Uburyo bwo gukura kwa silikoni imwe ikoze mu buryo bwuzuye mu murima w’ubushyuhe. Umurima mwiza w’ubushyuhe utuma habaho kunoza ubwiza bwa kristu kandi ukagira ubushobozi bwo gukora neza cyane. Imiterere y’umurima w’ubushyuhe igena ahanini impinduka mu bushyuhe mu murima w’ubushyuhe buhindagurika n’urujya n’uruza rwa gazi mu cyumba cy’itanura. Itandukaniro mu bikoresho bikoreshwa mu murima w’ubushyuhe rigena mu buryo butaziguye igihe umurima w’ubushyuhe umara. Umurima w’ubushyuhe udafite ishingiro ntugoye gusa guhinga kristu zujuje ibisabwa, ahubwo ntushobora no guhinga kristu yuzuye mu buryo bukurikije ibisabwa mu buryo bumwe na bumwe. Niyo mpamvu inganda za silikoni imwe ikora ku buryo butaziguye zibona igishushanyo mbonera cy’umurima w’ubushyuhe nk’ikoranabuhanga ry’ingenzi kandi zigashora imari nini mu bushakashatsi no mu iterambere ry’umurima w’ubushyuhe.
Sisitemu y'ubushyuhe igizwe n'ibikoresho bitandukanye by'ubushyuhe. Tugaragaza muri make ibikoresho bikoreshwa mu murima w'ubushyuhe. Ku bijyanye n'uburyo ubushyuhe bukwirakwira mu murima w'ubushyuhe n'ingaruka zabwo ku gukurura kristu, ntabwo tuzabisesengura hano. Ibikoresho by'ubushyuhe bivuga imiterere n'igice cy'ubushyuhe mu cyumba cy'ifuru cy'ubushyuhe cy'ikura rya kristu, ibi bikaba ari ingenzi mu gukora uburyo bukwiye bwo gukwirakwiza ubushyuhe hafi y'imashini ishonga na kristu.
1. Ibikoresho by'imiterere y'ubutaka bushyuha
Ibikoresho by'ibanze bifasha mu buryo bwo gukurura siliconi ya monocrystalline ni grafiti ifite isuku nyinshi. Ibikoresho bya grafiti bigira uruhare runini mu nganda za none. Bishobora gukoreshwa nk'ibice by'imiterere y'ubutaka bushyuha nkaibyuma bishyushya, imiyoboro iyobora, ibisasu, imiyoboro yo gushyushya, amasahani yo gutwika, nibindi mu gutegura silikoni ya monocrystalline hakoreshejwe uburyo bwa Czochralski.
Ibikoresho bya grafitizitoranywa kuko zoroshye gutegura mu bwinshi, zishobora gutunganywa kandi zirwanya ubushyuhe bwinshi. Karuboni mu ishusho ya diyama cyangwa girafiti ifite aho ishongera cyane kurusha ikindi kintu icyo ari cyo cyose cyangwa ikintu icyo ari cyo cyose. Ibikoresho bya girafiti birakomeye cyane, cyane cyane iyo ubushyuhe buri hejuru, kandi amashanyarazi n'ubushyuhe byabyo nabyo ni byiza cyane. amashanyarazi yabyo atuma biba byiza nk'ahoicyuma gishyushyaibikoresho. Ifite ubushobozi buhagije bwo gutwara ubushyuhe, butuma ubushyuhe butangwa n'icyuma gishyushya bukwirakwira ku buryo bungana mu gice cy'ubushyuhe n'ibindi bice by'ubutaka bw'ubushyuhe. Ariko, ku bushyuhe bwinshi, cyane cyane mu ntera ndende, uburyo bw'ingenzi bwo kohereza ubushyuhe ni imirasire.
Ibice bya grafiti bibanza gukorwa mu duce duto twa karubone tuvanze n'icyuma gifunga hanyuma bigakorwa hakoreshejwe extrusion cyangwa isostatic pressing. Ibice bya grafiti byiza cyane akenshi bikandagirwa isostatically. Igice cyose kibanza gukaraba hanyuma kigakaraba ku bushyuhe buri hejuru cyane, hafi ya 3000°C. Ibice bitunganywa muri ibi bice byose akenshi bisukurwa mu kirere kirimo chlorine ku bushyuhe bwinshi kugira ngo bikureho ubwandu bw'icyuma kugira ngo huzuzwe ibisabwa n'inganda za semiconductor. Ariko, nubwo byamaze gusukurwa neza, urwego rw'ubwandu bw'icyuma ruri hejuru cyane ugereranije n'urwemewe ku bikoresho bya silicon monocrystalline. Kubwibyo, hagomba kwitonderwa mu miterere y'ubutaka bw'ubushyuhe kugira ngo hirindwe ko ubwandu bw'ibi bice bwinjira mu buso bwa crystal cyangwa fondasiyo.
Ibikoresho bya grafiti biremerera gato kwinjira, ibyo bigatuma byorohera icyuma gisigaye imbere kugera hejuru. Byongeye kandi, silicon monoxide iba muri gaze yo gusukura ikikije ubuso bwa grafiti ishobora kwinjira mu bikoresho byinshi ikabikora.
