Momo, mahi me te whakamahinga o te hiko
Momo hikohiko
Ka taea te whakarōpū i ngā irahiko waro ki ngā irahiko waro, ngā irahiko karāpiti me ngā irahiko tunu-ake anō i runga i ō rātou whakamahinga me ngā tukanga hanga.
He mea hanga te hiko waro mai i te anthracite iti-punga, te coke whakarewa, te coke pitch me te coke petroleum. He mea tito mai i tētahi ōwehenga me te rahi matūriki. I te tāpiritanga, ka whakaranua te uku here me te tā, ā, ka whakaohokia te ranunga kia ōrite ki te pāmahana e tika ana. Ka hangaia, ā, ka mutu ka whakapūkaratia mārire i roto i te oumu tunu. Ka taea te wehewehe ki ngā hiko karāti taiao, ngā hiko karāti horihori, ngā hiko waro me ngā hiko waro motuhake.
Ko te hiko karāpiti (hiko karāpiti) he mea hanga ki te kōka hinu me te kōka pīti hei rauemi mata, kātahi ka whakanohoia ki roto i te oumu ātete hiko kua whakakārāpitihia ki te pāmahana o te 2273~2773K, ā, ka hangaia hei hiko karāpiti mā te whakakārāpiti. Ka wehea anō te hiko karāpiti ki ngā momo e whai ake nei.
Mā te hiko karāpeti mana noa ka taea te whakamahi i ngā hiko karāpeti he iti iho i te 17 A/cm2 te mātotoru o te iahiko, ā, e whakamahia whānuitia ana mō ngā oumu hiko mana noa pērā i te hanga maitai, te whakamahine silicon, me te kōwhai o te whākōkī.
Ko te mata o te hiko karāpiti kua pania ki te ārai-waikura kua pania ki te paparanga tiaki (te ārai-waikura hiko karāpiti) he arataki hiko, ā, he ātete ki te waikura pāmahana teitei, ka whakaiti i te whakapaunga hiko i te wā hanga maitai (19% ~ 50%), ka roa ake hoki te ora o te hiko (22% ~ 60%), ka whakaiti i te whakapaunga hiko o te hiko.
Mā te hiko karāpeti mana-teitei ka taea te whakamahi i ngā hiko karāpeti me te mātotoru iahiko o te 18 ki te 25 A/cm2, e whakamahia nuitia ana i roto i ngā oumu pewa hiko mana-teitei mō te hanga maitai.
Mā ngā irahiko karāhe tino kaha ka taea te whakamahi i ngā irahiko karāhe he nui ake te mātotoru o te iahiko i te 25 A/cm2. E whakamahia whānuitia ana i roto i ngā oumu pewa hiko hanga maitai tino kaha.
He hiko tunu-ake (hiko tunu-ake) e whakamahi ana i te anthracite, te coke, me te bitumen me te tar hei rauemi mata, ka hangaia he whakapiri hiko i tētahi pāmahana, kātahi ka utaina te whakapiri hiko ki roto i tētahi pouaka hiko kua whakanohoia ki runga i tētahi oumu hiko (e whakaaturia ana i te Pikitia 1). I roto i te tukanga hanga oumu hiko, ka whakakāhia-ake, ka tunua-ake te wera Joule i hangaia e te rerenga o te iahiko hiko me te wera kawe i roto i te oumu. Ka taea te whakamahi tonu i tētahi hiko pēnei, ā, ka taea te hanga mā te hono i te taha roa, ā, ka taea te tahu ki tētahi diameter nui. He whānuitia te whakamahinga o te hiko tunu-ake mō te hanga ferroalloy nā te mea he māmā te tukanga me te iti o te utu.
Pikitia 1 Te hoahoa kauwhata o te anga hiko
1-anga hiko; 2-wāhanga rara; 3-arero tapatoru
Te mahi hangarau matua o te hikohiko
Me whai i te rauemi hiko ngā āhuatanga ā-tinana, ā-matū hoki e whai ake nei:
He pai ake te kawe hiko, he iti ake te ātete, hei whakaiti i te ngaronga o te pūngao hiko, hei whakaiti i te maturuturunga ngaohiko o te kupenga poto, hei whakanui ake i te ngaohiko whai hua hei whakanui ake i te mana o te puna rewa;
He teitei te ira rewa;
He iti te tauwehenga o te whakawhānui wera, he uaua ki te whakapohehe ina tere te huri o te pāmahana, ā, ko te ahotea ā-roto i puta mai i te huringa pāmahana kāore e taea te whakaputa i ngā kapiti pai hei whakanui ake i te ātete;
He kaha ā-ringa e ranea ana i ngā pāmahana tiketike;
He iti ngā poke, ā, kāore ngā poke e whakapoke i te kakara.
