Kuki Silicon ari chip ya semiconductor?

Semiconductor ni ibikoresho bifite amashanyarazi akoreshwa mu bushyuhe bw'icyumba hagati y'ay'umuyoboro w'amashanyarazi n'ay'umuyoboro w'amashanyarazi. Kimwe n'insinga z'umuringa mu buzima bwa buri munsi, insinga za aluminiyumu ni umuyoboro w'amashanyarazi, naho rubber ikaba umuyoboro w'amashanyarazi. Mu rwego rwo kugabanya amashanyarazi: semiconductor yerekeza ku muyoboro w'amashanyarazi ushobora kugenzurwa, kuva ku muyoboro w'amashanyarazi kugeza ku muyoboro w'amashanyarazi.

Mu ntangiriro z'udupira twa semiconductor, silicon ntabwo yari umukinnyi ukomeye, germanium ni yo yari umukinnyi ukomeye. Transistor ya mbere yari transistor ishingiye kuri germanium naho chip ya mbere ya integrated circuit yari chip ya germanium.

Ariko, germanium ifite ibibazo bikomeye cyane, nko kuba hari inenge nyinshi mu mikorere ya semiconductors, kudakomera neza mu bushyuhe, ndetse no kuba nta bucucike buhagije bwa okiside. Byongeye kandi, germanium ni ikintu kidasanzwe, ingano y'isi ni ibice 7 gusa kuri miliyoni, kandi ubwinshi bw'amabuye ya germanium nabwo burakwirakwira cyane. Ni ukubera ko germanium ari nke cyane, ikwirakwira ryayo ntirihujwe, bigatuma ibikoresho fatizo bya germanium bihenda cyane; Ibintu ni bike cyane, ibiciro by'ibikoresho fatizo ni byinshi, kandi transistors za germanium ntabwo zihendutse ahantu hose, bityo transistors za germanium ziragoye gukora ku bwinshi.

Rero, abashakashatsi, intego y’ubushakashatsi yazamutse cyane, bareba silikoni. Dushobora kuvuga ko inenge zose za germanium zivukana ari ibyiza bya silikoni.

1, silikoni ni yo kintu cya kabiri gikunzwe cyane nyuma ya ogisijeni, ariko ntushobora kubona silikoni mu bidukikije, ibintu bikunze gukoreshwa cyane ni silikoni na silicates. Silika ni kimwe mu bintu by'ingenzi bigize umucanga. Byongeye kandi, feldspar, granite, quartz n'ibindi bintu bishingiye ku bintu bikomoka kuri silikoni na ogisijeni.

2. Ubushyuhe bwa silikoni ni bwiza, hamwe na okiside ihoraho ya dielectric nyinshi, ishobora gutegura byoroshye imiterere ya silicon-silicon oxide ifite inenge nke.

3. Okiside ya silikoni ntishongera mu mazi (okiside ya germanium ntishongera mu mazi) kandi ntishongera mu aside nyinshi, ari nabwo buryo bwo gucapa ingese bw’amabati yacapwe. Ibicuruzwa bihujwe ni inzira ihuriweho y’amatara ya sikirini ikomeje kugeza n’uyu munsi.