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Hōʻike mākou i ka hopena photovoltaic kupaianaha ma ka YBa2Cu3O6.96 (YBCO) keramika ma waena o 50 a me 300 K i hoʻoulu ʻia e ka hoʻomālamalama laser polū, kahi e pili pono ana i ka superconductivity o YBCO a me ka YBCO-metallic electrode interface. Aia kahi hoʻohuli polarity no ka voltage kaapuni hāmama Voc a me ke au pōkole Isc ke hele nei ʻo YBCO i kahi hoʻololi mai ka superconducting a i ke kūlana resistive. Hōʻike mākou aia kahi hiki ke uila ma waena o ka superconductor-normal metal interface, kahi e hāʻawi ai i ka ikaika hoʻokaʻawale no nā hui electron-hole i hoʻoulu ʻia e ka photo. Kuhikuhi kēia hiki ke hoʻopili mai YBCO i ka electrode metala ke superconducting ʻo YBCO a hoʻololi i ke kuhikuhi ʻē aʻe ke lilo ʻo YBCO i nonsuperconducting. Hiki ke pili koke ke kumu o ka hiki me ka hopena kokoke ma ka metal-superconductor interface ke superconducting ʻo YBCO a ua manaʻo ʻia kona waiwai he ~10-8 mV ma 50 K me ka ikaika laser o 502 mW/cm2. ʻO ka hui pū ʻana o kahi mea ʻano-p YBCO ma ke kūlana maʻamau me kahi mea ʻano-n Ag-paste e hana i kahi hui quasi-pn nāna ke kuleana no ke ʻano photovoltaic o nā keramika YBCO i nā mahana kiʻekiʻe. Hiki i kā mākou mau ʻike ke hoʻomākaukau i ke ala i nā noi hou o nā mea photon-electronic a hoʻomālamalama hou aku i ka hopena kokoke ma ka interface superconductor-metal.
Ua hōʻike ʻia ka uila i hoʻokomo ʻia e ke kiʻi i loko o nā superconductors wela kiʻekiʻe i ka hoʻomaka ʻana o nā makahiki 1990 a ua noiʻi nui ʻia mai ia manawa, akā naʻe, ʻaʻole i hoʻoholo ʻia kona ʻano a me ke ʻano hana1,2,3,4,5. ʻO nā kiʻiʻoniʻoni lahilahi YBa2Cu3O7-δ (YBCO)6,7,8, ma ke ʻano kūikawā, ua aʻo nui ʻia ma ke ʻano o ka cell photovoltaic (PV) ma muli o kona hakahaka ikehu hiki ke hoʻololi ʻia9,10,11,12,13. Eia nō naʻe, ʻo ke kū'ē kiʻekiʻe o ka substrate e alakaʻi mau ana i ka pono hoʻololi haʻahaʻa o ka hāmeʻa a uhi i nā waiwai PV mua o YBCO8. Maanei mākou e hōʻike nei i ka hopena photovoltaic kupaianaha i hoʻokumu ʻia e ka mālamalama polū-laser (λ = 450 nm) ma ka keramika YBa2Cu3O6.96 (YBCO) ma waena o 50 a me 300 K (Tc ~ 90 K). Hōʻike mākou e pili pono ana ka hopena PV i ka superconductivity o YBCO a me ke ʻano o ka interface electrode YBCO-metallic. Aia kahi hoʻohuli polarity no ka volta kaapuni hāmama Voc a me ke au pōkole Isc ke hele ʻo YBCO i kahi hoʻololi mai ka pae superconducting i kahi kūlana resistive. Ua manaʻo ʻia aia kahi hiki ke uila ma waena o ka interface metala superconductor-normal, kahi e hāʻawi ai i ka ikaika hoʻokaʻawale no nā hui electron-hole i hoʻokomo ʻia e ke kiʻi. Kuhikuhi kēia hiki ke hoʻopili mai YBCO i ka electrode metala ke superconducting ʻo YBCO a hoʻololi i ke kuhikuhi ʻē aʻe ke lilo ka laʻana i nonsuperconducting. Hiki ke pili maoli ke kumu o ka hiki me ka hopena kokoke14,15,16,17 ma ka interface metala-superconductor ke superconducting ʻo YBCO a ua manaʻo ʻia kona waiwai he ~10−8 mV ma 50 K me ka ikaika laser o 502 mW/cm2. ʻO ka hui pū ʻana o kahi mea p-type YBCO ma ke kūlana maʻamau me kahi mea n-type Ag-paste e hana, ʻo ka mea paha, he quasi-pn junction nona ke kuleana no ke ʻano PV o nā keramika YBCO i nā mahana kiʻekiʻe. Ua hoʻomālamalama hou aku kā mākou mau nānā ʻana i ke kumu o ka hopena PV i nā keramika YBCO superconducting wela kiʻekiʻe a hoʻomākaukau i ke ala no kāna noi ʻana i nā polokalamu optoelectronic e like me ka mea ʻike kukui passive wikiwiki a pēlā aku.
