Mayiko ambiri akuyamba kukhazikitsa zolinga zamphamvu za haidrojeni, ndipo ndalama zina zikuyang'ana pakukula kwa ukadaulo wa haidrojeni wobiriwira. EU ndi China zikutsogolera chitukukochi, kufunafuna zabwino zoyambira mu ukadaulo ndi zomangamanga. Pakadali pano, Japan, South Korea, France, Germany, Netherlands, New Zealand ndi Australia zonse zatulutsa njira zamphamvu za haidrojeni ndikukonzekera mapulani oyesera kuyambira 2017. Mu 2021, EU idapereka lamulo lofunikira la mphamvu ya haidrojeni, ikupereka lingaliro lowonjezera mphamvu yogwirira ntchito yopanga haidrojeni m'maselo amagetsi kufika pa 6GW pofika 2024 podalira mphamvu ya mphepo ndi dzuwa, ndipo kufika pa 40GW pofika 2030, mphamvu yopangira haidrojeni mu EU idzawonjezeka kufika pa 40GW ndi 40GW yowonjezera kunja kwa EU.
Monga momwe zilili ndi ukadaulo watsopano, haidrojeni wobiriwira ukusintha kuchoka pa kafukufuku woyamba ndi chitukuko kupita ku chitukuko chachikulu cha mafakitale, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti ndalama zogwirira ntchito zichepe komanso kuti pakhale luso lowonjezereka pakupanga, kumanga ndi kukhazikitsa. LCOH ya haidrojeni wobiriwira imakhala ndi zigawo zitatu: mtengo wa maselo a electrolytic, mtengo wamagetsi obwezerezedwanso ndi ndalama zina zogwirira ntchito. Kawirikawiri, mtengo wa maselo a electrolytic umakhala pafupifupi 20% ~ 25% ya LCOH ya haidrojeni wobiriwira, ndipo gawo lalikulu la magetsi (70% ~ 75%). Ndalama zogwirira ntchito ndi zochepa, nthawi zambiri zimakhala zosakwana 5%.
Padziko lonse lapansi, mtengo wa mphamvu zongowonjezwdwa (makamaka mphamvu ya dzuwa ndi mphepo) watsika kwambiri pazaka 30 zapitazi, ndipo mtengo wake wa mphamvu wofanana (LCOE) tsopano uli pafupi ndi wa mphamvu yogwiritsa ntchito malasha ($30-50 /MWh), zomwe zimapangitsa kuti mphamvu zongowonjezwdwa zikhale zokwera mtengo kwambiri mtsogolo. Ndalama zongowonjezwdwa zikupitirira kutsika ndi 10% pachaka, ndipo pofika chaka cha 2030 ndalama zongowonjezwdwa zidzafika pafupifupi $20 /MWh. Ndalama zogwirira ntchito sizingachepe kwambiri, koma ndalama zogwiritsira ntchito ma cell zitha kuchepetsedwa ndipo ndalama zophunzirira zofanana zikuyembekezeka kwa ma cell monga mphamvu ya dzuwa kapena ya mphepo.
Ma solar PV adapangidwa m'zaka za m'ma 1970 ndipo mtengo wa ma solar PV LCoEs mu 2010 unali pafupifupi $500 /MWh. Ma solar PV LCOE atsika kwambiri kuyambira 2010 ndipo pakadali pano ndi $30 mpaka $50 /MWh. Popeza ukadaulo wa ma electrolytic cell uli wofanana ndi muyezo wa mafakitale wopanga ma solar photovoltaic cell, kuyambira 2020-2030, ukadaulo wa ma electrolytic cell ukhoza kutsatira njira yofanana ndi ma solar photovoltaic cells pankhani ya mtengo wa unit. Nthawi yomweyo, LCOE ya mphepo yatsika kwambiri m'zaka khumi zapitazi, koma ndi ndalama zochepa (pafupifupi 50 peresenti yakunja kwa nyanja ndi 60 peresenti yakunja kwa nyanja).
Dziko lathu limagwiritsa ntchito magwero a mphamvu zongowonjezwdwanso (monga mphamvu ya mphepo, photovoltaic, hydropower) popanga hydrogen yamadzi amagetsi, pamene mtengo wamagetsi ukulamulidwa mu 0.25 yuan /kWh pansipa, mtengo wopanga hydrogen uli ndi mphamvu zachuma (15.3 ~ 20.9 yuan /kg). Zizindikiro zaukadaulo ndi zachuma za alkaline electrolysis ndi PEM electrolysis kupanga hydrogen zawonetsedwa mu Table 1.
Njira yowerengera ndalama zopangira haidrojeni yamagetsi ikuwonetsedwa mu ma equation (1) ndi (2). LCOE = mtengo wokhazikika/(kuchuluka kwa kupanga haidrojeni x moyo) + mtengo wogwirira ntchito (1) Mtengo wogwirira ntchito = kugwiritsa ntchito magetsi opangira haidrojeni x mtengo wamagetsi + mtengo wamadzi + mtengo wosamalira zida (2) Potengera mapulojekiti a alkaline electrolysis ndi PEM electrolysis (1000 Nm3/h) mwachitsanzo, ganizirani kuti moyo wonse wa mapulojekiti ndi zaka 20 ndipo moyo wogwirira ntchito ndi 9×104h. Mtengo wokhazikika wa phukusi la electrolytic cell, chipangizo choyeretsera haidrojeni, ndalama zolipirira zinthu, ndalama zomangira nyumba, ndalama zoyikira ntchito ndi zina zimawerengedwa pa 0.3 yuan /kWh ya electrolysis. Kuyerekeza mtengo kukuwonetsedwa mu Table 2.
Poyerekeza ndi njira zina zopangira haidrojeni, ngati mtengo wamagetsi wa mphamvu zongowonjezwdwa uli wotsika kuposa 0.25 yuan / kWh, mtengo wa haidrojeni wobiriwira ukhoza kuchepetsedwa kufika pa 15 yuan / kg, zomwe zimayamba kukhala ndi phindu pamtengo. Pankhani ya kusalowerera ndale kwa kaboni, ndi kuchepetsa ndalama zopangira mphamvu zongowonjezwdwa, chitukuko chachikulu cha mapulojekiti opanga haidrojeni, kuchepetsa kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zamaselo amagetsi ndi ndalama zogulira ndalama, ndi chitsogozo cha msonkho wa kaboni ndi mfundo zina, njira yochepetsera mtengo wa haidrojeni wobiriwira idzakhala yomveka pang'onopang'ono. Nthawi yomweyo, chifukwa kupanga haidrojeni kuchokera ku magwero amagetsi achikhalidwe kudzasakanizidwa ndi zinthu zambiri zodetsa monga kaboni, sulfure ndi chlorine, komanso mtengo woyeretsa kwambiri ndi CCUS, mtengo weniweni wopanga ukhoza kupitirira 20 yuan / kg.
Nthawi yotumizira: Feb-06-2023