IShayina iyizwe elinendawo enkulu, izimo zejiyoloji ezingcono kakhulu zokwakha i-ore, imithombo yamaminerali ephelele kanye nemithombo eminingi. Ingumthombo omkhulu wamaminerali onemithombo yawo.
Ngokombono wokwenziwa kwamaminerali, izindawo ezintathu ezinkulu emhlabeni ezibangela ukusansimbi zingene eShayina, ngakho-ke izinsiza zamaminerali ziningi, kanti izinsiza zamaminerali ziphelele. IShayina ithole izinhlobo zamaminerali eziyi-171, ezingu-156 zazo zinezinqolobane eziqinisekisiwe, futhi inani lazo elingaba khona lisendaweni yesithathu emhlabeni.
Ngokusho kwemithombo eqinisekisiwe, kunezinhlobo ezingu-45 zamaminerali amakhulu eShayina. Ezinye zemithombo yamaminerali ziningi kakhulu, njengezinsimbi zomhlaba ezingavamile, i-tungsten, i-tin, i-molybdenum, i-niobium, i-tantalum, i-sulfur, i-magnesite, i-boron, amalahle, njll., zonke zibekwe phambili emhlabeni. Phakathi kwazo, izinhlobo ezinhlanu zamaminerali zingezokuqala emhlabeni. Ake sibheke ukuthi yiziphi izinhlobo zamaminerali.
1. Itshe le-tungsten
IShayina yizwe elinemithombo ye-tungsten ecebe kakhulu emhlabeni. Kunezindawo zokumbiwa phansi ezingu-252 eziqinisekisiwe ezisatshalaliswe ezifundazweni ezingu-23 (izifunda). Ngokuphathelene nezifundazwe (izifunda), iHunan (ikakhulukazi i-scheelite) kanye neJiangxi (i-black-tungsten ore) yizona ezinkulu kunazo zonke, lapho izindawo zokumbiwa phansi zingu-33.8% kanye no-20.7% wazo zonke izindawo zokumbiwa phansi zikazwelonke ngokulandelana; iHenan, iGuangxi, iFujian, iGuangdong, njll. Isifundazwe (isifunda) singesesibili.
Izindawo eziyinhloko zezimayini ze-tungsten zifaka iMayini ye-Hunan Shizhuyuan Tungsten, intaba i-Jiangxi Xihua, intaba ye-Daji, i-Pangu Mountain, i-Guimei Mountain, i-Guangdong Lianhuashan Tungsten Mine, i-Fujian Luoluokeng Tungsten Mine, i-Gansu Ta'ergou Tungsten Mine, kanye ne-Henan Sandaozhuang Mine Aluminium ne-so Tungsten.
ISifundazwe saseDayu, eSifundazweni saseJiangxi, eShayina “iTungsten Capital” edumile emhlabeni wonke. Kunezimayini ze-tungsten ezingaphezu kuka-400 ezigcwele yonke indawo. Ngemva kweMpi Ye-Opium, amaJalimane aqala ukuthola i-tungsten lapho. Ngaleso sikhathi, athenga amalungelo okumba ngasese ngama-yuan angu-500 kuphela. Ngemva kokutholwa kwabantu abathanda izwe labo, bavuke ukuze bavikele izimayini nezimayini. Ngemva kwezingxoxo eziningi, ekugcineni ngabuyisa amalungelo okumba angama-yuan ayi-1,000 ngo-1908 futhi ngaqoqa imali yokumba. Lena imboni yokuqala yokuthuthukiswa kwezimayini ze-tungsten eWeinan.
Ingqikithi kanye nesampula ye-Dangping tungsten deposit, eDayu County, eSifundazweni saseJiangxi
Okwesibili, i-antimony ore
I-锑 iyinsimbi empunga yesiliva enokumelana nokugqwala. Indima eyinhloko ye-niobium kuma-alloy ukwandisa ubulukhuni, okuvame ukubizwa ngokuthi ama-hardener ezinsimbi noma ama-alloy.
IShayina ingenye yamazwe emhlabeni athola futhi asebenzisa i-antimony ore ngaphambilini. Ezincwadini zasendulo ezifana ne-“Hanshu Food and Food” kanye ne-“Historical Records”, kunemibhalo yokubhekana. Ngaleso sikhathi, ayengabizwa ngokuthi i-锑, kodwa ayebizwa ngokuthi “i-Lianxi.” Ngemva kokusungulwa kwe-New China, kwenziwa ukuhlola okukhulu kwe-geological kanye nentuthuko ye-Yankuang Mine, futhi kwathuthukiswa ukuncibilika okuguquguqukayo kwesithando somlilo esiqinile se-sulphide. Izindawo zokugcina i-antimony ore kanye nokukhiqiza zibekwe kuqala emhlabeni, kanye nenani elikhulu lokuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe, ukukhiqizwa kwe-bismuth yensimbi emsulwa kakhulu (kufaka phakathi i-99.999%) kanye ne-super white esezingeni eliphezulu, okumelela izinga lokukhiqiza elithuthukile emhlabeni.