Hōʻike ka Kiʻi 1a–c i nā ʻano IV o ka hāpana keramika YBCO ma 50 K. Me ka ʻole o ka mālamalama o ke kukui, e mau ana ke anakahi uila ma waena o ka hāpana ma ka ʻole me ka loli ʻana o ke au, e like me ka mea e manaʻo ʻia mai kahi mea superconducting. ʻIke ʻia ka hopena photovoltaic i ka wā e kuhikuhi ʻia ai ke kukuna laser i ka cathode (Kiʻi 1a): neʻe nā piʻo IV e like me ke axis I i lalo me ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka ikaika laser. Ua maopopo he anakahi uila photo-induced maikaʻi ʻole me ka ʻole o ke au (i kapa pinepine ʻia he anakahi uila open circuit Voc). Hōʻike ka piʻo ʻole o ke piʻo IV e hoʻomau nei ke anakahi i ka superconducting ma lalo o ka mālamalama laser.
(a–c) a me 300 K (e–g). Ua loaʻa nā waiwai o V(I) ma ka hoʻoneʻe ʻana i ke au mai −10 mA a i +10 mA i loko o ka vacuum. Hōʻike ʻia kekahi hapa wale nō o ka ʻikepili hoʻokolohua no ka maopopo. a, Nā ʻano o ke au o YBCO i ana ʻia me kahi laser i kau ʻia ma ka cathode (i). ʻO nā piʻo IV āpau he mau laina pololei ākea e hōʻike ana e hoʻomau nei ka laʻana i ka superconducting me ka irradiation laser. Neʻe ka piʻo i lalo me ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka ikaika laser, e hōʻike ana aia kahi hiki ʻole (Voc) ma waena o nā alakaʻi voltage ʻelua me ke au ʻole. Noho mau nā piʻo IV i ka wā e kuhikuhi ʻia ai ka laser ma ke kikowaena o ka laʻana ma ether 50 K (b) a i ʻole 300 K (f). Neʻe ka laina ākea i luna i ka wā e hoʻomālamalama ʻia ai ka anode (c). Hōʻike ʻia kahi kumu hoʻohālike o ka hui metal-superconductor ma 50 K ma d. Hāʻawi ʻia nā ʻano o ke au o YBCO ma 300 K i ana ʻia me ke kukuna laser i kuhikuhi ʻia ma cathode a me anode ma e a me g. I ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana i nā hopena ma 50 K, ʻo ka pali ʻole-zero o nā laina pololei e hōʻike ana aia ʻo YBCO i ke kūlana maʻamau; ʻokoʻa nā waiwai o Voc me ka ikaika o ka mālamalama ma kahi ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe, e hōʻike ana i kahi ʻano hoʻokaʻawale uku ʻokoʻa. Ua hōʻike ʻia kahi ʻano interface hiki ma 300 K ma hj ʻO ke kiʻi maoli o ka laʻana me nā alakaʻi.
ʻO ka YBCO waiwai i ka oxygen i ke kūlana superconducting hiki ke omo i ka spectrum piha o ka lā ma muli o kona hakahaka ikehu liʻiliʻi loa (Eg)9,10, no laila e hana ana i nā hui electron-hole (e-h). No ka hana ʻana i kahi voltage kaapuni hāmama Voc ma o ka omo ʻana o nā photons, pono e hoʻokaʻawale i nā hui eh i hana ʻia e ke kiʻi ma mua o ka hana hou ʻana18. ʻO ka Voc maikaʻi ʻole, e pili ana i ka cathode a me ka anode e like me ka mea i hōʻike ʻia ma ke Kiʻi 1i, e hōʻike ana aia kahi hiki ke uila ma waena o ka interface metal-superconductor, kahi e hoʻopili ai i nā electrons i ka anode a me nā lua i ka cathode. Inā ʻo kēia ka hihia, pono nō hoʻi kahi hiki ke kuhikuhi mai ka superconductor i ka electrode metala ma anode. No laila, e loaʻa kahi Voc maikaʻi inā e hoʻomālamalama ʻia ka wahi laʻana kokoke i ka anode. Eia kekahi, ʻaʻohe voltages i hoʻokomo ʻia e ke kiʻi ke kuhikuhi ʻia ka wahi laser i nā wahi mamao loa mai nā electrodes. ʻOiaʻiʻo nō ia e like me ka mea i ʻike ʻia mai ke Kiʻi 1b,c!.
Ke neʻe ka wahi kukui mai ka electrode cathode a i ke kikowaena o ka laʻana (ma kahi o 1.25 mm kaʻawale mai nā interfaces), ʻaʻohe ʻano like ʻole o nā piʻo IV a ʻaʻohe Voc e ʻike ʻia me ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka ikaika laser i ka waiwai nui loa i loaʻa (Kiʻi 1b). ʻOiaʻiʻo, hiki ke hāʻawi ʻia kēia hopena i ka manawa palena o nā mea lawe i hoʻokomo ʻia e ke kiʻi a me ka nele o ka ikaika hoʻokaʻawale i loko o ka laʻana. Hiki ke hana ʻia nā hui electron-hole i kēlā me kēia manawa e hoʻomālamalama ʻia ai ka laʻana, akā e hoʻopau ʻia ka hapa nui o nā hui e-h a ʻaʻohe hopena photovoltaic i ʻike ʻia inā hāʻule ka wahi laser ma nā wahi mamao loa mai kekahi o nā electrodes. Ke neʻe nei i ka wahi laser i nā electrodes anode, neʻe nā piʻo IV e like me ke axis I i luna me ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka ikaika laser (Kiʻi 1c). Aia ke kahua uila i kūkulu ʻia like ma ka hui metal-superconductor ma ka anode. Eia nō naʻe, pili ka electrode metallic i ke alakaʻi maikaʻi o ka ʻōnaehana hoʻāʻo i kēia manawa. Hoʻokuke ʻia nā lua i hana ʻia e ka laser i ke alakaʻi anode a no laila ʻike ʻia kahi Voc maikaʻi. Hāʻawi nā hualoaʻa i hōʻike ʻia ma ʻaneʻi i nā hōʻike ikaika e loaʻa maoli ana kahi hiki ke hoʻopili ʻia mai ka superconductor a i ka electrode metala.
