bukagera kuri zeru kuri Tc0. Nta ngaruka ya photovoltaic ibaho kuri iyi ngingo yihariye kuko nta mwanya w'imbere uhari wo gutandukanya pairs za electron-hole zikomoka kuri photo-induced. Ihindagurika rya polarity ry'ubushobozi riba hejuru y'ubu bushyuhe bukomeye kuko ubucucike bw'umuvuduko w'amashanyarazi muri Ag paste buruta ubw'ubwo muri YBCO bugenda bwimurirwa mu bwoko bwa p. Aha turashaka gushimangira ko ihindagurika rya polarity rya Voc na Isc ribaho ako kanya nyuma y'ihindagurika rya zero resistance superconducting, hatitawe ku mpamvu y'ihinduka. Iki gitekerezo kigaragaza neza, ku nshuro ya mbere, isano iri hagati ya superconductivity n'ingaruka za photovoltaic zijyanye n'ubushobozi bwa metal-superconductor. Imiterere y'ubu bushobozi muri superconductor-metal interface isanzwe yabaye ubushakashatsi bwibanzweho mu myaka myinshi ishize ariko hari ibibazo byinshi bigitegereje gusubizwa. Gupima ingaruka za photovoltaic bishobora kuba uburyo bwiza bwo gushakisha ibisobanuro birambuye (nk'imbaraga zayo na polarity nibindi) by'ubu bushobozi bw'ingenzi bityo bikagaragaza ingaruka zo kugera hafi y'ubushyuhe bwinshi.
Ukwiyongera k'ubushyuhe kuva kuri Tc0 kugera kuri Tc bituma habaho ingano nto ya Cooper pairs ndetse no kwiyongera k'ubushobozi bwo guhuza, bityo Voc ikaba nini. Kuri Tc, ingano ya Cooper pairs iba zeru kandi ubushobozi bwo kwiyubaka ku rubuga bugera ku rugero ntarengwa, bigatuma Voc ntarengwa na Isc ntarengwa. Ukwiyongera kwihuta kwa Voc na Isc (agaciro ntarengwa) muri uru rugero rw'ubushyuhe bihuye n'impinduka ya superconducting yaguka kuva kuri ΔT ~ 3 K kugeza ~ 34 K binyuze mu irangi rya laser ry'ubukana bwa 502 mW / cm2 (Ishusho ya 3b). Mu mimerere isanzwe iri hejuru ya Tc, voltage ya open circuit Voc igabanuka uko ubushyuhe buhagaze (hejuru y'Ishusho ya 3b), kimwe n'imyitwarire ya linear ya Voc ku turemangingo dusanzwe tw'izuba dushingiye ku mahuriro ya pn31,32,33. Nubwo igipimo cy'impinduka za Voc hamwe n'ubushyuhe (−dVoc / dT), gishingiye cyane ku bunini bwa laser, ni gito cyane ugereranyije n'utw'uturemangingo dusanzwe tw'izuba, coefficient y'ubushyuhe ya Voc kuri YBCO-Ag junction ifite urwego rumwe n'urw'uturemangingo tw'izuba. Umuvuduko w'amazi uva mu gice cy'amazi gihuza icyuma gikoresha imirasire y'izuba ugenda wiyongera uko ubushyuhe bwiyongera, bigatera kugabanuka kwa Voc uko ubushyuhe bwiyongera. Imirongo ya IV yagaragaye kuri iyi sisitemu ya Ag-superconductor, mbere na mbere bitewe n'ubushobozi buke cyane bwo guhuza, icya kabiri ni uguhuza inyuma kw'imirongo ibiri, bituma bigorana kumenya umuvuduko w'amazi uvamo. Nyamara, birashoboka cyane ko ubushyuhe bumwe buterwa n'umuvuduko w'amazi uvamo ari bwo butuma Voc ikora mu igerageza ryacu. Dukurikije ibisobanuro, Isc ni umuvuduko ukenewe kugira ngo hakorwe voltage mbi kugira ngo ihuze na Voc ku buryo voltage yose iba zeru. Uko ubushyuhe bwiyongera, Voc iba nto ku buryo umuvuduko muto ukenewe kugira ngo hakorwe voltage mbi. Byongeye kandi, resistance ya YBCO yiyongera ku buryo buhuye n'ubushyuhe buri hejuru ya Tc (hasi ku Ishusho ya 3b), ibi kandi bigira uruhare mu gutuma agaciro k'amazi kaba gake cyane ku bushyuhe bwinshi.