IShayina yizwe elinemithombo eminingi ye-plutonium emhlabeni, equkethe u-52% wenani eliphelele lomhlaba wonke. Kunezimayini zaseYankuang ezingu-171 ezaziwayo, ezisatshalaliswa kakhulu eHunan, eGuangxi, eTibet, eYunnan, eGuizhou naseGansu. Imithombo yonke yezifundazwe eziyisithupha iqulethe u-87.2% wenani eliphelele lemithombo ekhonjiwe. Isifundazwe esinemithombo eminingi ye-锑 yiHunan. Idolobha elinamanzi abandayo lalesi sifundazwe liyimayini enkulu kunazo zonke emhlabeni ye-antimony, equkethe ingxenye yesithathu yemikhiqizo yonyaka yezwe.
Lo mthombo we-United States uncike kakhulu ekuthengisweni kwe-China futhi uyigugu kakhulu kune-rare earths. Kubikwa ukuthi ama-60% e-Yankuang angeniswa e-United States avela e-China. Njengoba isimo se-China emhlabeni jikelele sikhula, kancane kancane siye sakwazi ukukhuluma kahle. Ngo-2002, i-China yaphakamisa ukuthi kuthathwe uhlelo lwesabelo sokuthumela i-Yankuang kwamanye amazwe, futhi ibambe izinsiza ngezandla zayo. Ekuthuthukiseni ucwaningo nentuthuko yezwe labo.
Okwesithathu, i-bentonite
I-Bentonite iyisisetshenziswa samaminerali esiyigugu esingeyona insimbi, esakhiwe kakhulu yi-montmorillonite enesakhiwo esinezingqimba. Ngenxa yokuthi i-bentonite inezakhiwo ezinhle kakhulu njengokuvuvukala, ukumuncwa, ukumiswa, ukuhlakazeka, ukushintshaniswa kwama-ion, ukuzinza, i-thixotropy, njll., inezindlela ezingaphezu kuka-1000 zokusetshenziswa, ngakho-ke inegama elithi “ubumba oluphelele”; ingacutshungulwa ibe yi-Adhesives, ama-adhesive agents, ama-thixotropic agents, ama-catalysts, ama-clarifiers, ama-adsorbents, ama-chemical carriers, njll. asetshenziswa emikhakheni eyahlukahlukene futhi aziwa ngokuthi “izinto eziphelele”.
Imithombo ye-bentonite yaseShayina icebile kakhulu, inomthombo olinganiselwa kumathani angaphezu kwezigidigidi eziyi-7. Itholakala ezinhlobonhlobo ze-bentonite ezisekelwe ku-calcium kanye ne-sodium-based bentonite, kanye ne-hydrogen-based, aluminium-based, soda-calcium-based kanye ne-unclassified bentonite. Imithombo ye-sodium bentonite ingamathani ayizigidi ezingama-586.334, okwenza ama-24% emithombo iyonke; imithombo ye-sodium bentonite engaba khona ingamathani ayizigidi ezingama-351.586; izinhlobo ze-aluminium kanye ne-hydrogen ngaphandle kwe-calcium kanye ne-sodium bentonite zilinganiselwa ku-42%.
Okwesine, i-titanium
Ngokuphathelene nezindawo zokugcina, ngokusho kwezilinganiso, izinsiza ze-ilmenite ne-rutile zomhlaba zingaphezu kwamathani ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezimbili, kanti izindawo zokugcina ezingasetshenziswa kahle ngokomnotho zingamathani ayizigidi ezingu-770. Phakathi kwezindawo zokugcina izinsiza ze-titanium ezicacile emhlabeni wonke, i-ilmenite ingama-94%, kanti okunye kuyi-rutile. I-China yizwe elinezindawo zokugcina i-ilmenite ezinkulu kakhulu, ezinezindawo zokugcina ezingamathani ayizigidi ezingu-220, ezibalelwa ku-28.6% wezindawo zokugcina emhlabeni. I-Australia, i-India kanye neNingizimu Afrika zibekwe endaweni yesibili kuya kweyesine. Ngokuphathelene nokukhiqizwa, ukukhiqizwa kwe-titanium ore okune okuphezulu emhlabeni wonke ngo-2016 kwakuyiNingizimu Afrika, iShayina, i-Australia kanye neMozambique.