ʻO ka hopena Photovoltaic i loko o nā keramika YBa2Cu3O6.96 ma 300 K ua hōʻike ʻia ma ke Kiʻi 1e–g. Me ka ʻole o ka mālamalama, ʻo ke kiʻikuhi IV o ka laʻana he laina pololei e hele ana i ke kumu. Neʻe kēia laina pololei i luna e like me ka mea mua me ka hoʻonui ʻana o ka ikaika laser e hoʻomālamalama ana ma nā alakaʻi cathode (Kiʻi 1e). Aia ʻelua mau hihia palena o ka hoihoi no kahi mea photovoltaic. Hana ʻia ke kūlana pōkole i ka wā V = 0. ʻO ke au i kēia hihia ua kapa ʻia ʻo ke au pōkole (Isc). ʻO ka lua o ka hihia palena ʻo ke kūlana hāmama (Voc) e hana ʻia i ka wā ʻo R→∞ a i ʻole ke au he zero. Hōʻike maopopo ka Kiʻi 1e he maikaʻi ʻo Voc a hoʻonui me ka hoʻonui ʻana o ka ikaika o ka mālamalama, i ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana me ka hopena i loaʻa ma 50 K; ʻoiai ua ʻike ʻia kahi Isc maikaʻi ʻole e hoʻonui i ka nui me ka mālamalama o ka mālamalama, kahi ʻano maʻamau o nā cell solar maʻamau.
Pēlā nō, ke kuhikuhi ʻia ke kukuna laser i nā wahi mamao loa mai nā electrodes, kūʻokoʻa ke kiʻikuhi V (I) mai ka ikaika laser a ʻaʻohe hopena photovoltaic i ʻike ʻia (Kiʻi 1f). E like me ke ana ʻana ma 50 K, neʻe nā kiʻikuhi IV i ke kuhikuhi ʻē aʻe i ka wā e hoʻomālamalama ʻia ai ka electrode anode (Kiʻi 1g). ʻO kēia mau hopena a pau i loaʻa no kēia ʻōnaehana hoʻopili YBCO-Ag ma 300 K me ka hoʻomālamalama ʻia ʻana o ka laser ma nā wahi like ʻole o ka laʻana e kūlike me kahi hiki ke hoʻopili ʻia e kūʻē i ka mea i ʻike ʻia ma 50 K.
Hoʻopili ka hapa nui o nā electrons i loko o nā hui Cooper ma ka superconducting YBCO ma lalo o kona mahana hoʻololi Tc. ʻOiai i loko o ka electrode metala, noho nā electrons āpau i ke ʻano hoʻokahi. Aia kahi gradient density nui no nā electrons hoʻokahi a me nā hui Cooper ma kahi kokoke i ka interface metal-superconductor. ʻO nā electrons hoʻokahi hapa nui o ka mea lawe i loko o ka mea metala e hoʻolaha i loko o ka ʻāpana superconductor, ʻoiai ʻo nā hui Cooper hapa nui o ka mea lawe ma ka ʻāpana YBCO e hoʻolaha i loko o ka ʻāpana metala. Ke hoʻolaha nei nā hui Cooper e lawe ana i nā uku hou aʻe a loaʻa iā lākou kahi neʻe nui aʻe ma mua o nā electrons hoʻokahi mai YBCO i loko o ka ʻāpana metala, waiho ʻia nā ʻātoma i hoʻopiʻi maikaʻi ʻia, e hopena ana i kahi kahua uila ma ka ʻāpana hoʻopiʻi ākea. Hōʻike ʻia ke kuhikuhi o kēia kahua uila ma ke kiʻikuhi schematic Fig. 1d. Hiki i ka hoʻomālamalama photon incident kokoke i ka ʻāpana hoʻopiʻi ākea ke hana i nā hui eh e hoʻokaʻawale ʻia a kāwele ʻia e hana ana i kahi photocurrent ma ke kuhikuhi reverse-bias. I ka puka koke ʻana o nā electrons mai ke kahua uila i kūkulu ʻia, ua hoʻopili ʻia lākou i loko o nā hui a kahe i ka electrode ʻē aʻe me ke kūʻē ʻole. I kēia hihia, kū'ē ka Voc i ka polarity i hoʻonohonoho mua ʻia a hōʻike i kahi waiwai maikaʻi ʻole ke kuhikuhi ka kukuna laser i ka wahi a puni ka electrode maikaʻi ʻole. Mai ka waiwai o Voc, hiki ke kuhi ʻia ka hiki ma waena o ka interface: ʻo ka mamao ma waena o nā alakaʻi voltage ʻelua d he ~5 × 10−3 m, ʻo ka mānoanoa o ka interface metal-superconductor, di, pono e like me ke ʻano o ka nui e like me ka lōʻihi coherence o YBCO superconductor (~1 nm)19,20, e lawe i ka waiwai o Voc = 0.03 mV, ua loiloi ʻia ka hiki Vms ma ka interface metal-superconductor he ~10−11 V ma 50 K me ka ikaika laser o 502 mW/cm2, me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka equation,