Imashini zishyushya za silicon zo mu bwoko bwa monocrystalline zakozwe mu byuma birenza urugero nka tungsten na molybdenum. Uko ikoranabuhanga ryo gutunganya grafiti rigenda rikura, imiterere y'amashanyarazi y'isano hagati y'ibice bya grafiti yarahindutse ihamye, kandi imashini zishyushya za silicon zo mu bwoko bwa monocrystalline zasimbuye burundu tungsten, molybdenum n'ibindi bikoresho bishyushya. Kuri ubu, ibikoresho bya grafiti bikoreshwa cyane ni grafiti ya isostatic. Ikoranabuhanga ryo gutegura grafiti ya isostatic mu gihugu cyanjye ryasubiye inyuma cyane, kandi ibikoresho byinshi bya grafiti bikoreshwa mu nganda za photovoltaic zo mu gihugu bitumizwa mu mahanga. Abakora grafiti zo mu mahanga zikomoka kuri isostatic barimo cyane cyane SGL yo mu Budage, Tokai Carbon yo mu Buyapani, Toyo Tanso yo mu Buyapani, nibindi. Mu itanura rya silicon ryo mu bwoko bwa Czochralski, hari igihe hakoreshwa ibikoresho bya C/C, kandi byatangiye gukoreshwa mu gukora bolts, imbuto, crucibles, load plates n'ibindi bice. Ibikoresho bya karuboni/karuboni (C/C) ni ibikoresho bigizwe n’ibinyabutabire bya karuboni bishyigikiwe na fibre ya karuboni bifite imiterere myiza cyane nko gukomera cyane, modulus nyinshi, ubushyuhe buke, amashanyarazi meza, gukomera cyane, imbaraga nke, ubushyuhe buke, kurwanya ingese, no kurwanya ubushyuhe bwinshi. Kuri ubu, bikoreshwa cyane mu kirere, gusiganwa ku magare, ibikoresho by’ibinyabuzima n’ibindi nk’ibikoresho bishya birwanya ubushyuhe bwinshi. Kuri ubu, ingorane zikomeye ziterwa n’ibinyabutabire bya karuboni mu ngo ziracyari ibibazo by’ikiguzi n’iterambere ry’inganda.
Hari ibindi bikoresho byinshi bikoreshwa mu gukora ahantu hashyuha. Grafiti ikoreshwa mu gukaraba ifite ubushobozi bwo gukora neza; ariko irahenze cyane kandi ifite ibindi bisabwa mu gushushanya.Karubide ya silikoni (SiC)ni ibikoresho byiza kurusha grafiti mu bintu byinshi, ariko birahenze cyane kandi biragoye gutegura ibice binini. Ariko, SiC ikunze gukoreshwa nk'igikoreshoIgipfukisho cya CVDkugira ngo byongere ubuzima bw'ibice bya grafiti byangiritse ku mwuka wa silicon monoxide, kandi bishobora no kugabanya ubwandu buturuka kuri grafiti. Irangi rya silicon carbide rinini rya CVD ririnda neza imyanda iri mu bikoresho bya grafiti bito kugera hejuru.
Indi ni CVD karubone, ishobora no gukora urwego rurerure hejuru y'igice cya grafiti. Ibindi bikoresho birwanya ubushyuhe bwinshi, nka molybdenum cyangwa ibikoresho bya ceramic bishobora kubana n'ibidukikije, bishobora gukoreshwa aho nta ngaruka zo kwanduza imyuka. Ariko, oxide ceramics muri rusange zikoreshwa ku bikoresho bya graphite ku bushyuhe bwinshi, kandi hari andi mahitamo make niba bikenewe kugira ngo hitarwe. Rimwe ni hexagonal boron nitride (rimwe na rimwe yitwa white graphite bitewe n'imiterere isa), ariko imiterere ya mekanike ni mibi. Molybdenum muri rusange ikoreshwa neza mu bihe by'ubushyuhe bwinshi kubera igiciro cyayo kiri hasi, igipimo gito cyo gukwirakwira muri kristu za silicon, hamwe n'ikigereranyo gito cyane cyo gutandukanya cya 5×108, ibyo bigatuma molybdenum ihumanya mbere yo kwangiza imiterere ya kristu.
2. Ibikoresho byo gukingira ubushyuhe
Igikoresho gikoreshwa cyane mu gukingira ni icyuma cya karuboni mu buryo butandukanye. Igikoresho cya karuboni gikozwe mu migozi mito, ikora nk'icyuma gikingira kuko kibuza imirasire y'ubushyuhe inshuro nyinshi mu ntera ngufi. Igikoresho cyoroshye cya karuboni gishyirwa mu mpapuro ntoya cyane, hanyuma kigacibwamo ishusho wifuza hanyuma kigapfunyika neza mu buryo bukwiye. Igikoresho cyaciwe kigizwe n'ibikoresho bisa na fibre, kandi agakoresho gafite karuboni gakoreshwa mu guhuza imigozi yatatanye mu kintu gikomeye kandi gifite ishusho. Gukoresha umwuka wa shimi wo gushyira karuboni aho gukoresha agakoresho gafunga bishobora kunoza imiterere y'ibikoresho.
