Kukula kwa silicon ya monocrystalline kumachitika kwathunthu m'munda wotentha. Munda wabwino wotentha umapangitsa kuti makristalo akhale abwino komanso umakhala ndi mphamvu yowonjezereka ya makristalo. Kapangidwe ka munda wotentha kamatsimikizira kwambiri kusintha kwa kutentha m'munda wotentha komanso kuyenda kwa mpweya m'chipinda cha uvuni. Kusiyana kwa zinthu zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito m'munda wotentha kumatsimikizira mwachindunji moyo wamunda wotentha. Munda wotentha wosayenera siwovuta kubzala makristalo omwe amakwaniritsa zofunikira zamtundu, komanso sungakule monocrystalline wathunthu pansi pa zofunikira zina. Ichi ndichifukwa chake makampani opanga silicon ya monocrystalline omwe amakoka mwachindunji amawona kapangidwe ka munda wotentha ngati ukadaulo wofunikira kwambiri ndipo amaika ndalama zambiri pantchito yofufuza ndi chitukuko cha munda wotentha.
Dongosolo la kutentha limapangidwa ndi zipangizo zosiyanasiyana zotenthetsera. Tikungofotokoza mwachidule zinthu zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito mu gawo la kutentha. Ponena za kugawa kutentha mu gawo la kutentha ndi momwe limakhudzira kukoka kwa kristalo, sitidzasanthula apa. Zinthu zotenthetsera zimatanthauza kapangidwe ndi gawo loteteza kutentha mu chipinda cha uvuni wa vacuum chomwe chimakula kristalo, chomwe ndi chofunikira popanga kugawa koyenera kutentha mozungulira kusungunuka kwa semiconductor ndi kristalo.
1. Zinthu zomangira munda wa kutentha
Zipangizo zoyambira zothandizira njira yokokera mwachindunji kuti ikule monocrystalline silicon ndi graphite yoyera kwambiri. Zipangizo za graphite zimagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri m'makampani amakono. Zingagwiritsidwe ntchito ngati zigawo za kapangidwe ka malo otentha mongazotenthetsera, machubu otsogolera, mipiringidzo, machubu otenthetsera, mathireyi ophikira, ndi zina zotero. pokonzekera silicon ya monocrystalline pogwiritsa ntchito njira ya Czochralski.
Zipangizo za graphiteamasankhidwa chifukwa ndi osavuta kukonzekera m'magulu ambiri, amatha kukonzedwa ndipo amapirira kutentha kwambiri. Kaboni mu mawonekedwe a diamondi kapena graphite ili ndi malo osungunuka kwambiri kuposa chinthu chilichonse kapena chophatikizika. Zipangizo za graphite ndi zolimba kwambiri, makamaka kutentha kwambiri, ndipo mphamvu zawo zamagetsi ndi kutentha nazonso ndizabwino. Mphamvu zake zamagetsi zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zoyenera ngatichotenthetseraChidacho chili ndi mphamvu yokwanira yoyendetsera kutentha, zomwe zimathandiza kuti kutentha komwe kumapangidwa ndi chotenthetseracho kugawidwe mofanana ku chotenthetsera ndi mbali zina za malo otentha. Komabe, kutentha kwambiri, makamaka patali, njira yayikulu yosamutsira kutentha ndi radiation.
Zigawo za graphite poyamba zimapangidwa ndi tinthu tating'onoting'ono ta carbonaceous tosakanikirana ndi binder ndipo timapangidwa ndi extrusion kapena isostatic pressing. Zigawo za graphite zapamwamba nthawi zambiri zimakanikizidwa isostatically. Chidutswa chonsecho choyamba chimakanikizidwa carbon kenako chimakanikizidwa pa kutentha kwambiri, pafupifupi 3000°C. Zigawo zomwe zimakonzedwa kuchokera ku zidutswa zonsezi nthawi zambiri zimatsukidwa mumlengalenga wokhala ndi chlorine pa kutentha kwambiri kuti zichotse kuipitsidwa kwa zitsulo kuti zikwaniritse zofunikira za makampani opanga semiconductor. Komabe, ngakhale zitayeretsedwa bwino, kuchuluka kwa kuipitsidwa kwa zitsulo kumakhala kwakukulu kwambiri kuposa komwe kumaloledwa pazinthu za silicon monocrystalline. Chifukwa chake, muyenera kusamala popanga malo otentha kuti mupewe kuipitsidwa kwa zigawozi kuti zisalowe pamwamba pa kusungunuka kapena kristalo.
Zipangizo za graphite zimalowa pang'ono, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zitsulo zotsala mkati zikhale zosavuta kufika pamwamba. Kuphatikiza apo, silicon monoxide yomwe ili mu mpweya woyeretsa kuzungulira pamwamba pa graphite imatha kulowa muzinthu zambiri ndikuchitapo kanthu.