Makemake mākou e hoʻokūpaʻa ma ʻaneʻi ʻaʻole hiki ke wehewehe ʻia ka volta i hoʻokomo ʻia e ke kiʻi e ka hopena wela kiʻi. Ua hoʻokumu ʻia ma ka hoʻokolohua ʻo ke koʻikoʻi Seebeck o ka superconductor YBCO ʻo Ss = 021. Aia ke koʻikoʻi Seebeck no nā uea alakaʻi keleawe ma ka pae o SCu = 0.34–1.15 μV/K3. Hiki ke hoʻokiʻekiʻe ʻia ka mahana o ke uea keleawe ma kahi laser e kahi liʻiliʻi o 0.06 K me ka ikaika laser kiʻekiʻe loa i loaʻa ma 50 K. Hiki i kēia ke hana i kahi hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia he 6.9 × 10−8 V ʻo ia hoʻi ʻekolu kauoha nui ka liʻiliʻi ma mua o ka Voc i loaʻa ma ke Kiʻi 1 (a). Ua maopopo he liʻiliʻi loa ka hopena thermoelectric e wehewehe i nā hopena hoʻokolohua. ʻO ka ʻoiaʻiʻo, e nalowale ana ka loli o ka mahana ma muli o ka hoʻomālamalama ʻana o ka laser i loko o hoʻokahi minuke i hiki ai ke hoʻowahāwahā ʻia ka hāʻawi ʻana mai ka hopena wela.
Hōʻike kēia hopena photovoltaic o YBCO ma ka mahana o ka lumi e pili ana kahi ʻano hoʻokaʻawale uku ʻokoʻa ma aneʻi. ʻO ka Superconducting YBCO ma ke kūlana maʻamau he mea ʻano-p me nā lua e like me ka mea lawe uku22,23, ʻoiai ʻo ka metallic Ag-paste he mau ʻano o kahi mea ʻano-n. E like me nā hui pn, ʻo ka hoʻolaha ʻana o nā electrons i loko o ka paste kālā a me nā lua i loko o ka keramika YBCO e hana i kahi kahua uila kūloko e kuhikuhi ana i ka keramika YBCO ma ka interface (Kiʻi 1h). ʻO kēia kahua kūloko e hāʻawi i ka ikaika hoʻokaʻawale a alakaʻi i kahi Voc maikaʻi a me Isc maikaʻi ʻole no ka ʻōnaehana paste YBCO-Ag ma ka mahana o ka lumi, e like me ka mea i hōʻike ʻia ma ke Kiʻi 1e. Ma kahi ʻē aʻe, hiki iā Ag-YBCO ke hana i kahi hui Schottky ʻano-p e alakaʻi pū ana i kahi hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale me ka polarity like e like me ke kumu hoʻohālike i hōʻike ʻia ma luna24.
No ka noiʻi ʻana i ke kaʻina hana hoʻomohala kikoʻī o nā waiwai photovoltaic i ka wā o ka hoʻololi superconducting o YBCO, ua ana ʻia nā kiʻikuhi IV o ka laʻana ma 80 K me nā ikaika laser i koho ʻia e hoʻomālamalama ana ma ka electrode cathode (Kiʻi 2). Me ka ʻole o ka irradiation laser, mālama ka voltage ma waena o ka laʻana ma ka zero me ka nānā ʻole i ke au, e hōʻike ana i ke kūlana superconducting o ka laʻana ma 80 K (Kiʻi 2a). E like me ka ʻikepili i loaʻa ma 50 K, neʻe nā kiʻikuhi IV e like me ka axis I i lalo me ka hoʻonui ʻana o ka ikaika laser a hiki i ka hiki ʻana i kahi waiwai koʻikoʻi Pc. Ma luna o kēia ikaika laser koʻikoʻi (Pc), hele ka superconductor i kahi hoʻololi mai kahi pae superconducting i kahi pae resistive; hoʻomaka ka voltage e hoʻonui me ke au ma muli o ke ʻano o ke kūʻē ʻana i ka superconductor. ʻO ka hopena, hoʻomaka ka kiʻikuhi IV e hui pū me ka axis I a me ka axis V e alakaʻi ana i kahi Voc maikaʻi ʻole a me kahi Isc maikaʻi i ka wā mua. I kēia manawa, me he mea lā aia ka laʻana i kahi kūlana kūikawā kahi i ʻike nui ʻia ai ka polarity o Voc a me Isc i ka ikaika o ka mālamalama; me ka hoʻonui liʻiliʻi loa o ka ikaika o ke kukui, ua hoʻololi ʻia ʻo Isc mai ka maikaʻi a i ka maikaʻi ʻole a me Voc mai ka maikaʻi ʻole a i ka maikaʻi, e hala ana i ke kumu (hiki ke ʻike maopopo ʻia ke kiʻekiʻe o ka ʻike o nā waiwai photovoltaic, ʻoiai ka waiwai o Isc, i ka mālamalama o ke kukui ma ke Kiʻi 2b). Ma ka ikaika laser kiʻekiʻe loa i loaʻa, manaʻo nā piʻo IV e kūlike kekahi me kekahi, e hōʻike ana i ke kūlana maʻamau o ka hāpana YBCO.
