ʻO ka semiconductor kahi mea nona ka conductivity uila ma ka mahana o ka lumi ma waena o ke alakaʻi a me ka insulator. E like me ke kaula keleawe i ke ola o kēlā me kēia lā, he alakaʻi ke kaula alumini, a he insulator ka laholio. Mai ka manaʻo o ka conductivity: pili ka semiconductor i kahi conductivity hiki ke hoʻomalu ʻia, mai ka insulator a i ke alakaʻi.
I nā lā mua o nā ʻāpana semiconductor, ʻaʻole ʻo silicon ka mea nui, ʻo germanium. ʻO ka transistor mua he transistor i hoʻokumu ʻia i ka germanium a ʻo ka ʻāpana kaapuni hoʻohui mua he ʻāpana germanium.
Eia nō naʻe, he mau pilikia paʻakikī loa ko ka germanium, e like me nā hemahema interface he nui i loko o nā semiconductors, ka paʻa wela haʻahaʻa, a me ka lawa ʻole o ka density o nā oxides. Eia kekahi, he mea kakaikahi ka germanium, ʻo ka nui o ka ʻili o ka Honua he 7 wale nō ʻāpana no ka miliona, a ua hoʻopuehu nui ʻia ka hoʻolaha ʻana o ka germanium ore. No ka mea he kakaikahi loa ka germanium, ʻaʻole i hoʻopaʻa ʻia ka hoʻolaha ʻana, e hopena ana i ke kumukūʻai kiʻekiʻe o nā mea maka germanium; He kakaikahi nā mea, he kiʻekiʻe ke kumukūʻai o nā mea maka, a ʻaʻole makepono nā transistors germanium ma nā wahi āpau, no laila he paʻakikī ke hana nui i nā transistors germanium.
No laila, e nā mea noiʻi, ua lele ke kikowaena o ke aʻo ʻana i hoʻokahi pae, e nānā ana i ka silicon. Hiki ke ʻōlelo ʻia ʻo nā hemahema hānau āpau o ka germanium nā pono hānau o ka silicon.
1, ʻo silicon ka lua o ka mea nui loa ma hope o ka oxygen, akā ʻaʻole hiki iā ʻoe ke loaʻa ka silicon ma ke ʻano, ʻo kāna mau hui maʻamau he silica a me silicates. ʻO Silica kekahi o nā ʻāpana nui o ke one. Eia kekahi, ua hoʻokumu ʻia ka feldspar, granite, quartz a me nā hui ʻē aʻe ma nā hui silicon-oxygen.
2. Maikaʻi ke kūpaʻa wela o ka silicon, me kahi oxide dielectric constant kiʻekiʻe a paʻa, hiki ke hoʻomākaukau maʻalahi i kahi interface silicon-silicon oxide me kekahi mau hemahema interface.
3. ʻAʻole hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia ka ʻokikene silicon i ka wai (ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia ka ʻokikene germanium i ka wai) a ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia i ka hapa nui o nā waikawa, ʻo ia wale nō ka ʻenehana paʻi palaho o nā papa kaapuni i paʻi ʻia. ʻO ka huahana i hui pū ʻia ʻo ia ke kaʻina hana planar kaapuni hoʻohui ʻia e hoʻomau nei a hiki i kēia lā.
Ka manawa hoʻouna: Iulai-31-2023