1.Ingufu za hydrogen ni iki?
Hydrogen, ikintu cya mbere mu mbonerahamwe y'ibintu, gifite umubare muto wa protoni, kimwe gusa. Atome ya hydrogène nayo ni ntoya kandi yoroheje kurusha izindi atome zose. Hydrogen igaragara ku Isi ahanini mu buryo bwayo buhuriweho, ikigaragara cyane muri yo kikaba ari amazi, ari na yo ngirabuzimafatizo ikwirakwira cyane mu isanzure.
Hydrogen ifite agaciro ko gutwika kari hejuru cyane. Gereranya ingano y'ubushyuhe butangwa no gutwika ingano imwe ya gaze karemano, lisansi na hidrogen:
Mu gihe kimwe,
Gutwika garama 1 ya gaze karemano, hakurikijwe igipimo, hafi kilojoule 55.81 z'ubushyuhe;
Gutwika garama 1 ya lisansi bitanga ubushyuhe bwa kilojoule zigera kuri 48.4;
Gutwika garama 1 ya hydrogen bitanga ubushyuhe bungana na kilojoule 142.9.
Hydrogen itwika itanga ubushyuhe bwikubye inshuro 2.56 kurusha gazi karemano n'ubushyuhe bwikubye inshuro 2.95 kurusha lisansi. Ntibigoye kubona muri aya makuru ko hydrogen ifite imiterere y'ibanze ya lisansi nziza - agaciro gakomeye ko gutwika!
Ingufu za hydrogène ahanini zikoreshwa mu ngufu za kabiri, ikintu cy'ingenzi ni ukumenya niba logique yayo, ikoranabuhanga n'ubukungu bifite akamaro n'agaciro k'uburinganire bw'ibidukikije, imiyoborere y'ibidukikije n'imihindagurikire y'ikirere. Ingufu za kabiri zikoreshwa mu guhuza ingufu z'ibanze n'abakoresha ingufu, kandi zishobora kugabanywamo ibyiciro bibiri: kimwe ni "isoko y'imikorere y'ibikorwa", ikindi ni "ingufu zirimo ingufu z'umubiri". Nta gushidikanya ko ingufu z'amashanyarazi ari zo zikoreshwa cyane "isoko y'imikorere y'ibikorwa", mu gihe lisansi, mazutu na peteroli ari zo zikoreshwa cyane "isoko y'ingufu".
Mu buryo bwumvikana, kubera ko "amasoko y'imikorere y'ibikorwa" bigoye kubikwa mu buryo butaziguye ku bwinshi, imodoka zigezweho zitwara abantu zifite uburyo bwo kugenda cyane, nk'imodoka, amato n'indege, ntizishobora gukoresha ingufu nyinshi z'amashanyarazi zituruka ku nganda zitanga ingufu. Ahubwo, zishobora gukoresha gusa "ingufu nyinshi zirimo" nka lisansi, mazutu, mazutu y'indege na gaze karemano ivanze n'amazi.
Ariko, umuco ushobora kutaramba, kandi umuco ushobora kutaramba ushingiye ku bwenge. Bitewe n’iterambere ry’imodoka zikoresha amashanyarazi n’imodoka zikoresha amashanyarazi, “isoko y’imikorere y’imikorere” ishobora no gusimbura “ingufu zikoresha ingufu”. Dukurikije ishingiro, hamwe no gukoresha ingufu za kera, umutungo uzashira, kandi “ingufu zikoresha ingufu” nshya zizagaragara nta kabuza, muri zo ingufu za hydrogen ni zo zihagarariye.
Hydrogen iboneka cyane mu bidukikije, ikaba igize 75 ku ijana by'uburemere bw'isi. Iboneka cyane mu mwuka, mu mazi, mu bikomoka kuri peteroli ndetse no mu bwoko bwose bwa karubohidrati.
Hydrogen ifite ubushobozi bwo gutwika neza, aho umuriro ugurumana cyane, urwego runini rwo gutwika, kandi umuvuduko wayo wihuta. Ukurikije agaciro ka karori n'ingufu zitwika, hidrogen ni ingufu nziza kandi zikora neza. Byongeye kandi, hidrogen ubwayo ntabwo ihumanya. Uretse kuba ikora amazi n'ingano nto ya hidrogen nitride nyuma yo gutwika, ntabwo izateza imyanda mibi ku bidukikije no ku bidukikije, kandi nta gaze ka karuboni isohoka. Kubwibyo, ingufu za hidrogen ni iz'ingufu zisukuye, zifite akamaro kanini mu micungire y'ibidukikije no kugabanya imyuka ya karuboni.
2. Uruhare rw'ingufu za hydrogen
Ingufu za hydrogène zifite uruhererekane runini rw’inganda rukubiyemo gutegura hydrogène, kubika, gutwara no kongeramo lisansi, utwuma twa lisansi n’ikoreshwa rya terminale.
Mu gutanga amashanyarazi, ingufu za hydrogen zishobora gukoreshwa mu gutanga amashanyarazi meza kugira ngo habeho kuringaniza ikoreshwa ry'amashanyarazi no gukemura ikibazo cy'ibura ry'amashanyarazi mu masaha y'akazi kenshi.
Mu gushyushya, ingufu za hydrogen zishobora kuvangwa na gaze karemano, ikaba ari imwe mu masoko make y’ingufu nke zikoresha karubone nkeya zishobora guhangana na gaze karemano mu gihe kizaza.
Mu rwego rw’indege, rusohora toni zisaga miliyoni 900 za dioxyde de carbone buri mwaka, ingufu za hydrogen ni bwo buryo bw’ingenzi bwo guteza imbere indege zikoresha karubone nke.
Mu rwego rwa gisirikare, ingirabuzimafatizo za hydrogen zishobora gukoreshwa mu rwego rwa gisirikare zifite ibyiza byo gutuza, zishobora gutanga umuriro uhoraho, ingufu nyinshi zihinduka, ni ingenzi mu kwihisha mu mazi.
Ibinyabiziga bikoresha ingufu za hydrogène, ibinyabiziga bikoresha ingufu za hydrogène bifite ubushobozi bwo gutwika neza, gushya vuba, karori nyinshi, ububiko bwinshi n'ibindi byiza. Ingufu za hydrogène zifite amasoko menshi n'ikoreshwa ryazo, bishobora kugabanya neza igipimo cy'ingufu za kera.
Kunoza urwego rw'iterambere risukuye no guteza imbere ingufu za hydrogen ni ingenzi mu kubaka sisitemu y'ingufu "ifite ingufu nyinshi zuzuzanya", kandi ni imbaraga zikomeye zituma habaho impinduka no kunoza ingufu.
Igihe cyo kohereza: 19 Mata 2023