Aia ke kikowaena kiko laser a puni nā electrodes cathode (e nānā i ke Kiʻi 1i). a, nā piʻo IV o YBCO i hoʻomālamalama ʻia me nā ikaika laser like ʻole. b (luna), ka hilinaʻi ʻana o ka ikaika laser i ka volta kaapuni hāmama Voc a me ke au kaapuni pōkole Isc. ʻAʻole hiki ke loaʻa nā waiwai Isc ma ka ikaika kukui haʻahaʻa (< 110 mW/cm2) no ka mea ua like nā piʻo IV me ka axis I ke kūlana superconducting o ka laʻana. b (lalo), ke kū'ē ʻokoʻa ma ke ʻano he hana o ka ikaika laser.
ʻO ka hilinaʻi ʻana o ka ikaika laser o Voc lāua ʻo Isc ma 80 K ua hōʻike ʻia ma ke Kiʻi 2b (luna). Hiki ke kūkākūkā ʻia nā waiwai photovoltaic ma nā ʻāpana ʻekolu o ka ikaika o ke kukui. ʻO ka ʻāpana mua ma waena o 0 a me Pc, kahi e superconducting ai ʻo YBCO, maikaʻi ʻole ʻo Voc a emi iho (piʻi ka waiwai piha) me ka ikaika o ke kukui a hiki i ka liʻiliʻi loa ma Pc. ʻO ka ʻāpana ʻelua mai Pc a i kahi ikaika koʻikoʻi ʻē aʻe P0, kahi e hoʻonui ai ʻo Voc ʻoiai e emi ana ʻo Isc me ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka ikaika o ke kukui a hiki i ka zero ma P0. ʻO ke kolu o ka ʻāpana ma luna o P0 a hiki i ka hiki ʻana i ke kūlana maʻamau o YBCO. ʻOiai ʻokoʻa ʻo Voc lāua ʻo Isc me ka ikaika o ke kukui ma ke ʻano like me ka ʻāpana 2, he polarity kū'ē ko lākou ma luna o ka ikaika koʻikoʻi P0. ʻO ke koʻikoʻi o P0 aia i loko o ka ʻaʻohe hopena photovoltaic a loli ke ʻano hoʻokaʻawale hoʻouka ma kēia kikoʻī. Lilo ka laʻana YBCO i non-superconducting ma kēia pae o ka ikaika o ke kukui akā ʻaʻole i hiki ke kūlana maʻamau.
ʻIke loa, pili loa nā ʻano photovoltaic o ka ʻōnaehana i ka superconductivity o YBCO a me kāna hoʻololi superconducting. Hōʻike ʻia ke kū'ē ʻokoʻa, dV/dI, o YBCO ma ke Kiʻi 2b (lalo) ma ke ʻano he hana o ka ikaika laser. E like me ka mea i ʻōlelo ʻia ma mua, ʻo ka hiki ke kūkulu ʻia i loko o ka interface ma muli o nā kiko hoʻolaha pair Cooper mai ka superconductor a i ka metala. E like me ka mea i ʻike ʻia ma 50 K, hoʻonui ʻia ka hopena photovoltaic me ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka ikaika laser mai 0 a i Pc. Ke hiki ka ikaika laser i kahi waiwai ma luna iki o Pc, hoʻomaka ka piʻo IV e hiʻi a hoʻomaka ka pale ʻana o ka laʻana e ʻike ʻia, akā ʻaʻole i loli ka polarity o ka hiki interface. Ua noiʻi ʻia ka hopena o ka hoʻonāukiuki optical ma ka superconductivity ma ka ʻāpana ʻike ʻia a kokoke paha i ka IR. ʻOiai ʻo ke kaʻina hana kumu ka uhaki ʻana i nā hui Cooper a luku i ka superconductivity25,26, i kekahi mau hihia hiki ke hoʻonui ʻia ka hoʻololi superconductivity27,28,29, hiki ke hoʻoulu ʻia nā pae hou o ka superconductivity30. ʻO ka nele o ka superconductivity ma Pc hiki ke hoʻopili ʻia i ka haki ʻana o ka hui photo-induced. Ma ke kiko P0, lilo ka hiki ma waena o ka interface i ka ʻole, e hōʻike ana i ka nui o ka hoʻopiʻi ma nā ʻaoʻao ʻelua o ka interface e hiki i ka pae like ma lalo o kēia ikaika kikoʻī o ka mālamalama. ʻO ka hoʻonui hou ʻana i ka ikaika laser e hopena i ka luku ʻia ʻana o nā hui Cooper hou a hoʻololi mālie ʻia ʻo YBCO i kahi mea ʻano p. Ma kahi o ka electron a me ka Cooper pair diffusion, ua hoʻoholo ʻia ke ʻano o ka interface e ka electron a me ka hole diffusion e alakaʻi ai i ka polarity reversal o ke kahua uila ma ka interface a no laila he Voc maikaʻi (e hoʻohālikelike i ke Kiʻi 1d, h). Ma ka ikaika laser kiʻekiʻe loa, ʻo ke kū'ē ʻokoʻa o YBCO e hoʻopiha i kahi waiwai e pili ana i ke kūlana maʻamau a ʻo Voc a me Isc e loli linearly me ka ikaika laser (Kiʻi 2b). Hōʻike kēia ʻike ʻana ʻaʻole e hoʻololi hou ka irradiation laser ma ke kūlana maʻamau ʻo YBCO i kona resistivity a me ke ʻano o ka superconductor-metal interface akā hoʻonui wale i ka nui o nā hui electron-hole.
