Kuki ingufu za hydrogen zikurura ibitekerezo?

Mu myaka ya vuba aha, ibihugu hirya no hino ku isi birimo guteza imbere iterambere ry’inganda zikora ingufu za hydrogen ku muvuduko udasanzwe. Nk’uko raporo yashyizwe ahagaragara ku bufatanye na Komisiyo Mpuzamahanga ishinzwe Ingufu za Hydrogen na McKinsey ibigaragaza, ibihugu birenga 30 n’uturere byashyize ahagaragara gahunda y’iterambere ry’ingufu za hydrogen, kandi ishoramari ku isi mu mishinga y’ingufu za hydrogen rizagera kuri miliyari 300 z’amadolari y’Amerika mu 2030.

Ingufu za hydrogène ni ingufu zirekurwa na hydrogen mu gihe cy'impinduka mu buryo bw'umubiri no mu buryo bwa shimi. Hydrogène na ogisijeni bishobora gutwikwa kugira ngo bikore ingufu z'ubushyuhe, kandi bishobora no guhindurwamo amashanyarazi hakoreshejwe lisansi. Hydrogène ntabwo ifite amasoko menshi gusa, ahubwo inafite ibyiza byo gutwara ubushyuhe neza, isukuye kandi idahumanya, ndetse n'ubushyuhe bwinshi kuri buri gipimo. Ubushyuhe bwa hydrogène ku buremere bumwe bukubye inshuro eshatu ugereranyije n'ubwa lisansi. Ni ingenzi mu nganda zikora peteroli ndetse n'ingufu zikoreshwa mu gutwara lisansi mu kirere. Bitewe n'ubwiyongere bw'ingufu zo guhangana n'imihindagurikire y'ikirere no kugera ku kutagira karuboni ibogama, ingufu za hydrogène zitezweho guhindura sisitemu y'ingufu z'abantu.

Ingufu za hydrogène zikundwa cyane atari ukubera ko nta karuboni isohora mu nzira yo kurekura, ahubwo no kubera ko hydrogène ishobora gukoreshwa nk'igikoresho cyo kubika ingufu kugira ngo ihuze n'ihindagurika ry'ingufu zishobora kuvugururwa no guteza imbere iterambere rikomeye ryazo. Urugero, ikoranabuhanga rya "amashanyarazi kuri gazi" ritezwa imbere na guverinoma y'Ubudage ni ugukora hydrogène yo kubika amashanyarazi meza nk'ingufu z'umuyaga n'izuba, zidashobora gukoreshwa mu gihe runaka, no gutwara hydrogène mu ntera ndende kugira ngo irusheho gukoreshwa neza. Uretse imiterere y'ingufu, hydrogène ishobora kandi kugaragara nk'amazi cyangwa hydride ikomeye, ifite uburyo butandukanye bwo kubika no gutwara. Nk'ingufu zidasanzwe "zihuza" ingufu, hydrogène ntishobora gusa guhinduranya amashanyarazi na hydrogène, ahubwo inashobora kubaka "ikiraro" kugira ngo ihuze amashanyarazi, ubushyuhe, ubukonje ndetse n'ibikomeye, gazi n'ibikomoka ku mazi, kugira ngo hubakwe sisitemu y'ingufu isukuye kandi ikora neza.

Ubwoko butandukanye bw'ingufu za hydrogen bufite uburyo butandukanye bwo gukoreshwa. Mu mpera za 2020, umutungo w'imodoka zikoresha hydrogene zigenda ziyongeraho 38% ugereranije n'umwaka ushize. Ingufu za hydrogene zikoreshwa cyane zigenda zikura buhoro buhoro kuva ku rwego rw'imodoka zijya mu zindi nzego nko gutwara abantu, kubaka n'inganda. Iyo zikoreshejwe mu gutwara abantu muri gari ya moshi no mu bwato, ingufu za hydrogene zishobora kugabanya kwishingikiriza ku gutwara ibintu kure no gutwara ibintu byinshi ku bikomoka kuri peteroli na gazi gakondo. Urugero, mu ntangiriro z'umwaka ushize, Toyota yateguye kandi itanga igice cya mbere cy'uturemangingo twa hydrogene ku bwato bwo mu mazi. Ikoreshwa mu gukora ibintu bitandukanye, ingufu za hydrogene zishobora gutanga ingufu n'ubushyuhe ku nyubako zo guturamo n'iz'ubucuruzi. Ingufu za hydrogene zishobora kandi gutanga ibikoresho fatizo byiza, ibikoresho bigabanya ubushyuhe n'isoko ry'ubushyuhe ryihariye ku nganda zikoresha petroli, ibyuma n'ibyuma, ibyuma n'izindi nganda zikoresha ikoranabuhanga, bikagabanya neza imyuka ihumanya ikirere.

Ariko, nk'ubwoko bw'ingufu za kabiri, ingufu za hydrogen ntibyoroshye kubona. Hydrogen iboneka ahanini mu mazi no mu bikomoka ku binyabutabire mu buryo bw'ibintu biri ku isi. Ikoranabuhanga ryinshi risanzwe rikora hydrogen rishingiye ku ngufu za hydrogen kandi ntirishobora kwirinda imyuka ya karuboni. Kuri ubu, ikoranabuhanga ryo gukora hydrogen mu ngufu zishobora kongera gukoreshwa ririmo gukura buhoro buhoro, kandi nta hydrogen isohora karuboni ishobora gukorwa mu ngufu zishobora kongera gukoreshwa no mu mazi. Abahanga mu bya siyansi barimo kandi gushakisha ikoranabuhanga rishya ryo gukora hydrogen, nko gukoresha imirasire y'izuba mu mazi kugira ngo hakorwe hydrogen na biomass kugira ngo hakorwe hydrogen. Ikoranabuhanga ryo gukora hydrogen ya hydrogen yakozwe n'Ikigo cy'ingufu za nyukliya n'ikoranabuhanga rishya ry'ingufu cya Kaminuza ya Tsinghua ryitezwe gutangira kugaragara mu myaka 10. Byongeye kandi, uruhererekane rw'inganda za hydrogen rurimo kandi kubika, gutwara, kuzuza, gukoresha n'ibindi bihuza, nabyo bihura n'ibibazo bya tekiniki n'ibiciro bike. Dufashe urugero rwo kubika no gutwara, hydrogen ni nkeya kandi yoroshye kuva mu kirere mu gihe cy'ubushyuhe n'umuvuduko bisanzwe. Gukorana n'icyuma igihe kirekire bizatuma "hydrogen icika" kandi ikangiza ibyo bya nyuma. Kubika no gutwara biragoye cyane kurusha amakara, peteroli na gaze karemano.

Muri iki gihe, ibihugu byinshi bikikije impande zose z'ubushakashatsi bushya bwa hydrogen biri mu nzira ikomeye, ibibazo bya tekiniki biri mu nzira yo kubyikemurira. Bitewe no kwaguka gukomeye k'urwego rw'ingufu za hydrogen, ibikorwa remezo byo kubika no gutwara, ikiguzi cy'ingufu za hydrogen nacyo gifite umwanya munini wo kugabanuka. Ubushakashatsi bwerekana ko ikiguzi rusange cy'uruhererekane rw'ingufu za hydrogen cyitezwe kugabanukaho kimwe cya kabiri mu 2030. Twiteze ko umuryango wa hydrogen uzihuta.