Kodi kupanga haidrojeni ya nyukiliya n'chiyani?

Kupanga kwa haidrojeni ya nyukiliya kumaonedwa kuti ndi njira yabwino kwambiri yopangira haidrojeni yambiri, koma zikuwoneka kuti ikupita patsogolo pang'onopang'ono. Ndiye, kodi kupanga haidrojeni ya nyukiliya n'chiyani?

Kupanga kwa haidrojeni ya nyukiliya, ndiko kuti, reactor ya nyukiliya pamodzi ndi njira yapamwamba yopangira haidrojeni, kuti apange haidrojeni yambiri. Kupanga haidrojeni kuchokera ku mphamvu ya nyukiliya kuli ndi ubwino wosakhala ndi mpweya wowonjezera kutentha, madzi ngati zinthu zopangira, kugwira ntchito bwino kwambiri komanso kuchuluka kwakukulu, kotero ndi yankho lofunikira pakupereka haidrojeni yayikulu mtsogolo. Malinga ndi kuyerekezera kwa IAEA, reactor yaying'ono ya 250MW imatha kupanga matani 50 a haidrojeni patsiku pogwiritsa ntchito mphamvu ya nyukiliya yotentha kwambiri.

Mfundo yopangira haidrojeni mu mphamvu ya nyukiliya ndikugwiritsa ntchito kutentha komwe kumapangidwa ndi nyukiliya ngati gwero la mphamvu popanga haidrojeni, komanso kupanga haidrojeni bwino komanso kwakukulu posankha ukadaulo woyenera. Ndipo kuchepetsa kapena kuthetsa mpweya woipa womwe umawononga chilengedwe. Chithunzi chojambulidwa cha kupanga haidrojeni kuchokera ku mphamvu ya nyukiliya chikuwonetsedwa pachithunzichi.

Pali njira zambiri zosinthira mphamvu ya nyukiliya kukhala mphamvu ya haidrojeni, kuphatikizapo madzi ngati zinthu zopangira kudzera mu electrolysis, thermochemical cycle, high temperature nthunzi electrolysis kupanga haidrojeni, hydrogen sulfide ngati zinthu zopangira ming'alu ya haidrojeni, gasi wachilengedwe, malasha, biomass ngati zinthu zopangira pyrolysis kupanga haidrojeni, ndi zina zotero. Mukagwiritsa ntchito madzi ngati zinthu zopangira, njira yonse yopangira haidrojeni sipanga CO₂, yomwe kwenikweni imatha kuchotsa mpweya woipa; Kupanga haidrojeni kuchokera kuzinthu zina kumachepetsa mpweya woipa wa kaboni. Kuphatikiza apo, kugwiritsa ntchito madzi a electrolysis ya nyukiliya ndi kuphatikiza kosavuta kwa kupanga mphamvu ya nyukiliya ndi electrolysis yachikhalidwe, yomwe ikadali gawo la kupanga mphamvu ya nyukiliya ndipo nthawi zambiri simaonedwa ngati ukadaulo weniweni wopanga haidrojeni ya nyukiliya. Chifukwa chake, kayendedwe ka thermochemical ndi madzi ngati zinthu zopangira, kugwiritsa ntchito kwathunthu kapena pang'ono kutentha kwa nyukiliya ndi electrolysis ya nthunzi yotentha kwambiri kumaonedwa kuti ndikuyimira njira yamtsogolo yaukadaulo wopanga haidrojeni ya nyukiliya.

Pakadali pano, pali njira ziwiri zazikulu zopangira haidrojeni mu mphamvu ya nyukiliya: kupanga haidrojeni m'madzi amagetsi ndi kupanga haidrojeni ya thermochemical. Ma reactor a nyukiliya amapereka mphamvu yamagetsi ndi mphamvu yotentha motsatana pa njira ziwiri zomwe zili pamwambapa zopangira haidrojeni.

Kutulutsa electrolysis ya madzi kuti apange haidrojeni ndi kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu ya nyukiliya kupanga magetsi, kenako kudzera mu chipangizo cha electrolytic cha madzi kuti asungunule madzi kukhala haidrojeni. Kupanga haidrojeni ndi madzi a electrolytic ndi njira yopangira haidrojeni mwachindunji, koma mphamvu yopanga haidrojeni ya njira iyi (55% ~ 60%) ndi yotsika, ngakhale ukadaulo wapamwamba kwambiri wa SPE wamagetsi amagetsi utagwiritsidwa ntchito ku United States, mphamvu yamagetsi imawonjezeka kufika pa 90%. Koma popeza mafakitale ambiri amagetsi a nyukiliya pakadali pano amangosintha kutentha kukhala magetsi pafupifupi 35%, mphamvu yonse yomaliza yopanga haidrojeni kuchokera ku electrolysis yamadzi mu mphamvu ya nyukiliya ndi 30% yokha.

Kupanga kwa haidrojeni pogwiritsa ntchito mankhwala otenthetsera kumadalira kayendedwe ka kutentha ndi mankhwala, komwe kumalumikiza reactor ya nyukiliya ndi chipangizo chopangira haidrojeni pogwiritsa ntchito kutentha ndi mankhwala otenthetsera, pogwiritsa ntchito kutentha kwakukulu komwe kumaperekedwa ndi reactor ya nyukiliya ngati gwero la kutentha, kotero kuti madzi amathandizira kuwonongeka kwa kutentha pa 800℃ mpaka 1000℃, kuti apange haidrojeni ndi mpweya. Poyerekeza ndi kupanga haidrojeni m'madzi a electrolytic, kupanga haidrojeni pogwiritsa ntchito mankhwala otenthetsera ndi kwakukulu, mphamvu yonse ikuyembekezeka kufika pa 50%, mtengo wake ndi wotsika.