Ibihugu byinshi bikomeje gutangira gushyiraho intego z’ingufu za hydrogen, kandi ishoramari rimwe na rimwe ririmo gutera imbere mu ikoranabuhanga rya hydrogen ritangiza ibidukikije. Umuryango w’Ubumwe bw’u Burayi n’Ubushinwa ni byo biyoboye iri terambere, bishakisha inyungu za mbere mu ikoranabuhanga n’ibikorwa remezo. Hagati aho, Ubuyapani, Koreya y’Epfo, Ubufaransa, Ubudage, Ubuholandi, Nouvelle-Zélande na Ositaraliya byose byashyize ahagaragara ingamba z’ingufu za hydrogen kandi byateguye gahunda z’igerageza kuva mu 2017. Mu 2021, Umuryango w’Ubumwe bw’u Burayi washyizeho itegeko ry’ingufu za hydrogen, uteganya kongera ubushobozi bwo gukora hydrogen mu turemangingo tw’amashanyarazi kugera kuri 6GW bitarenze 2024 hifashishijwe ingufu z’umuyaga n’izuba, naho kugeza kuri 40GW bitarenze 2030, ubushobozi bwo gukora hydrogen muri EU buziyongera bugere kuri 40GW n’inyongera kuri 40GW hanze y’Umuryango w’Ubumwe bw’u Burayi.
Nkuko bigenda mu ikoranabuhanga rishya, hydrogen y’icyatsi kibisi irimo kuva mu bushakashatsi bw’ibanze n’iterambere ikagera ku iterambere ry’inganda, bigatuma ikiguzi cy’ibikoresho bigabanuka ndetse no kwiyongera k’ubushobozi mu gushushanya, kubaka no gushyiraho. LCOH y’icyatsi kibisi ya hydrogen igizwe n’ibice bitatu: ikiguzi cy’uturemangingo tw’amashanyarazi, igiciro cy’amashanyarazi ashobora kuvugururwa n’ibindi kiguzi cy’imikorere. Muri rusange, ikiguzi cy’uturemangingo tw’amashanyarazi kigera kuri 20% ~ 25% bya LCOH y’icyatsi kibisi ya hydrogen, n’igice kinini cy’amashanyarazi (70% ~ 75%). Ikiguzi cy’imikorere ni gito, muri rusange kiri munsi ya 5%.
Ku rwego mpuzamahanga, igiciro cy'ingufu zishobora kongera gukoreshwa (cyane cyane imirasire y'izuba n'umuyaga ku rwego rw'ingufu) cyaragabanutse cyane mu myaka 30 ishize, kandi ikiguzi cyayo cy'ingufu zingana (LCOE) ubu kiri hafi y'ingufu zikoreshwa n'amakara ($30-50 /MWh), bigatuma ingufu zishobora kongera gukoreshwa zirushaho gupiganwa mu gihe kizaza. Ikiguzi cy'ingufu zishobora kongera gukoreshwa kizakomeza kugabanukaho 10% ku mwaka, kandi ahagana mu 2030 ikiguzi cy'ingufu zishobora kongera gukoreshwa kizagera kuri $20 /MWh. Ikiguzi cy'imikorere ntigishobora kugabanuka cyane, ariko ikiguzi cy'uturemangingo gishobora kugabanuka kandi ikiguzi nk'icyo cyitezwe ku turemangingo nko ku ngufu z'izuba cyangwa umuyaga.
Ingufu zikoresha imirasire y'izuba za PV zakozwe mu myaka ya 1970 kandi igiciro cya LCoEs z'izuba mu 2010 cyari hafi $500 /MWh. Ingufu zikoresha imirasire y'izuba za PV LCOE zagabanutse cyane kuva mu 2010, ubu zikaba ziri hagati ya $30 na $50 /MWh. Bitewe n'uko ikoranabuhanga ry'uturemangingo tw'amashanyarazi risa n'icyitegererezo cy'inganda mu gukora uturemangingo tw'izuba, kuva mu 2020-2030, ikoranabuhanga ry'uturemangingo tw'amashanyarazi rishobora gukurikira inzira nk'iy'uturemangingo tw'izuba mu bijyanye n'igiciro cya buri kimwe. Muri icyo gihe, LCOE y'umuyaga yagabanutse cyane mu myaka icumi ishize, ariko ku gipimo gito (hafi 50% by'inkombe na 60% by'inkombe).
Igihugu cyacu gikoresha amasoko y'ingufu zishobora kuvugururwa (nk'ingufu z'umuyaga, photovoltaic, hydropower) mu gukora hydrolytic water electrolytic, iyo igiciro cy'amashanyarazi kigenzurwa muri 0.25 yuan / kWh hepfo, ikiguzi cyo gukora hydrogène gifite ubushobozi bwo kuzamuka mu bukungu (15.3 ~ 20.9 yuan / kg). Ibipimo bya tekiniki n'ubukungu bya electrolysis ya alkaline na PEM electrolysis ya hydrogène bigaragara mu mbonerahamwe ya 1.
Uburyo bwo kubara ikiguzi cyo gukora hydrogene electrolytic bugaragazwa mu bigereranyo (1) na (2). LCOE = ikiguzi kidahinduka / (ingano y'umusaruro wa hydrogene x ubuzima) + ikiguzi cy'imikorere (1) Ikiguzi cy'imikorere = ikoreshwa ry'amashanyarazi ya hydrogene x igiciro cy'amashanyarazi + igiciro cy'amazi + ikiguzi cyo kubungabunga ibikoresho (2) Dufashe imishinga ya electrolysis ya alkaline na PEM electrolysis (1000 Nm3/h) nk'urugero, dufate ko ubuzima bwose bw'imishinga ari imyaka 20 kandi igihe cyo gukora ni 9 × 104h. Ikiguzi kidahinduka cya celle ya electrolytice package, igikoresho cyo gusukura hydrogene, amafaranga y'ibikoresho, amafaranga y'ubwubatsi bw'abaturage, amafaranga ya serivisi yo gushyiraho n'ibindi bintu bibarwa kuri 0.3 yuan / kWh kuri electrolysis. Igereranya ry'ikiguzi rigaragazwa mu mbonerahamwe ya 2.
Ugereranyije n'ubundi buryo bwo gukora hydrogen, niba igiciro cy'amashanyarazi cy'ingufu zisubira kiri hasi ya 0.25 yuan / kWh, ikiguzi cya hydrogen kibisi gishobora kugabanuka kikagera kuri 15 yuan / kg, ibyo bikaba bitangira kugira inyungu ku giciro. Mu rwego rwo kutagira karuboni ikoreshwa, hamwe no kugabanya ikiguzi cyo gukora ingufu zisubira, iterambere rinini ry'imishinga yo gukora hydrogen, kugabanya ikoreshwa ry'ingufu zikoreshwa n'ishoramari mu turemangingo, hamwe n'ubuyobozi bw'umusoro ku ruganda rwa karuboni n'izindi politiki, inzira yo kugabanya ikiguzi cya hydrogen kibisi izagenda igaragara buhoro buhoro. Muri icyo gihe, kubera ko umusaruro wa hydrogen ukomoka ku ngufu gakondo uzavangwa n'imyanda myinshi ijyanye nayo nka karuboni, sulfur na chlorine, hamwe n'ikiguzi cyo gusukura cyane na CCUS, ikiguzi nyacyo cyo gukora gishobora kurenga 20 yuan / kg.
Igihe cyo kohereza: Gashyantare-06-2023