Inothi lomhleli: Ubuchwepheshe kagesi buyikusasa lomhlaba oluhlaza, futhi ubuchwepheshe bebhethri buyisisekelo sobuchwepheshe kagesi kanye nesihluthulelo sokunciphisa intuthuko enkulu yobuchwepheshe kagesi. Ubuchwepheshe bebhethri obujwayelekile bamanje amabhethri e-lithium-ion, anomthamo omuhle wamandla kanye nokusebenza kahle okuphezulu. Kodwa-ke, i-lithium iyinto engavamile enezindleko eziphakeme kanye nezinsizakusebenza ezilinganiselwe. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, njengoba ukusetshenziswa kwemithombo yamandla avuselelekayo kukhula, umthamo wamandla wamabhethri e-lithium-ion awusanele. ungasabela kanjani? UMayank Jain uhlole ubuchwepheshe bebhethri obungasetshenziswa esikhathini esizayo. Isihloko sokuqala sanyatheliswa ku-medium esinesihloko esithi: Ikusasa Lobuchwepheshe Bebhethri
Umhlaba ugcwele amandla, futhi senza konke okusemandleni ethu ukuze sibambe futhi siwasebenzise kahle lawo mandla. Nakuba senze umsebenzi ongcono ekushintsheni kwamandla avuselelekayo, asikathuthuki kangako ekugcineni amandla.
Njengamanje, izinga eliphezulu kakhulu lobuchwepheshe bebhethri amabhethri e-lithium-ion. Leli bhethri libonakala linobuningi bamandla obuhle kakhulu, ukusebenza kahle okuphezulu (cishe ama-99%), kanye nokuphila isikhathi eside.
Ngakho-ke yini engalungile? Njengoba amandla avuselelekayo esiwabambayo eqhubeka ekhula, ubuningi bamandla bamabhethri e-lithium-ion abusanele.
Njengoba singaqhubeka nokukhiqiza amabhethri ngamaqoqo, lokhu akubonakali kuyinto enkulu, kodwa inkinga ukuthi i-lithium iyinsimbi engavamile, ngakho-ke izindleko zayo aziphansi. Nakuba izindleko zokukhiqiza amabhethri zehla, isidingo sokugcina amandla naso sikhula ngokushesha.
Sesifinyelele eqophelweni lapho uma ibhethri le-lithium ion selikhiqizwa, lizoba nomthelela omkhulu embonini yamandla.
Ubuningi bamandla aphezulu kaphethiloli wezinto zasendulo buyiqiniso, futhi lokhu kuyisici esikhulu esithonyayo esivimbela ukushintshela ekuthembeleni ngokuphelele emandleni avuselelekayo. Sidinga amabhethri akhipha amandla amaningi kunesisindo sethu.
Indlela amabhethri e-lithium-ion asebenza ngayo
Indlela yokusebenza kwamabhethri e-lithium ifana namabhethri amakhemikhali ajwayelekile e-AA noma e-AAA. Aneziphetho ze-anode kanye ne-cathode, kanye ne-electrolyte phakathi. Ngokungafani namabhethri avamile, ukusabela kokukhishwa kwebhethri le-lithium-ion kuyabuyiselwa emuva, ngakho-ke ibhethri lingashajwa kabusha ngokuphindaphindiwe.
I-cathode (+ i-terminal) yenziwe nge-lithium iron phosphate, i-anode (-terminal) yenziwe nge-graphite, kanti i-graphite yenziwe nge-carbon. Ugesi uwukugeleza kwama-electron. Lawa mabhethri akhiqiza ugesi ngokuhambisa ama-ion e-lithium phakathi kwe-anode ne-cathode.
Uma eshajwa, ama-ion aya ku-anode, futhi uma ekhishwa, ama-ion aya ku-cathode.
Lokhu kuhamba kwama-ion kubangela ukuhamba kwama-electron esiketheni, ngakho-ke ukunyakaza kwama-ion e-lithium kanye nokunyakaza kwama-electron kuhlobene.
Ibhethri le-silicon anode
Izinkampani eziningi ezinkulu zezimoto njengeBMW bezilokhu zitshala imali ekuthuthukiseni amabhethri e-silicon anode. Njengamabhethri avamile e-lithium-ion, lawa mabhethri asebenzisa ama-lithium anode, kodwa esikhundleni sama-anode asekelwe ku-carbon, asebenzisa i-silicon.
Njenge-anode, i-silicon ingcono kune-graphite ngoba idinga ama-athomu e-carbon amane ukuze ibambe i-lithium, kanti i-athomu elilodwa le-silicon lingabamba ama-ion e-lithium amane. Lokhu kuyintuthuko enkulu ... okwenza i-silicon ibe namandla ngokuphindwe kathathu kune-graphite.
