Kei te tīmata te maha haere o ngā whenua ki te whakatakoto whāinga rautaki mō te pūngao hauwai, ā, ko ētahi haumitanga kei te anga atu ki te whanaketanga hangarau hauwai matomato. Ko te EU me Haina kei te ārahi i tēnei whanaketanga, e rapu ana i ngā painga tuatahi i roto i te hangarau me ngā hanganga. I taua wā, kua tukuna e Hapani, Kōrea ki te Tonga, Wīwī, Tiamana, Hōrana, Aotearoa me Ahitereiria ngā rautaki pūngao hauwai, ā, kua whakawhanakehia ngā mahere whakamātautau mai i te tau 2017. I te tau 2021, i tukuna e te EU he whakaritenga rautaki mō te pūngao hauwai, e whakaaro ana kia whakapiki ake i te kaha whakahaere o te hanga hauwai i roto i ngā pūtau hiko ki te 6GW i te tau 2024 mā te whakawhirinaki ki te hau me te pūngao rā, ā, ki te 40GW i te tau 2030, ka whakanuia te kaha o te hanga hauwai i roto i te EU ki te 40GW mā te 40GW tāpiri i waho o te EU.
Pērā i ngā hangarau hou katoa, kei te neke te hauwai matomato mai i te rangahau me te whanaketanga tuatahi ki te whanaketanga ahumahi matua, ā, ka hua ake he iti ake ngā utu waeine me te pikinga ake o te whai huatanga o te hoahoa, te hanga me te tāutanga. E toru ngā wāhanga o te hauwai matomato LCOH: te utu pūtau hikohiko, te utu hiko whakahou me ētahi atu utu whakahaere. I te nuinga o te wā, ko te utu o te pūtau hikohiko e pā ana ki te 20% ~ 25% o te hauwai matomato LCOH, ā, ko te wāhanga nui rawa atu o te hiko (70% ~ 75%). He iti noa ngā utu whakahaere, he iti iho i te 5%.
I te ao whānui, kua tino heke te utu o te pūngao whakahou (te nuinga o te pūngao rā me te hau) i roto i ngā tau 30 kua pahure ake nei, ā, ko tōna utu pūngao ōrite (LCOE) kua tata ki te utu o te hiko waro ($30-50 /MWh), ka nui ake te whakataetae utu o ngā pūngao whakahou a meake nei. Kei te heke tonu ngā utu pūngao whakahou mā te 10% i te tau, ā, i te tau 2030 ka eke ngā utu pūngao whakahou ki te $20 /MWh. Kāore e taea te whakaiti nui i ngā utu whakahaere, engari ka taea te whakaiti i ngā utu waeine pūtau, ā, e tumanakohia ana he ara utu ako rite tonu mō ngā pūtau ki te pūngao rā, hau rānei.
I whakawhanakehia te pūngao hiko pūngao rā i ngā tau 1970, ā, ko te utu mō ngā pūngao hiko pūngao rā LCoE i te tau 2010 he tata ki te $500 /MWh. Kua tino heke te utu mō te pūngao hiko pūngao rā LCOE mai i te tau 2010, ā, kei te $30 ki te $50 /MWh i tēnei wā. I te mea he rite te hangarau pūtau hiko ki te paerewa ahumahi mō te hanga pūtau hiko pūngao rā, mai i te tau 2020-2030, tera pea ka whai te hangarau pūtau hiko i te ara rite ki ngā pūngao hiko pūngao rā e pā ana ki te utu mō ia wae. I taua wā anō, kua tino heke te utu mō te hau i roto i te tekau tau kua hipa, engari he iti ake te utu (tata ki te 50 ōrau ki tai, me te 60 ōrau ki uta).
E whakamahi ana tō tātou whenua i ngā pūtake pūngao hou (pēnei i te hau, te photovoltaic, te hydropower) mō te hanga hauwai wai hikohiko, ina whakahaeretia te utu hiko i te 0.25 yuan/kWh i raro iho, he pai te whai huatanga ōhanga o te utu hanga hauwai (15.3 ~ 20.9 yuan/kg). Kei te Ripanga 1 ngā tohu hangarau me te ōhanga o te hanga hauwai hikohiko kawakore me te hikohiko PEM.
Ko te tikanga tatau utu mō te hanga hauwai hikohiko e whakaaturia ana i roto i ngā whārite (1) me (2). LCOE= utu pumau/(rahinga hanga hauwai x ora) + utu whakahaere (1) Utu whakahaere = te whakamahinga hiko hanga hauwai x utu hiko + utu wai + utu tiaki taputapu (2) Mā te tango i ngā kaupapa hikohiko kawakore me te hikohiko PEM (1000 Nm3/h) hei tauira, me kī ko te huringa ora katoa o ngā kaupapa he 20 tau, ā, ko te ora whakahaere he 9×104h. Ko te utu pumau o te pūtau hikohiko mōkihi, te taputapu purenga hauwai, te utu rauemi, te utu hanga ā-iwi, te utu ratonga tāutanga me ētahi atu tūemi ka tatauhia ki te 0.3 yuan/kWh mō te hikohiko. Ko te whakatairite utu e whakaaturia ana i roto i te Ripanga 2.
Ki te whakaritea ki ētahi atu tikanga whakaputa hauwai, mēnā he iti iho te utu hiko o te pūngao whakahou i te 0.25 yuan/kWh, ka taea te whakaiti i te utu o te hauwai matomato ki te 15 yuan/kg, ka tīmata te whai painga utu. I roto i te horopaki o te kore waro, me te whakaiti i ngā utu whakaputa hiko o te pūngao whakahou, te whanaketanga nui o ngā kaupapa whakaputa hauwai, te whakaiti i te whakapaunga pūngao pūtau hiko me ngā utu haumi, me te aratohu o te taake waro me ētahi atu kaupapa here, ka mārama haere te huarahi o te whakaiti i ngā utu hauwai matomato. I taua wā anō, nā te mea ka konatunatua te whakaputa hauwai mai i ngā pūtake pūngao tuku iho ki ngā poke maha e pā ana pērā i te waro, te whanariki me te chlorine, me te utu o te purenga me te CCUS, ka neke ake pea te utu whakaputa tuturu i te 20 yuan/kg.
Wā tuku: Hui-tanguru-06-2023