I-China lilizwe elinomhlaba omkhulu, iimeko zejografi ezibalaseleyo zokwenza i-ore, izibonelelo zezimbiwa ezipheleleyo kunye nezixhobo ezininzi. Lizimbiwa ezinkulu ezinezibonelelo zazo.
Ngokwembono yokwenziwa kwezimbiwa, iindawo ezintathu eziphambili zehlabathi ezibangela ukubola kwesinyithi zingene eTshayina, ngoko ke imithombo yezimbiwa ininzi, kwaye imithombo yezimbiwa iphelele. ITshayina ifumene iintlobo ezili-171 zezimbiwa, apho ezili-156 zinoovimba abaqinisekisiweyo, kwaye ixabiso lazo likwindawo yesithathu kwihlabathi liphela.
Ngokweengxelo eziqinisekisiweyo, kukho iintlobo ezingama-45 zeeminerali eziphambili eTshayina. Ezinye zeeminerali zininzi kakhulu, ezifana neentsimbi zomhlaba ezingaqhelekanga, i-tungsten, i-tin, i-molybdenum, i-niobium, i-tantalum, i-sulfur, i-magnesite, i-boron, amalahle, njl.njl., zonke zibekwe phambili kwihlabathi. Phakathi kwazo, iintlobo ezintlanu zeeminerali zezona zokuqala kwihlabathi. Makhe sijonge ukuba zeziphi iintlobo zeeminerali.
1. I-ore ye-tungsten
I-China lelona lizwe linemithombo ye-tungsten etyebileyo kwihlabathi. Kukho iidiphozithi zezimbiwa ezingama-252 eziqinisekisiweyo ezisasazwe kumaphondo angama-23 (izithili). Ngokuphathelele amaphondo (imimandla), iHunan (ikakhulu i-scheelite) kunye neJiangxi (i-black-tungsten ore) zezona zinkulu, apho iindawo zokugcina zithatha i-33.8% kunye ne-20.7% yazo zonke iindawo zokugcina zelizwe ngokwahlukeneyo; iHenan, iGuangxi, iFujian, iGuangdong, njl. Iphondo (isithili) lelesibini.
Iindawo eziphambili zemigodi ye-tungsten ziquka i-Hunan Shizhuyuan Tungsten Mine, iNtaba ye-Jiangxi Xihua, iNtaba yeDaji, iNtaba yePangu, iNtaba yeGuimei, iMigodi yeTungsten yaseGuangdong Lianhuashan, iFujian Luoluokeng Tungsten Mine, iGansu Ta'ergou Tungsten Mine, kunye neHenan Sandaozhuang Mine kunye ne-Aluminium yeTungsten.
Isithili saseDayu, kwiPhondo laseJiangxi, eTshayina yindawo edumileyo kwihlabathi liphela ebizwa ngokuba yi "Tungsten Capital". Kukho imigodi ye-tungsten engaphezu kwama-400 esasazeke apha. Emva kweMfazwe ye-Opium, amaJamani aqala ukufumana i-tungsten apho. Ngelo xesha, ayethenga amalungelo okumba ngasese kuphela nge-500 yuan. Emva kokufunyanwa kwabantu abathanda ilizwe labo, baye baphakama ukukhusela imigodi kunye nemigodi. Emva kweengxoxo ezininzi, ekugqibeleni ndafumana amalungelo okumba kwi-1,000 yuan ngo-1908 ndaza ndaqokelela imali yokumba. Eli lishishini lokuqala lophuhliso lwemigodi ye-tungsten eWeinan.
Isiseko kunye nomzekelo weDangping tungsten deposit, kwiSithili saseDayu, kwiPhondo laseJiangxi
Okwesibini, i-antimony ore
I-锑 yintsimbi yesilivere-ngwevu enokumelana nokugqwala. Indima ephambili ye-niobium kwii-alloys kukwandisa ubulukhuni, obudla ngokubizwa ngokuba zi-hardeners zesinyithi okanye ii-alloys.
ITshayina lelinye lamazwe ehlabathini afumene kwaye asebenzisa i-antimony ore ngaphambili. Kwiincwadi zakudala ezifana ne-"Hanshu Food and Food" kunye ne-"Historical Records", kukho iirekhodi zokujongana. Ngelo xesha, zazingabizwa ngokuba yi-锑, kodwa zazibizwa ngokuba yi-"Lianxi." Emva kokusekwa kweNew China, kwenziwa uphando olukhulu lwejoloji kunye nophuhliso lweYankuang Mine, kwaye kwaphuhliswa ukunyibilika kwe-sulphide concentrate blast furnace. Iindawo zokugcina i-antimony ore zaseTshayina kunye nemveliso zibekwe kwindawo yokuqala kwihlabathi, kunye nenani elikhulu lokuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe, ukuveliswa kwe-bismuth yesinyithi ecocekileyo kakhulu (kubandakanya i-99.999%) kunye ne-super white esemgangathweni ophezulu, emele inqanaba lemveliso eliphambili kwihlabathi.
