[Ubuningi bamandla amabhethri e-lithium esikhathini esizayo bungafinyelela izikhathi ezingu-1.5 kuya kwezingu-2 kunogesi wamanje, okusho ukuthi amabhethri azoba mancane.]
[Ibanga lokunciphisa izindleko zebhethri le-lithium-ion liphakathi kuka-10% no-30%. Kunzima ukuhlukanisa intengo ngesigamu.]
Kusukela kuma-smartphone kuya ezimotweni zikagesi, ubuchwepheshe bebhethri bungena kancane kancane kuzo zonke izici zokuphila. Ngakho-ke, ibhethri lesikhathi esizayo lizothuthuka ngasiphi isiqondiso futhi yiziphi izinguquko elizoziletha emphakathini? Ngale mibuzo engqondweni, intatheli ye-First Financial yaxoxa ngenyanga edlule no-Akira Yoshino, usosayensi waseJapan owawina umklomelo weNobel kuKhemistri ngamabhethri e-lithium-ion kulo nyaka.
Ngokombono kaYoshino, amabhethri e-lithium-ion asazoqhubeka nokulawula imboni yamabhethri eminyakeni eyi-10 ezayo. Ukuthuthukiswa kobuchwepheshe obusha njengobuhlakani bokwenziwa kanye ne-Internet of Things kuzoletha izinguquko "ezingenakucatshangwa" emathubeni okusetshenziswa kwamabhethri e-lithium-ion.
Ushintsho olungenakucatshangwa
Lapho uYoshino eqaphela igama elithi “ephathekayo”, waqaphela ukuthi umphakathi udinga ibhethri elisha. Ngo-1983, kwazalwa ibhethri lokuqala le-lithium emhlabeni eJapane. UYoshino Akira wakhiqiza ibhethri lokuqala emhlabeni eliyisibonelo se-lithium-ion eliphinde lishajwe, futhi uzokwenza umnikelo ovelele ekuthuthukisweni kwamabhethri e-lithium-ion asetshenziswa kakhulu kuma-smartphone nasezimotweni zikagesi esikhathini esizayo.
Ngenyanga edlule, u-Akira Yoshino uthe engxoxweni ekhethekile ne-Financial Journalist No. 1 ukuthi ngemuva kokuzwa ukuthi uwine umklomelo weNobel, “akanayo imizwa yangempela.” “Izingxoxo ezigcwele kamuva zangenza ngaba matasa kakhulu, futhi angikwazanga ukujabula kakhulu.” kusho u-Akira Yoshino. “Kodwa njengoba usuku lokuthola imiklomelo ngoDisemba lusondela, iqiniso lemiklomelo liye laqina.”
Eminyakeni engama-30 edlule, izazi ezingama-27 zaseJapan noma zaseJapan ziwine uMklomelo weNobel kuKhemistri, kodwa ezimbili kuphela kuzo, okuhlanganisa no-Akira Yoshino, ezithole imiklomelo njengabacwaningi bezinkampani. “EJapane, abacwaningi abavela ezikhungweni zocwaningo nasemanyuvesi ngokuvamile bathola imiklomelo, kanti bambalwa abacwaningi bezinkampani abavela embonini abawine imiklomelo.” U-Akira Yoshino utshele i-First Financial Journalist. Uphinde wagcizelela okulindelwe yimboni. Ukholelwa ukuthi kunocwaningo oluningi lwezinga leNobel ngaphakathi kwenkampani, kodwa imboni yaseJapan kufanele ithuthukise ubuholi bayo kanye nokusebenza kwayo kahle.
UYoshino Akira ukholelwa ukuthi ukuthuthukiswa kobuchwepheshe obusha njengobuhlakani bokwenziwa kanye ne-Internet of Things kuzoletha izinguquko "ezingenakucatshangwa" emathubeni okusetshenziswa kwamabhethri e-lithium-ion. Isibonelo, ukuthuthuka kwesofthiwe kuzosheshisa inqubo yokuklama ibhethri kanye nokuthuthukiswa kwezinto ezintsha, futhi Kungathinta ukusetshenziswa kwebhethri, okuvumela ibhethri ukuthi lisetshenziswe endaweni engcono kakhulu.
UYoshino Akira naye ukhathazekile kakhulu ngomnikelo wocwaningo lwakhe ekuxazululeni izinkinga zokushintsha kwesimo sezulu emhlabeni. Utshele i-First Financial Journalist ukuthi unikezwe lezi zizathu ezimbili. Esokuqala ukufaka isandla ekuthuthukisweni komphakathi ohlakaniphile ohambayo; esesibili ukuhlinzeka ngezindlela ezibalulekile zokuvikela imvelo yomhlaba. “Umnikelo ekuvikelweni kwemvelo uzocaca kakhulu esikhathini esizayo. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, leli futhi yithuba elihle lebhizinisi.” U-Akira Yoshino utshele intatheli yezezimali.
UYoshino Akira utshele abafundi ngesikhathi senkulumo eMeijo University njengoprofesa ukuthi ngenxa yokulindela okuphezulu komphakathi kokusetshenziswa kwamandla avuselelekayo namabhethri njengendlela yokulwa nokufudumala komhlaba, uzoletha ulwazi lwakhe, okuhlanganisa nemicabango ngezinkinga zemvelo.
Ubani ozobusa imboni yamabhethri
Ukuthuthukiswa kobuchwepheshe bebhethri kwaqala inguquko yamandla. Kusukela kumafoni ahlakaniphile kuya ezimotweni zikagesi, ubuchwepheshe bebhethri bukhona yonke indawo, bushintsha zonke izici zokuphila kwabantu. Ukuthi ibhethri lesikhathi esizayo lizoba namandla kakhulu futhi izindleko ziphansi kuzothinta ngamunye wethu.
