Ubushinwa ni igihugu gifite ubutaka bunini, imiterere y’ubutaka ihebuje mu gukora amabuye y’agaciro, umutungo w’amabuye y’agaciro wuzuye n’umutungo mwinshi. Ni umutungo w’amabuye y’agaciro munini ufite umutungo wawo bwite.
Ukurikije uburyo amabuye y’agaciro acukurwa, ahantu hatatu hakomeye ku isi hakoreshwa ibyuma by’agaciro byinjiye mu Bushinwa, bityo umutungo w’amabuye y’agaciro ni mwinshi, kandi umutungo w’amabuye y’agaciro ni wose. Ubushinwa bwavumbuye ubwoko 171 bw’amabuye y’agaciro, muri bwo 156 byagaragaye ko bifite ububiko, kandi agaciro kabyo kari ku mwanya wa gatatu ku isi.
Dukurikije ububiko bwagaragaye, hari ubwoko 45 bw'amabuye y'agaciro akomeye mu Bushinwa. Amwe mu mabuye y'agaciro ari menshi cyane, nka ibyuma bidasanzwe by'ubutaka, tungsten, tin, molybdenum, niobium, tantalum, sulfur, magnesite, boron, amakara, n'ibindi, byose biri ku mwanya wa mbere ku isi. Muri byo, ubwoko butanu bw'amabuye y'agaciro ni bwo bwa mbere ku isi. Reka turebe ubwoko bw'amabuye y'agaciro.
1. Amabuye y'agaciro ya Tungsten
Ubushinwa ni cyo gihugu gifite umutungo wa tungsten ukize cyane ku isi. Hari amabuye y'agaciro 252 yagaragaye ko aboneka mu ntara 23 (uturere). Ku bijyanye n'intara (uturere), Hunan (cyane cyane scheelite) na Jiangxi (amabuye y'agaciro yirabura-tungsten) ni byo binini, aho ububiko bungana na 33.8% na 20.7% by'ububiko bwose bw'igihugu; Henan, Guangxi, Fujian, Guangdong, n'ibindi. Intara (akarere) ni iya kabiri.
Ahantu hacukurwa amabuye ya tungsten harimo Hunan Shizhuyuan Tungsten Mine, Umusozi wa Jiangxi Xihua, Umusozi wa Daji, Umusozi wa Pangu, Umusozi wa Guimei, Guangdong Lianhuashan Tungsten Mine, Fujian Luoluokeng Tungsten Mine, Gansu Ta'ergou Tungsten Mine, na Henan Sandaozhuang.
Akarere ka Dayu, mu Ntara ya Jiangxi, mu Bushinwa ni "Umurwa Mukuru wa Tungsten" uzwi ku isi. Hari ibirombe birenga 400 bya tungsten bikikije. Nyuma y'Intambara ya Opium, Abadage bavumbuye tungsten bwa mbere. Icyo gihe, baguze uburenganzira bwo gucukura mu ibanga kuri yuan 500. Nyuma yo kuvumbura abantu bakunda igihugu cyabo, bahagurukiye kurinda ibirombe n'ibirombe. Nyuma y'ibiganiro byinshi, naje kugaruza uburenganzira bwo gucukura kuri yuan 1.000 mu 1908 kandi nkusanya inkunga yo gucukura. Uru ni rwo rwego rwa mbere rwo guteza imbere ibirombe bya tungsten muri Weinan.
Ishingiro n'icyitegererezo cy'ikigega cya tungsten cya Dangping, Akarere ka Dayu, Intara ya Jiangxi
Icya kabiri, amabuye y'agaciro ya antimoni
锑 ni icyuma gifite ibara ry'umweru n'ivu gifite ubushobozi bwo kurwanya ingese. Akamaro nyamukuru ka niobium mu byuma bivanze ni ukongera ubukana, akenshi byitwa ibikomereza by'ibyuma cyangwa aloyi.
Ubushinwa ni kimwe mu bihugu ku isi byavumbuye kandi bigakoresha amabuye ya antimoni mbere. Mu bitabo bya kera nka "Hanshu Food and Food" na "Historical Records", hari inyandiko z'ibibazo. Icyo gihe, ntabwo byitwaga 锑, ahubwo byitwaga "Lianxi." Nyuma y'ishingwa rya New China, hakozwe ubushakashatsi bukomeye mu bya jiyo ya Yankuang Mine, maze habaho gushongesha sulfure concentrate blast furnace. Antimoni metal metal mu Bushinwa ni yo ya mbere ku isi, hamwe n'umubare munini w'ibyoherezwa mu mahanga, gukora bismuth y'icyuma ifite isuku nyinshi (harimo 99.999%) n'umweru mwiza cyane, bigaragaza urwego rw'umusaruro ruteye imbere ku isi.
