[Ubucucike bw'ingufu za bateri za lithium mu gihe kizaza bushobora kugera ku nshuro 1.5 kugeza ku nshuro 2 z'umuyoboro w'amashanyarazi, bivuze ko bateri zizaba nto.]
[Ikiguzi cyo kugabanya ikiguzi cya bateri ya Lithium-ion kiri hagati ya 10% na 30%. Biragoye kugabanya igiciro kimwe cya kabiri.]
Kuva kuri telefoni zigendanwa kugeza ku modoka zikoresha amashanyarazi, ikoranabuhanga rya bateri ririmo kwinjira buhoro buhoro mu buzima bwose. None se, ni iyihe cyerekezo bateri y'ejo hazaza izatera imbere kandi ni izihe mpinduka izazana muri sosiyete? Mu gihe cy'ibi bibazo, umunyamakuru wa First Financial yaganiriye na Akira Yoshino mu kwezi gushize, umuhanga mu bya siyansi w'Umuyapani wegukanye igihembo cya Nobel mu bya Chimie kubera bateri za lithium-ion uyu mwaka.
Mu bitekerezo bya Yoshino, bateri za lithiamu-ion zizakomeza kwiganza mu nganda za bateri mu myaka 10 iri imbere. Iterambere ry'ikoranabuhanga rishya nk'ubwenge bw'ubukorano na interineti y'ibintu bizazana impinduka "zidashoboka" ku buryo bateri za lithiamu-ion zikoreshwa.
Impinduka idashoboka
Yoshino amaze kumenya ijambo "igendanwa", yamenye ko sosiyete ikeneye bateri nshya. Mu 1983, bateri ya mbere ya lithium ku isi yavutse mu Buyapani. Yoshino Akira yakoze bateri ya mbere ku isi ya lithium-ion ishobora kongera gukoreshwa, kandi azagira uruhare runini mu iterambere rya bateri za lithium-ion zikoreshwa cyane muri telefoni zigezweho n'imodoka zikoresha amashanyarazi mu gihe kizaza.
Mu kwezi gushize, Akira Yoshino yavuze mu kiganiro cyihariye n'umunyamakuru wa mbere w'imari ko nyuma yo kumenya ko yatsindiye igihembo cya Nobel, “nta byiyumvo by'ukuri afite.” Akira Yoshino yagize ati: “Ibiganiro byose byaje gutuma ngira akazi kenshi, kandi sinashoboraga kwishima cyane.” Ariko uko umunsi wo kwakira ibihembo mu Ukuboza wegereza, ukuri kw'ibihembo kwarushijeho gukomera.”
Mu myaka 30 ishize, intiti 27 z'Abayapani cyangwa Abayapani zegukanye igihembo cya Nobel mu bya Chimie, ariko ebyiri muri zo gusa, harimo na Akira Yoshino, ni zo zahawe ibihembo nk'abashakashatsi b'ibigo. Akira Yoshino yabwiye umunyamakuru wa First Financial Journalist ati: “Mu Buyapani, abashakashatsi bo mu bigo by'ubushakashatsi na za kaminuza muri rusange bahabwa ibihembo, kandi abashakashatsi bake bo mu bigo by'ubucuruzi batsindiye ibihembo.” Yanashimangiye ibyo uru ruganda rwiteze. Yizera ko hari ubushakashatsi bwinshi bwo ku rwego rwa Nobel muri urwo ruganda, ariko uru ruganda rw'Abayapani rugomba kunoza ubuyobozi n'imikorere yarwo.
Yoshino Akira yizera ko iterambere ry'ikoranabuhanga rishya nk'ubwenge bw'ubukorano na interineti y'ibintu bizazana impinduka "zidashoboka" ku bushobozi bwo gukoresha bateri za lithium-ion. Urugero, iterambere rya porogaramu rizihutisha imiterere y'imashini n'iterambere ry'ibikoresho bishya, kandi Bishobora kugira ingaruka ku ikoreshwa rya bateri, bigatuma bateri ikoreshwa ahantu heza.
Yoshino Akira na we ahangayikishijwe cyane n'uruhare rw'ubushakashatsi bwe mu gukemura ibibazo by'imihindagurikire y'ikirere ku isi. Yabwiye umunyamakuru wa mbere w'imari ko yahawe igihembo kubera impamvu ebyiri. Iya mbere ni ukugira uruhare mu iterambere ry'umuryango ukoresha telefoni zigendanwa; iya kabiri ni ugutanga uburyo bw'ingenzi bwo kurengera ibidukikije ku isi. Akira Yoshino yagize ati: “Uruhare mu kurengera ibidukikije ruzarushaho kugaragara mu gihe kizaza. Muri icyo gihe, aya ni amahirwe meza y'ubucuruzi.”
Yoshino Akira yabwiye abanyeshuri mu kiganiro muri Kaminuza ya Meijo nk'umwarimu ko bitewe n'uko abaturage bategereje cyane ikoreshwa ry'ingufu zisubiramo na bateri mu rwego rwo kurwanya ubushyuhe bw'isi, azatanga amakuru ye bwite, harimo n'ibitekerezo ku bibazo by'ibidukikije.
Ni nde uzayobora inganda zikora bateri?