No ka noiʻi ʻana i ka hopena o ka mahana ma nā waiwai photovoltaic, ua hoʻomālamalama ʻia ka ʻōnaehana metal-superconductor ma ka cathode me ka laser polū o ka ikaika 502 mW/cm2. Hāʻawi ʻia nā kiʻikuhi IV i loaʻa ma nā mahana i koho ʻia ma waena o 50 a me 300 K ma ke Kiʻi 3a. Hiki ke loaʻa ka volta kaapuni hāmama ʻo Voc, ke au kaapuni pōkole ʻo Isc a me ke kūʻē ʻokoʻa mai kēia mau kiʻikuhi IV a ua hōʻike ʻia ma ke Kiʻi 3b. Me ka ʻole o ka mālamalama, ʻo nā kiʻikuhi IV āpau i ana ʻia ma nā mahana like ʻole e hala i ke kumu e like me ka mea i manaʻo ʻia (inset o ke Kiʻi 3a). Hoʻololi nui nā ʻano IV me ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka mahana ke hoʻomālamalama ʻia ka ʻōnaehana e kahi kukuna laser ikaika (502 mW/cm2). Ma nā mahana haʻahaʻa, ʻo nā kiʻikuhi IV he mau laina pololei e like me ke axis I me nā waiwai maikaʻi ʻole o Voc. Neʻe kēia kiʻikuhi i luna me ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka mahana a lilo mālie i laina me kahi pali nonzero ma kahi mahana koʻikoʻi Tcp (Kiʻi 3a (luna)). Me he mea lā e hoʻohuli ana nā kiʻikuhi ʻano IV āpau a puni kahi kiko ma ke kolu o ka quadrant. Piʻi ka Voc mai kahi waiwai maikaʻi ʻole i kahi waiwai maikaʻi ʻoiai ʻo Isc e emi ana mai kahi waiwai maikaʻi a i kahi waiwai maikaʻi ʻole. Ma luna o ka mahana hoʻololi superconducting mua ʻo Tc o YBCO, loli ʻokoʻa ka piʻo IV me ka mahana (lalo o ke Kiʻi 3a). ʻO ka mea mua, neʻe ke kikowaena wili o nā piʻo IV i ka quadrant mua. ʻO ka lua, hoʻomau ka emi ʻana o Voc a piʻi ʻo Isc me ka piʻi ʻana o ka mahana (luna o ke Kiʻi 3b). ʻO ke kolu, piʻi ka pali o nā piʻo IV me ka mahana e hopena ana i kahi coefficient mahana maikaʻi o ke kū'ē no YBCO (lalo o ke Kiʻi 3b).
Ka hilinaʻi ʻana o ka mahana i nā ʻano photovoltaic no ka ʻōnaehana hoʻopili YBCO-Ag ma lalo o ka hoʻomālamalama laser 502 mW/cm2.
Ua kau ʻia ke kikowaena kiko laser a puni nā electrodes cathode (e nānā i ke Kiʻi 1i). a, nā piʻo IV i loaʻa mai 50 a 90 K (luna) a mai 100 a 300 K (lalo) me ka hoʻonui ʻana o ka mahana o 5 K a me 20 K, kēlā me kēia. Hōʻike ka Inset a i nā ʻano IV ma kekahi mau mahana i ka pōʻeleʻele. Ke hele nei nā piʻo a pau i ke kiko kumu. b, ka uila kaapuni hāmama ʻo Voc a me ke au kaapuni pōkole ʻo Isc (luna) a me ke kū'ē ʻokoʻa, dV/dI, o YBCO (lalo) ma ke ʻano he hana o ka mahana. ʻAʻole i hāʻawi ʻia ka mahana hoʻololi superconducting zero resistance Tcp no ka mea ua kokoke loa ia iā Tc0.
