Chifukwa chiyani Silicon ndi chipangizo cha semiconductor?

Semiconductor ndi chinthu chomwe mphamvu yake yamagetsi pa kutentha kwa chipinda imakhala pakati pa waya wa conductor ndi insulator. Monga waya wamkuwa m'moyo watsiku ndi tsiku, waya wa aluminiyamu ndi kondakitala, ndipo rabara ndi insulator. Malinga ndi mphamvu ya conductivity: semiconductor amatanthauza conductivity yomwe imatha kulamulirika, kuyambira insulator mpaka conductor.

M'masiku oyambirira a ma chips a semiconductor, silicon sinali wosewera wamkulu, germanium inali. Transistor yoyamba inali transistor yochokera ku germanium ndipo chip yoyamba yolumikizidwa inali chip ya germanium.

Komabe, germanium ili ndi mavuto ena ovuta kwambiri, monga zolakwika zambiri za mawonekedwe a semiconductors, kusakhazikika kwa kutentha, komanso kusakwanira kwa ma oxides. Kuphatikiza apo, germanium ndi chinthu chosowa, zomwe zili mu crust ya Dziko Lapansi ndi magawo 7 okha pa miliyoni, ndipo kufalikira kwa germanium ore nakonso kumafalikira kwambiri. Izi zili choncho chifukwa germanium ndi yosowa kwambiri, kufalikira sikuli kokhazikika, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zinthu zopangira germanium zikhale zokwera mtengo; Zinthu ndizosowa, mtengo wazinthu zopangira ndi wokwera, ndipo ma transistors a germanium si otsika mtengo kulikonse, kotero ma transistors a germanium ndi ovuta kupanga mochuluka.

Kotero, ofufuza, cholinga cha kafukufukuyu chinakwera kwambiri, poyang'ana silicon. Tinganene kuti zofooka zonse zobadwa nazo za germanium ndi zabwino zobadwa nazo za silicon.

1, silicon ndi chinthu chachiwiri chochuluka kwambiri pambuyo pa mpweya, koma simungapeze silicon m'chilengedwe, mankhwala ake ofala kwambiri ndi silika ndi silicates. Silika ndi chimodzi mwa zigawo zazikulu za mchenga. Kuphatikiza apo, feldspar, granite, quartz ndi mankhwala ena amachokera ku mankhwala a silicon-oxygen.

2. Kukhazikika kwa kutentha kwa silicon ndi kwabwino, chifukwa cha oxide yokhazikika ya dielectric yochuluka, imatha kukonza mosavuta mawonekedwe a silicon-silicon oxide okhala ndi zolakwika zochepa pa mawonekedwe.

3. Silicon oxide siisungunuka m'madzi (germanium oxide siisungunuka m'madzi) ndipo siisungunuka m'ma asidi ambiri, omwe ndi ukadaulo wosindikizira dzimbiri wa ma circuit board osindikizidwa. Chopangidwa chophatikizidwacho ndi njira yolumikizirana ya circuit yomwe ikupitilirabe mpaka pano.