I-China lilizwe elinemithombo emininzi ye-plutonium ehlabathini, ithatha i-52% yenani lilonke lehlabathi. Kukho imigodi eyi-171 eyaziwayo yaseYankuang, esasazwa kakhulu eHunan, eGuangxi, eTibet, eYunnan, eGuizhou naseGansu. Imithombo iyonke yamaphondo amathandathu ithatha i-87.2% yenani lilonke lemithombo echongiweyo. Iphondo elinemithombo emininzi ye-锑 yiHunan. Isixeko samanzi abandayo sephondo sesona sithili sikhulu se-antimony ehlabathini, sithatha isithathu semveliso yonyaka yelizwe.
Olu butyebi be-United States buxhomekeke kakhulu kwizinto ezithunyelwa yi-China kwaye buxabiseke ngakumbi kune-rare earths. Kubikwa ukuba ama-60% e-Yankuang angeniswa e-United States avela e-China. Njengoko imeko ye-China kwihlabathi liphela isiya iphakama, siye sakwazi ukuthetha kancinci kancinci. Ngo-2002, i-China yacebisa ukwamkela inkqubo yesabelo sokuthumela i-Yankuang ngaphandle, kwaye ibambe ngokuqinileyo izixhobo ezandleni zayo. Ekuphuhliseni uphando nophuhliso lwelizwe labo.
Okwesithathu, i-bentonite
I-Bentonite sisixhobo seminerali esixabisekileyo esingeyosinyithi, esenziwe kakhulu yi-montmorillonite enesakhiwo esinomgangatho oneengqimba. Ngenxa yokuba i-bentonite ineempawu ezininzi ezintle ezifana nokudumba, ukufunxa, ukumiswa, ukusasazeka, ukutshintshana kwee-ion, ukuzinza, i-thixotropy, njl.njl., inemisebenzi engaphezu kwe-1000, ngoko ke inegama elithi "udongwe oluqhelekileyo"; inokucutshungulwa ibe zii-Adhesives, ii-suspending agents, ii-thixotropic agents, ii-catalysts, ii-clarifiers, ii-adsorbents, ii-chemical carriers, njl.njl. zisetyenziswa kwiinkalo ezahlukeneyo kwaye zaziwa ngokuba "zizinto ezisetyenziswa kwihlabathi liphela".
Izixhobo ze-bentonite zaseTshayina zityebile kakhulu, kwaye kulindeleke ukuba zingaphezulu kweetoni ezisi-7 zeebhiliyoni. Zifumaneka kwiindidi ezahlukeneyo ze-bentonites ezisekelwe kwi-calcium kunye ne-sodium-based bentonites, kunye ne-hydrogen-based, aluminium-based, soda-calcium-based kunye ne-unclassified bentonites. Iindawo zokugcina ze-sodium bentonite zizigidi ezingama-586.334 zeetoni, ezibalelwa kwi-24% yazo zonke iindawo zokugcina; iindawo zokugcina ze-sodium bentonite zizigidi ezingama-351.586 zeetoni; iintlobo ze-aluminium kunye ne-hydrogen ngaphandle kwe-calcium kunye ne-sodium bentonite zimalunga ne-42%.
Okwesine, i-titanium
Ngokweemithombo ezigciniweyo, ngokutsho koqikelelo, izixhobo ze-ilmenite kunye ne-rutile ezipheleleyo kwihlabathi zidlula iitoni ezi-2 zeebhiliyoni, kwaye iindawo ezigciniweyo ezinokusetyenziswa ngoqoqosho ziitoni ezizigidi ezingama-770. Phakathi kwemithombo ye-titanium ecacileyo kwihlabathi liphela, i-ilmenite ibandakanya i-94%, kwaye enye yi-rutile. I-China lilizwe elinemithombo emikhulu ye-ilmenite, enemithombo ye-220 yezigidi zeetoni, ebandakanya i-28.6% yemithombo iyonke yehlabathi. I-Australia, i-India kunye noMzantsi Afrika zibekwe kwindawo yesibini ukuya kweyesine. Ngokuphathelele imveliso, imveliso ye-titanium ore ephezulu kwihlabathi liphela ngo-2016 yayiyiMzantsi Afrika, iTshayina, i-Australia kunye neMozambique.
