Kungani i-Silicon njenge-chip ye-semiconductor?

I-semiconductor yinto ekwaziyo ukudlulisa ugesi ekushiseni kwegumbi phakathi komqhubi kanye ne-insulator. Njengentambo yethusi empilweni yansuku zonke, intambo ye-aluminium iyi-conductor, kanti irabha iyi-insulator. Ngokombono wokudlulisa ugesi: i-semiconductor ibhekisela ku-conductivity engalawuleka, kusukela ku-insulator kuya kumqhubi.

Ezinsukwini zokuqala zama-semiconductor chips, i-silicon yayingeyona umdlali oyinhloko, i-germanium yayiyiyona. I-transistor yokuqala yayiyi-transistor esekelwe ku-germanium kanti i-integrated circuit chip yokuqala yayiyi-germanium chip.

Kodwa-ke, i-germanium inezinkinga ezinzima kakhulu, njengeziphambeko eziningi ze-interface kuma-semiconductors, ukuzinza kokushisa okungekuhle, kanye nobuningi obunganele bama-oxide. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-germanium iyisici esingavamile, okuqukethwe oqweqweni loMhlaba kuyizingxenye ezi-7 kuphela ngesigidi, futhi ukusatshalaliswa kwe-germanium ore nakho kusakazeke kakhulu. Kungenxa yokuthi i-germanium ayivamile kakhulu, ukusatshalaliswa akugxilile, okuholela ezindleko eziphezulu zezinto zokusetshenziswa ze-germanium; Izinto azivamile, izindleko zezinto zokusetshenziswa ziphezulu, futhi ama-transistor e-germanium awashibhile noma kuphi, ngakho-ke ama-transistor e-germanium kunzima ukuwakhiqiza ngobuningi.

Ngakho-ke, abacwaningi, okugxilwe kukho ocwaningweni, bakhuphukela ezingeni elilodwa, bebheka i-silicon. Kungashiwo ukuthi konke ukushiyeka kokuzalwa kwe-germanium kuyinzuzo yokuzalwa ye-silicon.

1, i-silicon iyisakhi sesibili esitholakala ngobuningi ngemva kwe-oxygen, kodwa awukwazi ukuthola i-silicon emvelweni, ama-compound ayo avame kakhulu yi-silica nama-silica. I-Silica ingenye yezakhi eziyinhloko zesihlabathi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-feldspar, i-granite, i-quartz nezinye izakhi zisekelwe kuma-compound e-silicon-oxygen.

2. Ukuqina kokushisa kwe-silicon kuhle, nge-oxide eqinile ye-dielectric ephezulu, ingalungiselela kalula i-interface ye-silicon-silicon oxide enezinkinga ezimbalwa ze-interface.

3. I-silicon oxide ayincibiliki emanzini (i-germanium oxide ayincibiliki emanzini) futhi ayincibiliki kuma-asidi amaningi, okuwubuchwepheshe bokuphrinta ukugqwala kwamabhodi wesekethe aphrintiwe. Umkhiqizo ohlanganisiwe uyinqubo ehlanganisiwe yesekethe ehleliwe eqhubekayo nanamuhla.