Ma heater a ng'anjo ya monocrystalline silicon oyambirira anali opangidwa ndi zitsulo zosagwira ntchito monga tungsten ndi molybdenum. Chifukwa cha kukula kwa ukadaulo wokonza graphite, mphamvu zamagetsi za kulumikizana pakati pa zigawo za graphite zakhala zokhazikika, ndipo ma heater a monocrystalline silicon fireplace asintha kwathunthu tungsten, molybdenum ndi zinthu zina zotenthetsera. Pakadali pano, graphite yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri ndi isostatic graphite. Ukadaulo wokonzekera graphite ya isostatic mdziko langa ndi wocheperako, ndipo zinthu zambiri za graphite zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito mumakampani opanga ma photovoltaic am'nyumba zimatumizidwa kuchokera kunja. Opanga graphite ya isostatic yakunja makamaka akuphatikizapo SGL ya ku Germany, Tokai Carbon ya ku Japan, Toyo Tanso ya ku Japan, ndi zina zotero. Mu ng'anjo za silicon za monocrystalline za ku Czochralski, nthawi zina zinthu za C/C zimagwiritsidwa ntchito, ndipo zayamba kugwiritsidwa ntchito popanga mabolts, mtedza, zophikira, mbale zonyamula katundu ndi zina. Zosakaniza za kaboni/kaboni (C/C) ndi zosakaniza zopangidwa ndi ulusi wa kaboni zomwe zimalimbikitsidwa ndi ulusi wa kaboni zomwe zimakhala ndi zinthu zambiri zabwino monga mphamvu yapamwamba, modulus yapamwamba, kuchuluka kwa kutentha kochepa, mphamvu zamagetsi zabwino, kulimba kwa kusweka kwakukulu, mphamvu yokoka yochepa, kukana kutentha, kukana dzimbiri, komanso kukana kutentha kwambiri. Pakadali pano, zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri mumlengalenga, kuthamanga, zinthu zachilengedwe ndi zina monga zida zatsopano zomangira zomwe sizimatentha kwambiri. Pakadali pano, zovuta zazikulu zomwe zimakumana nazo ndi zosakaniza za C/C zapakhomo ndi nkhani zamitengo ndi chitukuko cha mafakitale.
Pali zinthu zina zambiri zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga minda yotenthetsera. Graphite yolimbikitsidwa ndi ulusi wa kaboni ili ndi mphamvu zabwino zamakina; koma ndi yokwera mtengo kwambiri ndipo ili ndi zofunikira zina pakupanga.Silikoni kabide (SiC)ndi chinthu chabwino kuposa graphite m'mbali zambiri, koma ndi chokwera mtengo kwambiri komanso chovuta kukonzekera zigawo zazikulu. Komabe, SiC nthawi zambiri imagwiritsidwa ntchito ngatiChophimba cha CVDkuti ziwonjezere moyo wa ziwalo za graphite zomwe zimakhudzidwa ndi mpweya wa silicon monoxide wowononga, komanso zimachepetsa kuipitsidwa ndi graphite. Chophimba cha CVD silicon carbide chokhuthala chimaletsa bwino zinthu zodetsa mkati mwa zinthu za graphite zomwe zimakhala ndi ma microporous kuti zisafike pamwamba.
Chinanso ndi CVD carbon, chomwe chingathenso kupanga gawo lolimba pamwamba pa gawo la graphite. Zipangizo zina zopirira kutentha kwambiri, monga molybdenum kapena zinthu za ceramic zomwe zingagwirizane ndi chilengedwe, zingagwiritsidwe ntchito pomwe palibe chiopsezo chodetsa kusungunuka. Komabe, ma oxide ceramics nthawi zambiri amakhala ochepa pakugwiritsa ntchito zinthu za graphite kutentha kwambiri, ndipo pali njira zina zochepa ngati pakufunika kutenthetsa. Chimodzi ndi hexagonal boron nitride (nthawi zina imatchedwa white graphite chifukwa cha makhalidwe ofanana), koma makhalidwe a makina ndi oipa. Molybdenum nthawi zambiri imagwiritsidwa ntchito moyenera pazochitika zotentha kwambiri chifukwa cha mtengo wake wocheperako, kuchuluka kochepa kwa makristalo a silicon, komanso coefficient yotsika kwambiri ya pafupifupi 5×108, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti molybdenum iipitsidwe isanawononge kapangidwe ka kristalo.
2. Zipangizo zotenthetsera kutentha
Chovala choteteza mpweya chomwe chimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri ndi kaboni wofewa m'njira zosiyanasiyana. Mpweya wa kaboni umapangidwa ndi ulusi woonda, womwe umagwira ntchito ngati choteteza mpweya chifukwa umatseka kuwala kwa kutentha kangapo patali pang'ono. Mpweya wofewa wa kaboni umalukidwa kukhala mapepala opyapyala, omwe kenako amadulidwa kukhala mawonekedwe omwe mukufuna ndikupindika mwamphamvu kukhala radius yoyenera. Mpweya wofewa umapangidwa ndi zinthu zofanana ndi ulusi, ndipo cholumikizira chokhala ndi kaboni chimagwiritsidwa ntchito kulumikiza ulusi wobalalika kukhala chinthu cholimba komanso chooneka bwino. Kugwiritsa ntchito nthunzi ya mankhwala m'malo mwa cholumikizira kumatha kusintha mawonekedwe a chinthucho.
