Njira yopangira ma electrode a graphite

Ma electrode a graphite ndi zinthu zoyendetsera graphite zomwe sizimatentha kwambiri zomwe zimapangidwa ndi mafuta okhuthala, needle coke ngati aggregate ndi bitumen ya malasha ngati binder, zomwe zimapangidwa kudzera mu njira zingapo monga kukanda, kupanga, kuwotcha, kuyikamo, graphitization ndi kukonza makina.

Ma electrode a graphite ndi chinthu chofunikira kwambiri choyendetsera kutentha kwambiri popanga zitsulo zamagetsi. Ma electrode a graphite amagwiritsidwa ntchito kulowetsa mphamvu zamagetsi mu ng'anjo yamagetsi, ndipo kutentha kwakukulu komwe kumapangidwa ndi arc pakati pa mapeto a electrode ndi mphamvu kumagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati gwero la kutentha kusungunula mphamvu yopangira zitsulo. Ma ng'anjo ena a miyala omwe amasungunula zinthu monga phosphorous yachikasu, silicon yamafakitale, ndi abrasives amagwiritsanso ntchito ma electrode a graphite ngati zinthu zoyendetsera. Makhalidwe abwino komanso apadera a ma electrode a graphite amagwiritsidwanso ntchito kwambiri m'magawo ena amafakitale.
Zipangizo zopangira ma electrode a graphite ndi petroleum coke, needle coke ndi coal tar pitch.

Petroleum coke ndi chinthu cholimba chomwe chimayaka moto chomwe chimapezeka pogwiritsa ntchito zotsalira za malasha ndi mafuta. Mtundu wake ndi wakuda komanso woboola, chinthu chachikulu ndi kaboni, ndipo phulusa lake ndi lochepa kwambiri, nthawi zambiri sili pansi pa 0.5%. Petroleum coke ndi ya gulu la kaboni wosavuta kugwiritsa ntchito. Petroleum coke imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri m'mafakitale a mankhwala ndi zitsulo. Ndi chinthu chachikulu chopangira zinthu zopangira graphite ndi zinthu za kaboni za aluminiyamu yamagetsi.

Coke ya petroleum ingagawidwe m'magulu awiri: coke yaiwisi ndi coke ya calcined malinga ndi kutentha kwa kutentha. Coke yakale ya petroleum yomwe imapezeka pokonza mochedwa imakhala ndi volatilities zambiri, ndipo mphamvu ya makina ndi yochepa. Coke ya calcined imapezeka pokonza calcined ya coke yaiwisi. Malo ambiri oyeretsera zinthu ku China amapanga coke yokha, ndipo ntchito za calcination zimachitika makamaka m'mafakitale a carbon.

Mafuta a coke amatha kugawidwa m'magulu awiri: high sulfure coke (yomwe ili ndi sulfure yoposa 1.5%), medium sulfure coke (yomwe ili ndi sulfure yoposa 0.5%), ndi low sulfure coke (yomwe ili ndi sulfure yochepera 0.5%). Kupanga ma electrode a graphite ndi zinthu zina zopangira graphite nthawi zambiri kumapangidwa pogwiritsa ntchito low sulfure coke.

Needle coke ndi mtundu wa coke yapamwamba kwambiri yokhala ndi kapangidwe ka ulusi woonekera bwino, kutentha kochepa kwambiri komanso graphitization yosavuta. Coke ikasweka, imatha kugawidwa m'mizere yopyapyala malinga ndi kapangidwe kake (chiŵerengero cha mbali nthawi zambiri chimakhala choposa 1.75). Kapangidwe ka ulusi wa anisotropic kangawonekere pansi pa maikulosikopu yozungulira, motero imatchedwa needle coke.