Ubushinwa ni cyo gihugu gifite umutungo wa plutonium munini ku isi, kigize 52% by'umusaruro wose ku isi. Hari ibirombe 171 bizwi bya Yankuang, biherereye cyane cyane muri Hunan, Guangxi, Tibet, Yunnan, Guizhou na Gansu. Ibirombe byose by'intara esheshatu byagize 87.2% by'umutungo wose wagaragajwe. Intara ifite umutungo wa 锑 munini ni Hunan. Umujyi w'amazi akonje muri iyo ntara ni wo kirombe kinini ku isi cya antimoni, kigize kimwe cya gatatu cy'umusaruro w'igihugu ku mwaka.
Uyu mutungo wa Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika ushingiye cyane ku bicuruzwa by’Ubushinwa biva mu mahanga kandi ufite agaciro kurusha ibintu bidasanzwe. Bivugwa ko 60% bya Yankuang iva muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika ituruka mu Bushinwa. Uko umwanya w’Ubushinwa mu mahanga ugenda urushaho kwiyongera, twagiye tumenya uburenganzira bwo kuvuga. Mu 2002, Ubushinwa bwatanze igitekerezo cyo gushyiraho uburyo bwo kohereza Yankuang mu mahanga, no gufata umutungo mu maboko yabwo. Mu guteza imbere ubushakashatsi n’iterambere ry’igihugu cyabo.
Icya gatatu, bentonite
Bentonite ni umutungo w'agaciro utari uw'icyuma, ugizwe ahanini na montmorillonite ifite imiterere y'urwego. Kubera ko bentonite ifite urukurikirane rw'ibintu byiza nko kubyimba, gukurura, gufunga, gukwirakwiza, guhinduranya iyoni, guhagarara, thixotropy, nibindi, ifite akamaro karenga 1000, bityo ikaba ifite izina rya "ibumba ry'isi yose"; ishobora gutunganywamo Adhesives, suspension agents, thixotropic agents, catalysts, clarifiers, adsorbents, chemical carriers, nibindi. ikoreshwa mu nzego zitandukanye kandi izwi nka "universal materials".
Umutungo wa bentonite mu Bushinwa urakungahaye cyane, ukaba uteganyijwe kuba ufite toni zirenga miliyari 7. Uboneka mu bwoko butandukanye bwa bentonite zishingiye kuri kalisiyumu na bentonite zishingiye kuri sodium, ndetse na bentonite zishingiye kuri hydrogen, aluminiyumu, soda-calcium na unclassified bentonite. Umutungo wa bentonite ugizwe na toni miliyoni 586.334, ugizwe na 24% by'umutungo wose; umutungo wa bentonite uteganyijwe kuba ufite toni miliyoni 351.586; ubwoko bwa aluminium na hydrogen uretse kalisiyumu na sodium bentonite bugizwe na 42%.
Icya kane, titaniyumu
Ku bijyanye n'ububiko bw'amabuye y'agaciro, nk'uko bigaragara, umutungo wose wa ilmenite na rutile ku isi urenga toni miliyari 2, naho umutungo w'agaciro ushobora gukoreshwa mu bukungu ni toni miliyoni 770. Mu bubiko bw'umutungo wa titaniyumu ku isi, ilmenite ingana na 94%, naho igisigaye ni rutile. Ubushinwa ni cyo gihugu gifite ububiko bwinshi bwa ilmenite, bufite ububiko bwa toni miliyoni 220, bungana na 28.6% by'ububiko bw'amabuye y'agaciro ku isi. Ositaraliya, Ubuhinde na Afurika y'Epfo biri ku mwanya wa kabiri kugeza ku wa kane. Ku bijyanye n'umusaruro, imitungo ine ya mbere ya titaniyumu ku isi mu 2016 yari Afurika y'Epfo, Ubushinwa, Ositaraliya na Mozambike.
Ikwirakwizwa ry'amabuye y'agaciro ya titaniyumu ku isi mu 2016
Ubutare bwa titaniyumu mu Bushinwa bukwirakwizwa mu ntara zirenga 10 no mu turere twigenga. Ubutare bwa titaniyumu ahanini ni ubutare bwa titaniyumu, rutile na ilmenite muri vanadium-titanium magnetite. Titanium muri vanadium-titanium magnetite ikorerwa cyane cyane mu gace ka Panzhihua muri Sichuan. Ibirombe bya Rutile bikorerwa cyane cyane muri Hubei, Henan, Shanxi n'izindi ntara. Ubutare bwa Ilmenite bukorerwa cyane cyane muri Hainan, Yunnan, Guangdong, Guangxi n'izindi ntara (uturere). Ilmenite ibonekamo TiO2 ni toni miliyoni 357, ikaba iza ku mwanya wa mbere ku isi.