Ubusanzwe, ubuso bw'inyuma bw'icyuma gikingira ubushyuhe gitwikiriwe n'icyuma gikingira ubushyuhe gikomeza cyangwa agapapuro ka grafiti kugira ngo bigabanye isuri n'ingufu ndetse n'ubwandu bw'uduce duto. Hari n'ubundi bwoko bw'ibikoresho bikingira ubushyuhe bishingiye kuri karuboni, nka foam ya karuboni. Muri rusange, ibikoresho bya grafiti birakundwa kuko grafiti igabanya cyane ubuso bwa fibre. Ibyuka biva kuri ibi bikoresho biri hejuru biragabanuka cyane, kandi bifata igihe gito kuvoma itanura rijya mu cyuma gikwiye. Ikindi ni ibikoresho bya C/C, bifite imiterere idasanzwe nko kuba ibiro byoroshye, kwihanganira kwangirika cyane no gukomera cyane. Bikoreshwa mu butaka bw'ubushyuhe kugira ngo bisimbuze ibice bya grafiti bigabanya cyane inshuro zo gusimbuza ibice bya grafiti, binongera ubwiza bwa monocrystalline no kudahungabana k'umusaruro.
Dukurikije uburyo ibikoresho fatizo bishyirwa mu byiciro, icyuma cya karuboni gishobora kugabanywamo icyuma cya karuboni gishingiye kuri polyacrylonitrile, icyuma cya karuboni gishingiye kuri viscose, n'icyuma cya karuboni gishingiye kuri pitch.
Ifu ya karuboni ishingiye kuri Polyacrylonitrile ifite ivu rinini. Iyo imaze kuvurwa mu bushyuhe bwinshi, fibre imwe iracika intege. Mu gihe cyo kuyikoresha, biroroshye kuyikuramo umukungugu wo kwanduza ibidukikije by'itanura. Muri icyo gihe, fibre ishobora kwinjira mu mwenge n'inzira z'ubuhumekero z'umubiri w'umuntu, ibyo bikaba byangiza ubuzima bw'umuntu. Ifu ya karuboni ishingiye kuri viscose ifite ubushobozi bwo gukingira ubushyuhe. Iyoroshye cyane nyuma yo kuyivura ubushyuhe kandi ntabwo byoroshye kuyivura. Ariko, igice cya fibre ishingiye kuri viscose ntabwo gisanzwe, kandi hari imiyoboro myinshi ku buso bwa fibre. Biroroshye kuyikoramo imyuka nka C02 munsi y'ikirere gishyushya cy'itanura rya silicon rya CZ, bigatuma ogisijeni na karuboni bigwa mu bikoresho bya silicon bya monocrystalline. Abakora ibintu by'ingenzi barimo SGL yo mu Budage n'izindi sosiyete. Kuri ubu, ikoreshwa cyane mu nganda za semiconductor monocrystalline ni ifu ya karuboni ishingiye kuri pitch, ifite ubushobozi bwo gukingira ubushyuhe bubi kurusha ifu ya karuboni ishingiye kuri viscose, ariko ifu ya karuboni ishingiye kuri pitch ifite ubuziranenge bwinshi kandi imyuka mike y'umukungugu. Abakora barimo Kureha Chemical na Osaka Gas yo mu Buyapani.
Kubera ko imiterere ya karuboni idahinduka, ntabwo byoroshye kuyikora. Ubu amasosiyete menshi yateguye ibikoresho bishya byo gukingira ubushyuhe bishingiye ku karuboni ya karuboni yasubijwe. Karuboni yasubijwe, nanone yitwa karuboni ikomeye, ni karuboni ifite imiterere runaka kandi ibasha kwiyubaka nyuma y’uko karuboni yoroshye ishyizwemo resin, ikaranze, igakira kandi igashyirwamo karuboni.
Ubwiza bw'ubushyuhe bwa silicon imwe bugira ingaruka ku buryo butaziguye ku bidukikije, kandi ibikoresho byo gukingira ubushyuhe bya fibre ya karuboni bigira uruhare runini muri iki gikoresho. Ingufu zoroshye zo gukingira ubushyuhe bwa fibre ya karuboni ziracyafite inyungu ikomeye mu nganda za semiconductor za photovoltaic bitewe n'inyungu yazo ku giciro, ingaruka nziza zo gukingira ubushyuhe, imiterere yoroshye n'imiterere ihinduka. Byongeye kandi, ingufu zo gukingira ubushyuhe za fibre ya karuboni zizagira umwanya munini mu iterambere ku isoko ry'ibikoresho byo gukingira ubushyuhe bitewe n'imbaraga zayo zimwe na zimwe no gukora neza. Twiyemeje gukora ubushakashatsi no guteza imbere ibikoresho byo gukingira ubushyuhe, no gukomeza kunoza imikorere y'ibicuruzwa kugira ngo duteze imbere iterambere ry'inganda za semiconductor za photovoltaic.
Igihe cyo kohereza: Kamena-12-2024