Menya ko ibisubizo byatanzwe mu ishusho ya 2,3 biboneka hakoreshejwe imirasire ya laser ku gace gakikije electrodes za cathode. Ibipimo byasubiwemo kandi aho laser iherereye kuri anode kandi imiterere ya IV n'imiterere ya photovoltaic byagaragaye uretse ko polarity ya Voc na Isc yasubiwemo muri uru rubanza. Aya makuru yose atuma habaho uburyo bwo gukora photovoltaic effect, bufitanye isano rya hafi na superconductor-metal interface.
Muri make, imiterere ya IV ya sisitemu ya YBCO-Ag ishyushye cyane ya laser yapimwe nk'imikorere y'ubushyuhe n'imbaraga za laser. Ingaruka zikomeye za photovoltaic zagaragaye mu bushyuhe buri hagati ya 50 na 300 K. Byagaragaye ko imiterere ya photovoltaic ifitanye isano rikomeye n'ubushobozi bwa superconductivity bwa YBCO ceramics. Impinduka ya polarity ya Voc na Isc ibaho ako kanya nyuma y'impinduka ya photo-induced superconductive na non-superconducting. Ubushyuhe bwa Voc na Isc bupimwe ku mbaraga za laser zidahinduka bugaragaza kandi impinduka ya polarity idasanzwe ku bushyuhe bukomeye hejuru aho icyitegererezo kiba kidakomeye. Mu gushyira ahantu ha laser mu bice bitandukanye by'icyitegererezo, tugaragaza ko hari ubushobozi bw'amashanyarazi mu gice cy'icyerekezo, butanga imbaraga zo gutandukanya electron-hole pairs ziterwa na photo-induced. Ubu bushobozi bwa interface buva kuri YBCO bujya kuri electrode y'icyuma iyo YBCO irimo superconductive kandi bugahinduka mu cyerekezo gitandukanye iyo icyitegererezo kidahinduka superconductive. Inkomoko y'ubushobozi ishobora kuba ifitanye isano n'ingaruka zo kuba hafi y'icyuma na superconductor iyo YBCO iri gukora superconducting kandi bivugwa ko ari ~10−8 mV kuri 50 K hamwe n'ubukana bwa laser bwa 502 mW/cm2. Guhuza ibikoresho bya p-type YBCO mu buryo busanzwe hamwe n'ibikoresho bya n-type Ag-paste ikora ihuriro rya quasi-pn rituma ibyuma bya YBCO bikora photovoltaic mu bushyuhe bwinshi. Ibyo byavuzwe haruguru bitanga urumuri ku ngaruka za PV mu bikoresho bya YBCO bikora superconducting mu bushyuhe bwinshi kandi bigatanga inzira ku mikoreshereze mishya mu bikoresho bya optoelectronic nka detector yihuse idakoresha urumuri na detector ya photon imwe.
Igerageza ry’ingaruka za photovoltaic ryakozwe ku gipimo cya YBCO ceramic gifite ubugari bwa mm 0.52 n’imiterere y’urukiramende ya mm 8.64 × 2.26 kandi rimurikirwa na laser y’ubururu ihoraho (λ = 450 nm) ifite ingano ya lazeri ya mm 1.25 muri radius. Gukoresha icyitegererezo cya filime nini aho kuba icyuma gito bidufasha kwiga imiterere ya photovoltaic ya superconductor tudahuye n’ingaruka zikomeye za substrate6,7. Byongeye kandi, ibikoresho byinshi bishobora kuba byiza mu buryo bworoshye bwo kubitegura no ku giciro gito. Insinga z’umuringa zifatanye ku gipimo cya YBCO hamwe n’icyuma cya silver paste zikora electrodes enye zunguruka zifite umurambararo wa mm 1. Intera iri hagati ya electrodes ebyiri za voltage ni mm 5. Ibiranga IV by’icyitegererezo byapimwe hakoreshejwe magnetometer y’icyitegererezo cya vibration (VersaLab, Quantum Design) ifite idirishya rya quartz crystal. Uburyo busanzwe bw’insinga enye bwakoreshejwe kugira ngo haboneke imiyoboro ya IV. Ahantu ha electrodes n’ahantu ha laser bigaragara ku Gishushanyo cya 1i.
Uburyo bwo kuvuga iyi nkuru: Yang, F. n'abandi. Inkomoko y'ingaruka za photovoltaic mu gukwirakwiza superconducting YBa2Cu3O6.96 ceramics. Sci. Rep. 5, 11504; doi: 10.1038/srep11504 (2015).
Chang, CL, Kleinhammes, A., Moulton, WG & Testardi, LR Imiterere ya laser ibuzanywa na Symmetry muri YBa2Cu3O7. Phys. Rev. B 41, 11564–11567 (1990).
Kwok, HS, Zheng, JP & Dong, SY Inkomoko y'ikimenyetso cy'izuba ry'amashanyarazi kidasanzwe muri Y-Ba-Cu-O. Phys. Rev. B 43, 6270–6272 (1991).