Kawirikawiri, pamwamba pa thermal insulation curing felt pamakhala yokutidwa ndi graphite coating kapena foil yopitilira kuti achepetse kukokoloka ndi kuwonongeka komanso kuipitsidwa kwa tinthu tating'onoting'ono. Palinso mitundu ina ya zinthu zotetezera kutentha zochokera ku carbon, monga thovu la carbon. Kawirikawiri, zinthu zopangidwa ndi graphite zimakondedwa chifukwa graphitization imachepetsa kwambiri malo a ulusi. Kutuluka kwa zinthuzi pamalo okwera kumachepa kwambiri, ndipo zimatenga nthawi yochepa kupompa ng'anjo kupita ku vacuum yoyenera. Chinanso ndi C/C composite material, yomwe ili ndi makhalidwe abwino monga kulemera kopepuka, kupirira kuwonongeka kwakukulu komanso mphamvu zambiri. Kugwiritsa ntchito m'minda ya kutentha m'malo mwa zigawo za graphite kumachepetsa kwambiri kuchuluka kwa kusintha kwa zigawo za graphite, kumawonjezera khalidwe la monocrystalline komanso kukhazikika kwa kupanga.
Malinga ndi gulu la zopangira, kaboni wofewa ukhoza kugawidwa m'magulu awiri: polyacrylonitrile-based carbon felt, viscose-based carbon felt, ndi pitch-based carbon felt.
Mpweya wa kaboni wochokera ku Polyacrylonitrile uli ndi phulusa lalikulu. Pambuyo pokonza kutentha kwambiri, ulusi umodzi umakhala wofooka. Pakagwiritsidwa ntchito, zimakhala zosavuta kupanga fumbi kuti liipitse malo a ng'anjo. Nthawi yomweyo, ulusiwo umatha kulowa mosavuta m'mabowo ndi m'njira yopumira ya thupi la munthu, zomwe zimavulaza thanzi la munthu. Mpweya wa kaboni wochokera ku Viscose uli ndi mphamvu yabwino yoteteza kutentha. Ndi wofewa kwambiri pambuyo pokonza kutentha ndipo sikophweka kupanga fumbi. Komabe, gawo lodutsa la ulusi wosaphika wochokera ku viscose ndi losakhazikika, ndipo pali mipata yambiri pamwamba pa ulusi. N'zosavuta kupanga mpweya monga C02 pansi pa mpweya woziziritsa wa ng'anjo ya silicon ya CZ, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti mpweya ndi kaboni zilowe mu silicon ya monocrystalline. Opanga akuluakulu akuphatikizapo German SGL ndi makampani ena. Pakadali pano, yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri mumakampani opanga ma semiconductor monocrystalline ndi carbon felt yochokera ku pitch, yomwe ili ndi mphamvu yoyipa yoteteza kutentha kuposa carbon felt yochokera ku viscose, koma carbon felt yochokera ku pitch ili ndi chiyero chapamwamba komanso fumbi lochepa. Opanga akuphatikizapo Kureha Chemical ndi Osaka Gas aku Japan.
Popeza mawonekedwe a carbon felt sali okhazikika, zimakhala zovuta kugwiritsa ntchito. Tsopano makampani ambiri apanga zinthu zatsopano zotetezera kutentha zomwe zimachokera ku carbon felt-cured carbon felt. Cured carbon felt, yomwe imatchedwanso hard felt, ndi carbon felt yokhala ndi mawonekedwe enaake komanso yodziyimira yokha pambuyo poti soft felt yalowetsedwa ndi utomoni, laminated, cried ndi carbonized.
Kukula kwa silicon ya monocrystalline kumakhudzidwa mwachindunji ndi malo otentha, ndipo zipangizo zotetezera kutentha za carbon fiber zimagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri m'malo awa. Chophimba chofewa cha carbon fiber chotetezera kutentha chikadali ndi mwayi waukulu mumakampani opanga ma semiconductor a photovoltaic chifukwa cha phindu lake la mtengo, mphamvu yabwino kwambiri yotetezera kutentha, kapangidwe kosinthasintha komanso mawonekedwe osinthika. Kuphatikiza apo, chophimba chotetezera kutentha cha carbon fiber chidzakhala ndi malo okulirapo pamsika wazinthu zotenthetsera chifukwa cha mphamvu zake zinazake komanso magwiridwe antchito apamwamba. Tadzipereka kufufuza ndi kupanga zinthu zotetezera kutentha, ndikupitilizabe kukonza magwiridwe antchito azinthu kuti tilimbikitse kutukuka ndi chitukuko cha makampani opanga ma semiconductor a photovoltaic.
Nthawi yotumizira: Juni-12-2024