ʻEkolu mau mahana koʻikoʻi hiki ke ʻike ʻia mai ke Kiʻi 3b: Tcp, ma luna o ia mea e lilo ai ʻo YBCO i non-superconducting; Tc0, ma ia mea e lilo ai ʻo Voc a me Isc i zero a me Tc, ka mahana hoʻololi superconducting mua o YBCO me ka ʻole o ka irradiation laser. Ma lalo o Tcp ~ 55 K, aia ka YBCO i hoʻomālamalama ʻia e ka laser i ke kūlana superconducting me ka nui o nā hui Cooper. ʻO ka hopena o ka irradiation laser, ʻo ia ka hoʻemi ʻana i ka mahana hoʻololi superconducting kū'ē ʻole mai 89 K a i ~ 55 K (lalo o ke Kiʻi 3b) ma ka hoʻemi ʻana i ka nui o ka hui Cooper me ka hoʻopuka ʻana i ka voltage photovoltaic a me ke au. ʻO ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka mahana e wāwahi pū i nā hui Cooper e alakaʻi ana i kahi hiki ke haʻahaʻa i ka interface. No laila, e liʻiliʻi ka waiwai paʻa o Voc, ʻoiai ua hoʻopili ʻia ka ikaika like o ka hoʻomālamalama laser. E liʻiliʻi a liʻiliʻi ka hiki ke interface me ka hoʻonui hou ʻana o ka mahana a hiki i ka zero ma Tc0. ʻAʻohe hopena photovoltaic ma kēia kiko kūikawā no ka mea ʻaʻohe kahua kūloko e hoʻokaʻawale i nā hui electron-hole i hoʻokomo ʻia e ka photo. ʻO ka hoʻohuli ʻana o ka polarity o ka hiki ke hana ma luna o kēia mahana koʻikoʻi ʻoiai ʻoi aku ka nui o ka nui o ka uku manuahi ma ka Ag paste ma mua o ka YBCO i hoʻihoʻi mālie ʻia i kahi mea ʻano-p. Maanei makemake mākou e hoʻokūpaʻa i ka hoʻohuli ʻana o ka polarity o Voc lāua ʻo Isc e hana koke ma hope o ka hoʻololi superconducting kū'ē ʻole, me ka nānā ʻole i ke kumu o ka hoʻololi. Hōʻike maopopo kēia ʻike, no ka manawa mua, i ka pilina ma waena o ka superconductivity a me nā hopena photovoltaic e pili ana me ka hiki ke hoʻopili ʻia o ka metal-superconductor. ʻO ke ʻano o kēia hiki ma waena o ka superconductor-normal metal interface he mea noiʻi ia no nā makahiki he ʻumi i hala iho nei akā he nui nā nīnau e kali ana e pane ʻia. ʻO ke ana ʻana o ka hopena photovoltaic e hōʻoia i kahi ʻano hana kūpono no ka ʻimi ʻana i nā kikoʻī (e like me kona ikaika a me ka polarity etc.) o kēia hiki koʻikoʻi a no laila e hoʻomālamalama i ka hopena kokoke o ka superconducting wela kiʻekiʻe.
ʻO ka hoʻonui hou ʻana o ka mahana mai Tc0 a i Tc e alakaʻi i kahi liʻiliʻi o ka hoʻohuihui ʻana o nā hui Cooper a me ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka hiki o ka interface a no laila ʻoi aku ka nui o Voc. Ma Tc, lilo ka hoʻohuihui ʻana o nā hui Cooper i ka ʻole a hiki i ka hiki ke kūkulu ʻia ma ka interface i ka palena kiʻekiʻe, e hopena ana i ka Voc kiʻekiʻe a me ka Isc haʻahaʻa loa. ʻO ka hoʻonui wikiwiki ʻana o Voc a me Isc (waiwai piha) i loko o kēia pae mahana e pili ana i ka hoʻololi superconducting i hoʻonui ʻia mai ΔT ~ 3 K a i ~ 34 K e ka irradiation laser o ka ikaika 502 mW/cm2 (Kiʻi 3b). I nā kūlana maʻamau ma luna o Tc, emi ka voltage kaapuni hāmama Voc me ka mahana (luna o ke Kiʻi 3b), e like me ke ʻano linear o Voc no nā cell solar maʻamau e pili ana i nā pn junctions31,32,33. ʻOiai ʻo ka wikiwiki o ka loli o Voc me ka mahana (−dVoc/dT), ka mea e hilinaʻi nui ana i ka ikaika laser, ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi ma mua o nā cell solar maʻamau, ʻo ke coefficient mahana o Voc no ka YBCO-Ag junction he like ke ʻano o ka nui me nā cell solar. Hoʻonui ke au leaka o kahi hui pn no kahi mea hana kelepona solar maʻamau me ka hoʻonui ʻana o ka mahana, e alakaʻi ana i ka emi ʻana o Voc i ka piʻi ʻana o ka mahana. ʻO nā kiʻikuhi linear IV i ʻike ʻia no kēia ʻōnaehana Ag-superconductor, ma muli o ka hiki ke hoʻopili liʻiliʻi loa a me ka lua o ka pilina hope-a-hope o nā heterojunctions ʻelua, e paʻakikī ai ke hoʻoholo i ke au leaka. Eia naʻe, ʻike ʻia he mea hiki loa ke pili like ka mahana o ke au leaka i ke ʻano o Voc i ʻike ʻia i kā mākou hoʻokolohua. Wahi a ka wehewehe ʻana, ʻo Isc ke au e pono ai e hana i kahi volta maikaʻi ʻole e uku iā Voc i ʻole ka volta holoʻokoʻa. I ka piʻi ʻana o ka mahana, lilo ka Voc i mea liʻiliʻi i pono ai ke au e hana i ka volta maikaʻi ʻole. Eia kekahi, hoʻonui linear ke kū'ē o YBCO me ka mahana ma luna o Tc (lalo o ke Kiʻi 3b), kahi e hāʻawi pū ai i ka waiwai liʻiliʻi o Isc i nā mahana kiʻekiʻe.