Wang, LP, Lin, JL, Feng, QR & Wang, GW Gupima voltage ziterwa na laser za superconducting Bi-Sr-Ca-Cu-O. Phys. Rev. B 46, 5773–5776 (1992).
Tate, KL, n'abandi. Voltage z'igihe gito ziterwa na laser muri firime z'ubushyuhe bw'icyumba za YBa2Cu3O7-x. J. Appl. Phys. 67, 4375–4376 (1990).
Kwok, HS & Zheng, JP Igisubizo cy'ingufu za photovoltaic kitagaragara muri YBa2Cu3O7. Phys. Rev. B 46, 3692–3695 (1992).
Muraoka, Y., Muramatsu, T., Yamaura, J. & Hiroi, Z. Gutera YBa2Cu3O7−x mu buryo bwa okiside. Appl. Phys. Lett. 85, 2950–2952 (2004).
Asakura, D. n'abandi. Inyigo y'ibyuka bikomoka kuri foto bya YBa2Cu3Oy byakozwe ku rumuri. Phys. Rev. Lett. 93, 247006 (2004).
Yang, F. n'abandi. Ingaruka za YBa2Cu3O7-δ/SrTiO3 :Nb heterojunction iterwa mu gitutu cy'igice cya ogisijeni gitandukanye. Mater. Lett. 130, 51–53 (2014).
Aminov, BA et al. Imiterere y'icyuho cya kabiri muri kristu imwe ya Yb(Y)Ba2Cu3O7-x. J. Supercond. 7, 361–365 (1994).
Kabanov, VV, Demsar, J., Podobnik, B. & Mihailovic, D. Imiterere ya Quasiparticle relaxation muri superconductors zifite imiterere itandukanye y'icyuho: Inyigisho n'igerageza kuri YBa2Cu3O7-δ. Phys. Rev. B 59, 1497–1506 (1999).
Sun, JR, Xiong, CM, Zhang, YZ & Shen, BG Imiterere yo gukosora YBa2Cu3O7-δ/SrTiO3 :Nb heterojunction. Appl. Phys. Lett. 87, 222501 (2005).
Kamarás, K., Porter, CD, Doss, MG, Herr, SL & Tanner, DB Gukoresha imbaraga zidasanzwe mu gukurura no gutwara ibintu mu buryo buhanitse muri YBa2Cu3O7-δ. Phys. Rev. Lett. 59, 919–922 (1987).
Yu, G., Heeger, AJ & Stucky, G. Ubushobozi bw'igihe gito bwo gutwara ibintu hakoreshejwe ikoranabuhanga mu buryo bwa semiconducting crystals imwe ya YBa2Cu3O6.3: gushakisha imiterere y'icyuma gikozwe muri ikoranabuhanga no gushaka ikoranabuhanga rikozwe muri ikoranabuhanga. Solid State Commun. 72, 345–349 (1989).
McMillan, WL Icyitegererezo cya Tunneling cy’ingaruka zo kuba hafi ya superconducting. Phys. Rev. 175, 537–542 (1968).
Guéron, S. n'abandi. Ingaruka zo kuba hafi ya Superconducting zakozwe ku gipimo cy'uburebure bwa mesoscopic. Phys. Rev. Lett. 77, 3025–3028 (1996).
Annunziata, G. & Manske, D. Ingaruka zo hafi hamwe na superconductors zitari hagati na hagati. Phys. Rev. B 86, 17514 (2012).
Qu, FM n'abandi. Ingaruka zikomeye zo kwegereza ibintu mu buryo bwa superconducting mu miterere ya Pb-Bi2Te3 hybrid. Sci. Rep. 2, 339 (2012).
Chapin, DM, Fuller, CS & Pearson, GL. Iselile nshya ya silicon pn junction yo guhindura imirasire y'izuba mo ingufu z'amashanyarazi. J. App. Phys. 25, 676–677 (1954).
Tomimoto, K. Ingaruka z'umwanda ku burebure bwa superconducting coherence muri Zn- cyangwa Ni-doped YBa2Cu3O6.9 kristu imwe. Phys. Rev. B 60, 114–117 (1999).
Ando, Y. & Segawa, K. Ubushobozi bwo gukurura ibintu mu buryo bwa "Untwinned YBa2Cu3Oy" mu buryo butandukanye bwo gukurura ibintu mu buryo bwa "doping": uburyo budasanzwe bwo gukurura ibintu mu buryo bwa "hole-doping" bushingiye ku burebure bw'ubufatanye. Phys. Rev. Lett. 88, 167005 (2002).