Iterambere ry'ikoranabuhanga rya bateri ryateje impinduramatwara mu ngufu. Kuva kuri telefoni zigezweho kugeza ku modoka zikoresha amashanyarazi, ikoranabuhanga rya bateri riri hose, rihindura buri gice cy'ubuzima bw'abantu. Niba bateri y'ejo hazaza izaba ikomeye kandi ihendutse bizagira ingaruka kuri buri wese muri twe.
Kuri ubu, inganda ziyemeje kunoza umutekano wa bateri mu gihe bongera ingufu nyinshi za bateri. Kunoza imikorere ya bateri binafasha mu guhangana n'imihindagurikire y'ikirere binyuze mu gukoresha ingufu zishobora kuvugururwa.
Mu bitekerezo bya Yoshino, bateri za lithiamu-ion zizakomeza kwiganza mu nganda za bateri mu myaka 10 iri imbere, ariko iterambere n'iterambere ry'ikoranabuhanga rishya bizakomeza no gushimangira agaciro n'icyizere cy'inganda. Yoshino Akira yabwiye First Business News ko ubucucike bw'ingufu za bateri za lithiamu mu gihe kizaza bushobora kugera ku nshuro 1.5 kugeza ku nshuro 2 z'amashanyarazi, bivuze ko bateri izaba nto. Yagize ati: “Ibi bigabanya ibikoresho bityo bikagabanya ikiguzi, ariko nta kugabanuka gukomeye kw'igiciro cy'ibikoresho bizagabanuka cyane.” Yagize ati: “Kugabanuka kw'ikiguzi cya bateri za lithiamu-ion biri hagati ya 10% na 30%. Gushaka kugabanya igiciro kimwe cya kabiri biragoye cyane.”
Ese ibikoresho by'ikoranabuhanga bizasharija vuba mu gihe kizaza? Mu gusubiza, Akira Yoshino yavuze ko telefoni igendanwa yuzuye mu minota 5-10, ibi bikaba byaragezweho muri laboratwari. Ariko gusharija vuba bisaba ingufu nyinshi z'amashanyarazi, ibyo bizagira ingaruka ku buzima bwa bateri. Mu bihe byinshi, abantu bashobora kudakenera gusharija vuba cyane.
Kuva kuri bateri za kera za aside ya lead, kugeza kuri bateri za hydride ya nickel-metal ari zo zikoreshwa cyane n’ibigo by’Ubuyapani nka Toyota, kugeza kuri bateri za lithium-ion zakoreshejwe na Tesla Roaster mu 2008, bateri za lithium-ion zisanzwe zikoresha amazi zimaze imyaka icumi ziganza isoko ry’ingufu. Mu gihe kiri imbere, kuvuguruzanya hagati y’ibisabwa mu bucucike bw’ingufu n’umutekano ndetse n’ikoranabuhanga risanzwe rya bateri ya lithium-ion bizarushaho kugaragara.
Mu gusubiza ku bushakashatsi n'ibicuruzwa bya bateri za solid-state biva mu bigo byo mu mahanga, Akira Yoshino yagize ati: “Ndatekereza ko bateri za solid-state zihagarariye icyerekezo cy'ejo hazaza, kandi haracyari byinshi byo kunoza. Nizeye kubona iterambere rishya vuba.”
Yavuze kandi ko bateri za solid-state mu ikoranabuhanga zisa na bateri za lithium-ion. Akira Yoshino yagize ati: “Binyuze mu kunoza ikoranabuhanga, umuvuduko wo koga wa lithium ion ushobora kugera ku muvuduko ukubye inshuro enye uyu munsi.”
Bateri za Solid-state ni bateri za lithium-ion zikoresha electrolyte za solid-state. Kubera ko electrolyte za solid-state zisimbura electrolyte organic ishobora guturika muri bateri za lithium-ion zisanzwe, ibi bikemura ibibazo bibiri by'ingenzi by'ubucucike bw'ingufu nyinshi n'imikorere myiza y'umutekano. Electrolyte za Solid-state zikoreshwa ku ngufu zimwe. Bateri isimbuye electrolyte ifite ubucucike bw'ingufu bwinshi, icyarimwe ifite imbaraga nyinshi kandi ikoreshwa igihe kirekire, ari na yo nzira y'iterambere ry'ikinyagihumbi gitaha cya bateri za lithium.
Ariko bateri za solid-state nazo zihura n'imbogamizi nko kugabanya ikiguzi, kunoza umutekano wa electrolyte zikomeye, no gukomeza gukorana hagati ya electrode na electrolyte mu gihe cyo gusharija no gusohora umuriro. Muri iki gihe, amasosiyete menshi akomeye y'imodoka ku isi arimo gushora imari nyinshi mu bushakashatsi no guteza imbere bateri za solid-state. Urugero, Toyota irimo gukora bateri ya solid-state, ariko ikiguzi ntikiratangazwa. Inzego z'ubushakashatsi ziteganya ko mu 2030, isoko ry'amashanyarazi ku isi riteganijwe kugera kuri 500 GWh.
Porofeseri Whitingham, wasangiye igihembo cya Nobel na Akira Yoshino, yavuze ko bateri za solid-state zishobora kuba ari zo za mbere zikoreshwa mu bikoresho by'ikoranabuhanga bito nka telefoni zigezweho. “Kubera ko hakiri ibibazo bikomeye mu ikoreshwa rya sisitemu nini.” Porofeseri Wittingham yagize ati: “Kubera ko hakiri ibibazo bikomeye mu ikoreshwa rya sisitemu nini.”
Igihe cyo kohereza: Ukuboza 16-2019