E hoʻomaopopo i ka loaʻa ʻana o nā hopena i hāʻawi ʻia ma nā Kiʻi 2,3 ma o ka hoʻomālamalama ʻana o ka laser ma kahi a puni nā electrodes cathode. Ua hana hou ʻia nā ana me kahi laser i kau ʻia ma ka anode a ua ʻike ʻia nā ʻano IV like a me nā waiwai photovoltaic koe wale nō ka hoʻohuli ʻia ʻana o ka polarity o Voc lāua ʻo Isc i kēia hihia. Ke alakaʻi nei kēia mau ʻikepili āpau i kahi ʻano hana no ka hopena photovoltaic, kahi e pili pono ana i ka interface superconductor-metal.
I ka hōʻuluʻulu manaʻo, ua ana ʻia nā ʻano IV o ka ʻōnaehana hoʻopili superconducting YBCO-Ag irradiated laser ma ke ʻano he mau hana o ka mahana a me ka ikaika laser. Ua ʻike ʻia ka hopena photovoltaic kupaianaha ma ka pae mahana mai 50 a 300 K. Ua ʻike ʻia ua pili pono nā waiwai photovoltaic i ka superconductivity o nā keramika YBCO. Hana koke ʻia kahi hoʻohuli polarity o Voc lāua ʻo Isc ma hope o ka hoʻololi ʻana o ka superconducting i hoʻokomo ʻia e ke kiʻi i ka hoʻololi ʻole-superconducting. ʻO ka hilinaʻi ʻana o ka mahana o Voc lāua ʻo Isc i ana ʻia ma ka ikaika laser paʻa e hōʻike pū ana i kahi hoʻohuli polarity ʻokoʻa ma kahi mahana koʻikoʻi ma luna o ka laʻana e lilo ai i resistive. Ma ka hoʻonoho ʻana i kahi kiko laser i kahi ʻāpana like ʻole o ka laʻana, hōʻike mākou aia kahi hiki ke uila ma waena o ka interface, kahi e hāʻawi ai i ka ikaika hoʻokaʻawale no nā hui electron-hole i hoʻokomo ʻia e ke kiʻi. Kuhikuhi kēia hiki ke interface mai YBCO i ka electrode metala i ka wā e superconducting ai ʻo YBCO a hoʻololi i ke kuhikuhi ʻē aʻe i ka wā e lilo ai ka laʻana i nonsuperconducting. Hiki ke pili maoli ke kumu o ka hiki ke hana me ka hopena kokoke ma ka pilina metala-superconductor ke superconducting ʻo YBCO a ua manaʻo ʻia he ~10−8 mV ma 50 K me ka ikaika laser o 502 mW/cm2. ʻO ka hoʻopili ʻana o kahi mea ʻano-p YBCO ma ke kūlana maʻamau me kahi mea ʻano-n Ag-paste e hana i kahi hui quasi-pn nāna ke kuleana no ke ʻano photovoltaic o nā keramika YBCO i nā mahana kiʻekiʻe. Hoʻomālamalama nā ʻike ma luna nei i ka hopena PV i nā keramika YBCO superconducting wela kiʻekiʻe a hoʻomākaukau i ke ala i nā noi hou i nā polokalamu optoelectronic e like me ka mea ʻike kukui passive wikiwiki a me ka mea ʻike photon hoʻokahi.
Ua hana ʻia nā hoʻokolohua hopena photovoltaic ma kahi hāpana keramika YBCO o 0.52 mm ka mānoanoa a me ke ʻano rectangular 8.64 × 2.26 mm2 a hoʻomālamalama ʻia e ka laser polū hoʻomau (λ = 450 nm) me ka nui o ka wahi laser o 1.25 mm ka radius. ʻO ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka hāpana ʻili lahilahi ma mua o ka hāpana ʻili lahilahi e hiki ai iā mākou ke aʻo i nā waiwai photovoltaic o ka superconductor me ka ʻole o ka hana ʻana me ka mana paʻakikī o ka substrate6,7. Eia kekahi, hiki i ka mea nui ke kūpono no kāna kaʻina hana hoʻomākaukau maʻalahi a me ke kumukūʻai haʻahaʻa. Hoʻopili ʻia nā uea alakaʻi keleawe ma ka hāpana YBCO me ka hoʻopili kālā e hana ana i ʻehā mau electrodes pōʻai ma kahi o 1 mm ke anawaena. ʻO ka mamao ma waena o nā electrodes voltage ʻelua ma kahi o 5 mm. Ua ana ʻia nā ʻano IV o ka hāpana me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka magnetometer hāpana haʻalulu (VersaLab, Quantum Design) me ka puka makani kristal quartz. Ua hoʻohana ʻia ke ʻano ʻehā uea maʻamau e loaʻa ai nā piʻo IV. Hōʻike ʻia nā kūlana pili o nā electrodes a me ka wahi laser ma ke Kiʻi 1i.
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Yang, F., Han, M. & Chang, F. Kumu o ka hopena photovoltaic i nā keramika YBa2Cu3O6.96 superconducting. Sci Rep 5, 11504 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1038/srep11504
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