Eshanu, amabuye y'agaciro adasanzwe
Ubushinwa ni igihugu kinini gifite umutungo kamere w’ubutaka budasanzwe. Ntabwo gikungahaye gusa ku bubiko, ahubwo gifite n’akamaro k’amabuye y’agaciro yuzuye n’ibintu by’ubutaka budasanzwe, ubutaka budasanzwe bwo ku rwego rwo hejuru ndetse n’ikwirakwizwa ry’amabuye y’agaciro mu buryo bukwiye, bigashyiraho urufatiro rukomeye rw’iterambere ry’inganda z’ubutaka budasanzwe mu Bushinwa.
Amabuye y'agaciro akomeye mu Bushinwa arimo: Baiyun Ebo rare earth mine, Shandong Weishan rare earth mine, Suining rare earth mine, Jiangxi weathering shell leaching type rare earth mine, Hunan brown trout mine n'amabuye y'umucanga yo ku nkombe z'inyanja ku nkengero ndende z'inyanja.
Ubutare bw’ubutaka budasanzwe bwa Baiyun Obo bufitanye isano n’icyuma. Ubutare bw’ingenzi bw’ubutaka budasanzwe ni fluorocarbon antimony ore na monazite. Igipimo ni 3:1, kigeze ku rwego rwo kugarura ubutaka budasanzwe. Kubwibyo, bwitwa ingano ivanze. REO y’ubutaka budasanzwe ni toni miliyoni 35, ingana na toni miliyoni 35. 38% by’ububiko bw’ubutaka busanzwe ku isi ni bwo bucukuzi bunini bw’ubutaka budasanzwe ku isi.
Ubutare bw’ubutaka budasanzwe bwa Weishan n’ubutare bw’ubutaka budasanzwe bwa Suining bigizwe ahanini n’amabuye y’agaciro ya bastnasite, hamwe na barite, n’ibindi, kandi biroroshye guhitamo amabuye y’agaciro adasanzwe.
Ubutare bw’amabuye y’agaciro ya Jiangxi bukoreshwa mu kuvura imirasire y’izuba ni ubwoko bushya bw’amabuye y’agaciro adasanzwe. Gushonga no kuyatunganya biroroshye, kandi birimo amabuye y’agaciro aciriritse n’akomeye. Ni ubwoko bw’amabuye y’agaciro adasanzwe afite ubushobozi bwo guhangana ku isoko.
Umucanga wo ku nkombe z'Ubushinwa nawo ukungahaye cyane. Inkombe z'inyanja y'Amajyepfo y'Ubushinwa n'inkombe z'ikirwa cya Hainan n'ikirwa cya Tayiwani zishobora kwitwa inkombe ya zahabu y'ibisigazwa by'umucanga wo ku nkombe. Hari ibisigazwa by'umucanga byo mu gihe cya none n'ibirombe bya kera by'umucanga, aho monazite na xenotime bivurwa. Umucanga wo ku nkombe z'inyanja uvumburwa nk'umusaruro ukomoka ku bimera iyo uvumbuye ilmenite na zircon.
Nubwo umutungo w’amabuye y’agaciro w’Ubushinwa ukize cyane, ariko abantu ni 58% by’umutungo w’umuturage ku isi, bakaba bari ku mwanya wa 53 ku isi. Kandi imiterere y’umutungo w’Ubushinwa ni mibi kandi bigoye gucukura, biragoye guhitamo, biragoye gucukura. Ibyinshi mu bigega bifite ububiko bwa bauxite n’andi mabuye manini byagaragaye ko ari bibi. Byongeye kandi, amabuye y’agaciro meza nka tungsten akoreshwa cyane, kandi menshi muri yo akoreshwa mu kohereza mu mahanga, bigatuma ibiciro by’amabuye y’agaciro bigabanuka kandi umutungo upfushwa ubusa. Ni ngombwa kongera imbaraga mu kuvugurura, kurinda umutungo, guteza imbere, no gushyiraho ijwi ku isi mu mutungo w’amabuye y’agaciro ukomeye. Inkomoko: Isoko ry’Ubucukuzi bw’Amabuye y’Agaciro
Igihe cyo kohereza: Ugushyingo-11-2019