Ukusasazwa kwe-titanium ore reserves yehlabathi ngo-2016
I-titanium ore yaseTshayina isasazwa kumaphondo angaphezu kwe-10 nakwiindawo ezizimeleyo. I-titanium ore ikakhulu yi-titanium ore, i-rutile ore kunye ne-ilmenite ore kwi-vanadium-titanium magnetite. I-titanium kwi-vanadium-titanium magnetite iveliswa kakhulu kwindawo yasePanzhihua eSichuan. Imigodi ye-Rutile iveliswa kakhulu eHubei, eHenan, eShanxi nakwamanye amaphondo. I-Ilmenite ore iveliswa kakhulu eHainan, eYunnan, eGuangdong, eGuangxi nakwamanye amaphondo (imimandla). Iindawo zokugcina i-ilmenite zeTiO2 zizigidi ezingama-357 zeetoni, zibekwe kwindawo yokuqala kwihlabathi.
Ezintlanu, i-ore yomhlaba engaqhelekanga
I-China lilizwe elikhulu elinemithombo yobutyebi bomhlaba onqabileyo. Ayityebanga nje kuphela kwiindawo zokugcina, kodwa ikwanazo neengenelo zezimbiwa ezipheleleyo kunye nezinto ezinqabileyo zomhlaba, umgangatho ophezulu womhlaba onqabileyo kunye nokusasazwa ngokufanelekileyo kwamanqaku e-ore, okubeka isiseko esiqinileyo sophuhliso lweshishini le-rare earth lase-China.
Iiminerali eziphambili zomhlaba onqabileyo eTshayina ziquka: umgodi womhlaba onqabileyo waseBaiyun Ebo, umgodi womhlaba onqabileyo waseShandong Weishan, umgodi womhlaba onqabileyo waseSuining, umgodi womhlaba onqabileyo waseJiangxi ohlaza okwesibhakabhaka, umgodi wetrout omdaka waseHunan kunye nomgodi wesanti yonxweme olude.
I-Baiyun Obo rare earth ore ihambelana nesinyithi. Iiminerali eziphambili zomhlaba onqabileyo yi-fluorocarbon antimony ore kunye ne-monazite. Umlinganiselo yi-3:1, efikelele kwinqanaba lokubuyiselwa komhlaba onqabileyo. Ke ngoko, ibizwa ngokuba yi-mixed ore. I-rare earth REO iyonke yi-35 yezigidi zeetoni, ebalelwa malunga ne-35 yezigidi zeetoni. I-38% yeendawo ezigciniweyo zehlabathi zezona migodi mikhulu yomhlaba onqabileyo emhlabeni.
I-ore yomhlaba enqabileyo yaseWeishan kunye ne-ore yomhlaba enqabileyo yaseSuining zenziwe ikakhulu yi-bastnasite ore, ehamba ne-barite, njl.njl., kwaye kulula kakhulu ukukhetha i-ore yomhlaba enqabileyo.
I-Jiangxi weathering crust ekhupha i-rare earth ore luhlobo olutsha lweminerali yomhlaba enqabileyo. Ukunyibilikisa nokunyibilikisa kwayo kulula kakhulu, kwaye ine-rare earth ephakathi nenzima. Luhlobo lwe-rare earth ore enokhuphiswano kwimarike.
Iisanti zaselunxwemeni lwaseTshayina nazo zityebile kakhulu. Unxweme loLwandle lwaseMzantsi China kunye nonxweme lweSiqithi saseHainan kunye neSiqithi saseTaiwan lunokubizwa ngokuba lunxweme lwegolide lweentsalela zesanti zaselunxwemeni. Kukho iintsalela zesanti zesedimentary zanamhlanje kunye nemigodi yesanti yamandulo, apho i-monazite kunye ne-xenotime ziphathwa khona. Isanti eselunxwemeni lolwandle ifunyanwa njengemveliso engasemva xa ifumana i-ilmenite kunye ne-zircon.
Nangona izixhobo zezimbiwa zaseTshayina zizityebi kakhulu, kodwa abantu bangama-58% abantu abanazo emhlabeni, bebekwe kwindawo yama-53 kwihlabathi liphela. Kwaye iimpawu zokunikezelwa kwezixhobo zaseTshayina azilunganga kwaye kunzima ukuzimba, kunzima ukukhetha, kunzima ukuzimba. Uninzi lweediphozithi ezinee-bauxite eziqinisekisiweyo kunye nezinye izimbiwa ezinkulu azilunganga. Ukongeza, izimbiwa eziphambili ezifana ne-tungsten ore zisetyenziswa kakhulu, kwaye uninzi lwazo zisetyenziselwa ukuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe, nto leyo ebangela amaxabiso aphantsi eemveliso zezimbiwa kunye nokuchithwa kwezixhobo. Kubalulekile ukwandisa imizamo yokulungisa, ukukhusela izixhobo, ukuqinisekisa uphuhliso, kunye nokuseka ilizwi lehlabathi kwizixhobo zezimbiwa eziphambili. Umthombo: Mining Exchange
Ixesha lokuthumela: Novemba-11-2019