Ukusatshalaliswa kwezindawo zokugcina i-titanium ore emhlabeni wonke ngo-2016
I-titanium ore yaseShayina isatshalaliswa ezifundazweni ezingaphezu kwe-10 nasezifundeni ezizimele. I-titanium ore ikakhulukazi i-titanium ore, i-rutile ore kanye ne-ilmenite ore ku-vanadium-titanium magnetite. I-titanium ku-vanadium-titanium magnetite ikhiqizwa kakhulu endaweni yasePanzhihua eSichuan. Izimayini ze-Rutile zikhiqizwa kakhulu eHubei, eHenan, eShanxi nakwezinye izifundazwe. I-Ilmenite ore ikhiqizwa kakhulu eHainan, eYunnan, eGuangdong, eGuangxi nakwezinye izifundazwe (izifunda). Izindawo zokugcina i-ilmenite ze-TiO2 zingamathani ayizigidi ezingu-357, zibekwe endaweni yokuqala emhlabeni.
Ezinhlanu, i-ore yomhlaba engavamile
IShayina iyizwe elikhulu elinemithombo yemithombo engavamile. Ayigcini nje ngokucebile ngemithombo egciniwe, kodwa futhi inezinzuzo zezimbiwa eziphelele kanye nezinto ezingavamile zomhlaba, izinga eliphezulu lomhlaba ongavamile kanye nokusatshalaliswa okunengqondo kwamaphuzu e-ore, okubeka isisekelo esiqinile sokuthuthukiswa kwemboni yemithombo engavamile yaseShayina.
Amaminerali amakhulu omhlaba ongavamile eShayina ahlanganisa: Imayini yomhlaba ongavamile yaseBaiyun Ebo, imayini yomhlaba ongavamile yaseShandong Weishan, imayini yomhlaba ongavamile yaseSuining, imayini yomhlaba ongavamile yaseJiangxi ehlanza igobolondo, imayini ye-trout ensundu yaseHunan kanye nemayini yesihlabathi sasogwini olude.
I-Baiyun Obo rare earth ore ihambisana nensimbi. Amaminerali amakhulu e-rare earth yi-fluorocarbon antimony ore kanye ne-monazite. Isilinganiso singu-3:1, esifinyelele izinga lokubuyiselwa komhlaba ongavamile. Ngakho-ke, sibizwa ngokuthi i-mixed ore. I-rare earth REO iyonke ingamathani ayizigidi ezingu-35, okwenza cishe amathani ayizigidi ezingu-35. Ama-38% ezinqolobane zomhlaba yimayini yomhlaba ongavamile enkulu kunazo zonke emhlabeni.
I-ore yomhlaba engavamile yaseWeishan kanye ne-ore yomhlaba engavamile yaseSuining zakhiwe kakhulu yi-ore ye-bastnasite, ehambisana ne-barite, njll., futhi kulula kakhulu ukukhetha ama-ore omhlaba angavamile.
I-Jiangxi weathering crust leaching rare earth ore uhlobo olusha lweminerali yomhlaba engavamile. Ukuncibilikisa nokuncibilikisa kwayo kulula kakhulu, futhi iqukethe umhlaba ongavamile ophakathi nendawo nosindayo. Luhlobo lwe-rare earth ore enokuncintisana emakethe.
Izihlabathi zasogwini lwaseShayina nazo zicebile kakhulu. Ugu lolwandle lwaseNingizimu China kanye nogu lolwandle lwaseHainan Island kanye neTaiwan Island kungabizwa ngokuthi ugu lolwandle lwegolide lwezindawo zokugcina isihlabathi zasogwini. Kunezindawo zokugcina isihlabathi zanamuhla kanye nezimayini zesihlabathi zasendulo, lapho i-monazite kanye ne-xenotime ziphathwa khona. Isihlabathi sasogwini lolwandle sitholakala njengomkhiqizo ongeziwe lapho sithola i-ilmenite kanye ne-zircon.
Nakuba izinsizakusebenza zezimbiwa zaseShayina zicebile kakhulu, kodwa abantu bangama-58% abantu abanazo emhlabeni, bebekwe endaweni yama-53 emhlabeni. Futhi izici zokunikezwa kwezinsizakusebenza zaseShayina zimbi futhi kunzima ukuzimba, kunzima ukuzikhetha, kunzima ukuzimba. Iningi lamadiphozithi anezinqolobane eziqinisekisiwe ze-bauxite nezinye izimbiwa ezinkulu ayizimbiwa ezimbi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amaminerali aphakeme njenge-tungsten ore asetshenziswa ngokweqile, futhi amaningi awo asetshenziselwa ukuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe, okuholela emananini aphansi emikhiqizo yezimbiwa kanye nokumoshwa kwezinsizakusebenza. Kubalulekile ukwandisa imizamo yokulungisa, ukuvikela izinsizakusebenza, ukuqinisekisa intuthuko, kanye nokusungula izwi lomhlaba wonke ezinsizeni zezimbiwa ezinkulu. Umthombo: I-Mining Exchange
Isikhathi sokuthunyelwe: Novemba-11-2019