Obertelli, SD & Cooper, JR Sisitemu mu mbaraga z'amashanyarazi za okiside nyinshi za T. Phys. Rev. B 46, 14928–14931, (1992).
Sugai, S. et al. Impinduka y'umuvuduko ushingiye ku bucucike bw'umuvuduko ushingiye ku bushobozi bwa carrier bw'umuvuduko uhuza ibintu byinshi n'uburyo bwa LO phonon muri superconductors za p-type high-Tc. Phys. Rev. B 68, 184504 (2003).
Nojima, T. n'abandi. Kugabanya imyobo no kwibumbira kwa electron muri YBa2Cu3Oy firime ntoya hakoreshejwe tekiniki ya electrochemical: Ibimenyetso byerekana imiterere y'icyuma cya n. Phys. Rev. B 84, 020502 (2011).
Tung, RT Fiziki na chimie by'uburebure bw'uruzitiro rwa Schottky. Appl. Phys. Lett. 1, 011304 (2014).
Sai-Halasz, GA, Chi, CC, Denenstein, A. & Langenberg, DN Ingaruka zo Gucika kw'Impande zombi mu mashusho ya Superconducting. Phys. Rev. Lett. 33, 215–219 (1974).
Nieva, G. n'abandi. Kongera ubushobozi bwo gutwara ibintu mu buryo buturutse ku ifoto. Appl. Phys. Lett. 60, 2159–2161 (1992).
Kudinov, VI n'abandi. Gukomeza gukoresha fotokopi muri filime za YBa2Cu3O6+x nk'uburyo bwo gukoresha fotokopi mu byiciro by'icyuma na superconducting. Phys. Rev. B 14, 9017–9028 (1993).
Mankowsky, R. et al. Imiterere ya lattice idashingiye ku murongo nk'ishingiro ryo kongera imbaraga za superconductivity muri YBa2Cu3O6.5. Nature 516, 71–74 (2014).
Fausti, D. n'abandi. Uburyo bwo kongerera amashanyarazi buterwa n'urumuri mu gikombe cy'imirongo. Science 331, 189–191 (2011).
El-Adawi, MK & Al-Nuaim, IA Uburyo VOC ikoresha ubushyuhe mu ngirabuzimafatizo z'izuba mu bijyanye n'imikorere yayo mishya. Gukuraho umunyu 209, 91–96 (2007).
Vernon, SM & Anderson, WA Ingaruka z'ubushyuhe mu turemangingo tw'izuba twa silikoni twa Schottky-barrier. Appl. Phys. Lett. 26, 707 (1975).
Katz, EA, Faiman, D. & Tuladhar, SM Ubushyuhe bushingiye ku bipimo by'ibikoresho bya photovoltaic by'uturemangingo tw'izuba twa polymer-fullerene mu gihe cy'imikorere. J. Appl. Phys. 90, 5343–5350 (2002).
Iki gikorwa cyatewe inkunga n'Ikigo cy'Igihugu cy'Ubumenyi bw'Inyamaswa cy'Ubushinwa (Inkunga No. 60571063), Imishinga y'Ubushakashatsi bw'ibanze bwo mu Ntara ya Henan, mu Bushinwa (Inkunga No. 122300410231).
FY yanditse inyandiko y'inyandiko maze MYH itegura icyitegererezo cya YBCO ceramic. FY na MYH bakoze igerageza banasesengura ibyavuye mu bushakashatsi. FGC ni yo yayoboye umushinga n'ubusobanuro bwa siyansi bw'amakuru. Abanditsi bose basuzumye inyandiko.
Iki gikorwa gifite uruhushya rwo gukoresha Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. Amashusho cyangwa ibindi bikoresho by’abandi biri muri iyi ngingo biri mu burenganzira bwo gukoresha Creative Commons bw’iyi nkuru, keretse iyo byagaragajwe ukundi mu murongo w’inguzanyo; niba ibikoresho bitarimo mu burenganzira bwo gukoresha Creative Commons, abakoresha bazakenera uruhushya ruturutse kuri nyiri uruhushya rwo gukoresha. Kugira ngo urebe kopi y’uru ruhushya, sura http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Yang, F., Han, M. & Chang, F. Inkomoko y'ingaruka za photovoltaic mu gukwirakwiza superconducting YBa2Cu3O6.96 ceramics. Sci Rep 5, 11504 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1038/srep11504
Mu gutanga igitekerezo, uba wemera kubahiriza Amategeko n'amabwiriza yacu y'Umuryango. Niba ubonye ikintu giteye isoni cyangwa kitubahiriza amabwiriza cyangwa amabwiriza yacu, nyamuneka ugishyire mu mwanya wacyo nk'ikidakwiye.
Igihe cyo kohereza ubutumwa: 22 Mata-2020