Noma kunjalo, ukusetshenziswa kwe-lithium kuseyinkemba esika nhlangothi zombili. Lokhu kusabiza kakhulu, kodwa futhi kulula ukudlulisa izindawo zokukhiqiza kumaseli e-silicon. Uma amabhethri ehluke ngokuphelele, ifektri kuzodingeka ivuselelwe ngokuphelele, okuzokwenza ukuthi ukukhanga kokushintsha kunciphe kancane.
Ama-silicon anode enziwa ngokwelapha isihlabathi ukuze kukhiqizwe i-silicon emsulwa, kodwa inkinga enkulu abacwaningi ababhekene nayo njengamanje ukuthi ama-silicon anode ayavuvukala uma esetshenziswa. Lokhu kungabangela ukuthi ibhethri lonakale ngokushesha kakhulu. Kunzima futhi ukukhiqiza ama-anode ngobuningi.
Ibhethri le-Graphene
I-Graphene uhlobo lwe-carbon flake olusebenzisa izinto ezifanayo nepensela, kodwa kubiza isikhathi esiningi ukunamathisela i-graphite kuma-flakes. I-Graphene iyanconywa ngokusebenza kwayo okuhle kakhulu ezimweni eziningi zokusetshenziswa, futhi amabhethri angenye yazo.
Ezinye izinkampani zisebenza ngamabhethri e-graphene angashajwa ngokugcwele ngemizuzu futhi akhishwe ngokushesha okuphindwe ka-33 kunamabhethri e-lithium-ion. Lokhu kuyigugu elikhulu ezimotweni zikagesi.
Ibhethri le-foam
Njengamanje, amabhethri endabuko anezinhlangothi ezimbili. Ahlanganiswe njengebhethri le-lithium noma agoqwe njengebhethri elijwayelekile le-AA noma le-lithium-ion.
Ibhethri le-foam liwumqondo omusha ohilela ukuhamba kweshaja kagesi esikhaleni se-3D.
Lesi sakhiwo esinezilinganiso ezintathu singasheshisa isikhathi sokushaja futhi sandise ubuningi bamandla, lezi yizimfanelo ezibaluleke kakhulu zebhethri. Uma kuqhathaniswa namanye amabhethri amaningi, amabhethri e-foam awanawo ama-electrolyte ayingozi.
Amabhethri e-foam asebenzisa ama-electrolyte aqinile esikhundleni sama-electrolyte aketshezi. Le electrolyte ayigcini nje ngokuhambisa ama-ion e-lithium, kodwa futhi ivikela amanye amadivayisi kagesi.
I-anode ebamba ishaja engemihle yebhethri yenziwe ngethusi elinogwebu futhi imbozwe ngezinto ezisebenzayo ezidingekayo.
I-electrolyte eqinile isetshenziswa nxazonke kwe-anode.
Ekugcineni, kusetshenziselwa lokho okubizwa ngokuthi “i-positive paste” ukugcwalisa izikhala ngaphakathi kwebhethri.
Ibhethri le-aluminium oxide
Lawa mabhethri anobunye bobukhulu bamandla obukhulu kunanoma yiliphi ibhethri. Amandla awo anamandla futhi alula kunamabhethri e-lithium-ion amanje. Abanye abantu bathi lawa mabhethri anganikeza amakhilomitha angu-2,000 ezimoto zikagesi. Uyini lo mqondo? Ukuze kubhekwe, ibanga eliphezulu lokuhamba ngesikebhe eTesla lingamakhilomitha angu-600.
Inkinga ngala mabhethri ukuthi awakwazi ukushajwa. Akhiqiza i-aluminium hydroxide futhi akhiphe amandla ngokusebenzisa ukusabela kwe-aluminium ne-oxygen ku-electrolyte esekwe emanzini. Ukusetshenziswa kwamabhethri kusebenzisa i-aluminium njenge-anode.
Ibhethri le-sodium
Njengamanje, ososayensi baseJapan basebenza ekwenzeni amabhethri asebenzisa i-sodium esikhundleni se-lithium.
Lokhu kungaba yinkinga, njengoba amabhethri e-sodium ngokombono asebenza kahle ngokuphindwe kasikhombisa kunamabhethri e-lithium. Enye inzuzo enkulu ukuthi i-sodium iyisici sesithupha esicebe kakhulu emhlabeni, uma kuqhathaniswa ne-lithium, okuyisici esingavamile.
Isikhathi sokuthunyelwe: Disemba-02-2019