Ko ngā āhuatanga hangarau matua o te irahiko waro, te irahiko karāpiti me te irahiko tunu-ake e whakaaturia ana i te Ripanga 1 me ngā Pikitia 2 me te 3.
Ripanga 1 Te mahi hangarau o te hikohiko
Pikitia 2 Te panonitanga o te ātete o te irahiko waro me te irahiko karāpeti me te pāmahana
Pikitia 3 Te kawe wera o ngā irahiko waro me te karāpeti hei pānga o te pāmahana
Te kōwhiringa o ngā irahiko i roto i te umanga ferroalloy
He whānuitia te whakamahinga o ngā irahiko tunu-ake i roto i te whakarewa rino, te whakamahine i te ferrosilicon, te konukōrumo silicon, te konukōrumo silicon manganese, te ferromanganese waro-nui, te ferrochrome waro-nui, te ferromanganese waro-waenga me te waro-iti, te ferrochrome waro-waenga me te waro-iti, te konukōrumo silicon, te rino tungsten. Ka whakanui ake ngā irahiko tunu-ake i te hanga o ngā konukōrumo, ngā whitiki rino ki te waro, ā, ka puta he konukōrumo rino me ngā konganuku parakore he iti rawa te ihirangi waro. Mena he ferrochrome waro, he konukōrumo silicon ahumahi me te konukōrumo, me whakamahi ngā irahiko waro, karāhe rānei.
电极的种类、性能及其用途
电极种类
碳质电极按其用途及制作工艺不同可分为碳素电极、石墨电极和自焙电瞁。
碳素电极(carbonelectrode)是以低灰分的无烟煤、冶金焦、沥青焦和石油焦为原料，按一定的比例和粒度组成.混合时加入黏结剂沥结剂沥青和焦油，在适当的温度下搅拌均匀后压制成形，最后在焙烧炉中缓慢焙烧制得。可分为天然石墨电极、人造石墨电极、碳电极以及特种碳素电极四类。
石墨电极(graphiteelectrode)以石油焦和沥青焦为原料制成碳素电极，再放到温度为2273〜2773K的石墨化电阻三中，经石墨化而制成石墨电极„石墨电极又分不一又分不。
普通功率石墨电极允许使用电流密度低于17A/cm2的石墨电极，主要用于炼钢、炼硅、炼黄磷等的普通功率电炉。
抗氧化涂层石墨电极表面涂覆既能导电又耐高温氧化的保护层(石墨电极抗氧化剂)，降低炼钢时的电极消耗(19%〜50%),延长电极的使用寿命(22%〜60%),降低电极的电能消耗。
高功率石墨电极允许使用电流密度为18〜25A/cm2的石墨电极，主要用于炼钟的高炼钟的高物钟
超高功率石墨电极允许使用电流密度大于25A/cm2的石墨电极。主要用于超高炼物上。
自焙电极(selfbakingelectrode)用无烟煤、焦炭以及沥青和焦油为原料，在一定温度下制成电极糊，然后把电极糊装入已安装在电炉上的电极壳中(如图1所示)，在电炉生产过程中依靠电流通过时所产生的焦耳热和炉内传导热，自行烧结焦化。这种电极可连续使用，边使用边接长边给结成形，且可焙烧成大直径的。自焙电极不仅工艺简单，成本也低，因此被广泛用于铁合金生产。
图1 电极壳示意图
1-电极壳；2-筋片；3-三角形舌片
电极的主要技术性能
电极材料应具有下列物理化学特性：
导电性要好，电阻率要小，以减少电能的损失，减少短网压降，提高有效电压，从是他们一么了;
熔点要高;
热膨胀系数要小，当温度急变时，不易变形，不能因温度变化带来的内应力产生细小的裂缝增加电阻;
高温下要有足够的机械强度;
杂质要低，而且杂质不污染所冶炼的品种。
碳素电极、石墨电极和自焙电极的主要技术性能如表1和图2、图3所示。
表1 电极技术性能
图2 碳素电极和石墨电极电阻率随温度的变化情况
图3 碳素电极和石墨电极热导率随温度的变化情况
铁合金工业中电极的选用
自焙电极广泛用于铁合金冶炼，炼制硅铁、硅铬合金、锰硅合金、高碳锰铁、高碳铬铁、中低碳锰铁、中低碳铬铁、硅钙合金、钨铁等。自焙电极易使生产合金增碳，铁皮带入碳，生产含碳很低的铁合金和纯金属，如果碳铬铁、工业硅和金属锰应采用碳素电极或石墨电极。
Wā tuku: Whiringa-ā-rangi 18-2019