Njengamanje, imboni izibophezele ekuthuthukiseni ukuphepha kwebhethri ngenkathi ikhulisa ubuningi bamandla ebhethri. Ukuthuthukiswa kokusebenza kwebhethri kusiza futhi ekubhekaneni nokushintsha kwesimo sezulu ngokusebenzisa amandla avuselelekayo.
Ngokombono kaYoshino, amabhethri e-lithium-ion asazoqhubeka nokulawula imboni yamabhethri eminyakeni eyi-10 ezayo, kodwa ukuthuthukiswa nokukhula kobuchwepheshe obusha kuzoqhubeka nokuqinisa inani kanye namathuba embonini. UYoshino Akira utshele i-First Business News ukuthi ubuningi bamandla amabhethri e-lithium esikhathini esizayo bungase bufinyelele izikhathi eziyi-1.5 kuya kweziyi-2 kunogesi wamanje, okusho ukuthi ibhethri lizoba lincane. “Lokhu kunciphisa izinto zokwakha futhi ngaleyo ndlela kunciphisa izindleko, kodwa ngeke kube nokwehla okukhulu kwezindleko zezinto zokwakha.” Uthe, “Ukwehla kwezindleko zamabhethri e-lithium-ion kuphakathi kuka-10% no-30%. Ukufuna ukunciphisa intengo ngesigamu kunzima kakhulu.”
Ingabe amadivayisi kagesi azoshaja ngokushesha esikhathini esizayo? Ephendula, u-Akira Yoshino uthe ifoni ephathekayo igcwele ngemizuzu emi-5-10, okuyinto eyenzekile elabhorethri. Kodwa ukushaja okusheshayo kudinga i-voltage enamandla, ezothinta impilo yebhethri. Ezimweni eziningi empeleni, abantu bangase bangadingi ukushaja ngokushesha okukhulu.
Kusukela kumabhethri okuqala e-lead-acid, kuya kumabhethri e-nickel-metal hydride ayizinsika zezinkampani zaseJapan ezifana neToyota, kuya kumabhethri e-lithium-ion asetshenziswa yiTesla Roaster ngo-2008, amabhethri e-lithium-ion endabuko asetshenziswa yiTesla Roaster ngo-2008 abe ngumholi emakethe yamabhethri amandla iminyaka eyishumi. Esikhathini esizayo, ukuphikisana phakathi kobuningi bamandla nezidingo zokuphepha kanye nobuchwepheshe bebhethri le-lithium-ion lendabuko kuzoba yinto evelele kakhulu.
Ephendula ekuhlolweni kanye nemikhiqizo yamabhethri aqinile avela ezinkampanini zaphesheya kwezilwandle, u-Akira Yoshino uthe: “Ngicabanga ukuthi amabhethri aqinile amelela isiqondiso esizayo, futhi kusenendawo enkulu yokuthuthuka. Ngithemba ukubona intuthuko entsha maduze.”
Uphinde wathi amabhethri e-solid-state afana ngobuchwepheshe namabhethri e-lithium-ion. “Ngokuthuthuka kobuchwepheshe, isivinini sokubhukuda kwe-lithium ion ekugcineni singafinyelela cishe izikhathi ezine isivinini samanje.” U-Akira Yoshino utshele intatheli ku-First Business News.
Amabhethri e-Solid-state angamabhethri e-lithium-ion asebenzisa ama-electrolyte e-solid-state. Ngenxa yokuthi ama-electrolyte e-solid-state athatha indawo ye-electrolyte ephilayo engase iqhume kumabhethri e-lithium-ion endabuko, lokhu kuxazulula izinkinga ezimbili ezinkulu zobuningi bamandla aphezulu kanye nokusebenza okuphezulu kokuphepha. Ama-electrolyte e-Solid-state asetshenziswa ngamandla afanayo Ibhethri elithatha indawo ye-electrolyte linobuningi bamandla aphezulu, ngesikhathi esifanayo linamandla amakhulu kanye nesikhathi eside sokusetshenziswa, okuwumkhuba wokuthuthukiswa kwesizukulwane esilandelayo samabhethri e-lithium.
Kodwa amabhethri e-solid-state nawo abhekene nezinselele ezifana nokunciphisa izindleko, ukuthuthukisa ukuphepha kwama-electrolyte aqinile, kanye nokugcina ukuxhumana phakathi kwama-electrode nama-electrolyte ngesikhathi sokushaja nokukhipha i-charging. Njengamanje, izinkampani eziningi ezinkulu zezimoto emhlabeni wonke zitshala imali eningi ku-R&D yamabhethri e-solid-state. Isibonelo, iToyota ithuthukisa ibhethri le-solid-state, kodwa izindleko azidalulwanga. Izikhungo zocwaningo zibikezela ukuthi ngo-2030, isidingo samabhethri e-solid-state emhlabeni wonke kulindeleke ukuthi sifinyelele ku-500 GWh.
USolwazi Whitingham, owabelana ngeNobel Prize no-Akira Yoshino, uthe amabhethri e-solid-state angase abe ngawokuqala ukusetshenziswa kuma-electronics amancane njengama-smart phone. “Ngoba kusenezinkinga ezinkulu ekusetshenzisweni kwezinhlelo ezinkulu.” kusho uSolwazi Wittingham.
Isikhathi sokuthunyelwe: Disemba 16-2019