Kuchuluka kwa mphamvu ya physico-mechanical ya needle coke n'koonekeratu. Ili ndi mphamvu yabwino yamagetsi ndi kutentha yomwe imagwirizana ndi njira yayitali ya tinthu tating'onoting'ono, ndipo kuchuluka kwa kutentha komwe kumawonjezeka kumakhala kochepa. Pakuumba kwa extrusion, mzere wautali wa tinthu tating'onoting'ono tambiri umayikidwa motsatira njira yotulutsira. Chifukwa chake, needle coke ndiye chinthu chofunikira kwambiri popanga ma electrode a graphite amphamvu kwambiri kapena amphamvu kwambiri. Electrode ya graphite yomwe imapangidwa imakhala ndi resistivity yochepa, kuchuluka kwa kutentha kochepa komanso kukana kutentha kwambiri.

Needle coke imagawidwa m'magulu awiri: needle coke yopangidwa ndi mafuta yopangidwa kuchokera ku mafuta otsalira ndi needle coke yopangidwa ndi malasha yopangidwa kuchokera ku zipangizo zopangira malasha zoyengedwa bwino.

Phula la malasha ndi chimodzi mwa zinthu zazikulu zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga phula la malasha. Ndi chisakanizo cha ma hydrocarbon osiyanasiyana, akuda pa kutentha kwakukulu, theka-lolimba kapena lolimba pa kutentha kwakukulu, palibe malo osungunuka okhazikika, ofewa pambuyo potenthedwa, kenako n’kusungunuka, ndi kuchuluka kwa 1.25-1.35 g/cm3. Malinga ndi malo ake ofewa, amagawidwa m’magawo monga kutentha kochepa, kutentha kwapakati ndi kutentha kwakukulu. Kuchuluka kwa phula la malasha pa kutentha kwapakati ndi 54-56% ya phula la malasha. Kapangidwe ka phula la malasha ndi kovuta kwambiri, komwe kumakhudzana ndi makhalidwe a phula la malasha ndi kuchuluka kwa heteroatoms, ndipo kumakhudzidwanso ndi njira yopangira coking ndi momwe coking tar imagwirira ntchito. Pali zizindikiro zambiri zofotokozera phula la malasha, monga bitumen softening point, toluene insolubles (TI), quinoline insolubles (QI), coking values, ndi coal pitch rheology.

Phula la malasha limagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati chomangira komanso chopatsira mpweya m'makampani opanga mpweya, ndipo magwiridwe ake amakhudza kwambiri njira yopangira ndi khalidwe la zinthu zopangidwa ndi mpweya. Phula la binder nthawi zambiri limagwiritsa ntchito phula losinthidwa kutentha kwapakati kapena kutentha kwapakati lomwe lili ndi malo ofewa pang'ono, mtengo wokwera wa coking, ndi utomoni wapamwamba wa β. Chomangira mpweya ndi phula lotentha kwapakati lomwe lili ndi malo ofewa pang'ono, QI yotsika, komanso makhalidwe abwino a rheological.

Chithunzi chotsatirachi chikuwonetsa njira yopangira ma electrode a graphite mu bizinesi ya kaboni.
Kukonza Kalisiamu: Zinthu zopangira za kaboni zimatenthedwa kutentha kwambiri kuti zitulutse chinyezi ndi zinthu zosakhazikika zomwe zili mmenemo, ndipo njira yopangira yomwe ikugwirizana ndi kukonza bwino kuphika koyambirira imatchedwa calcination. Kawirikawiri, zinthu zopangira za kaboni zimatenthedwa pogwiritsa ntchito mpweya ndi zinthu zosakhazikika zake ngati gwero la kutentha, ndipo kutentha kwakukulu ndi 1250-1350 °C.

Kuchuluka kwa calcium m'thupi kumasintha kwambiri kapangidwe kake ndi mphamvu zake pa zinthu zopangira carbon, makamaka pakukweza kuchuluka kwa coke, mphamvu zake pamakina komanso mphamvu zake zamagetsi, kukonza kukhazikika kwa mankhwala ndi kukana kwa okosijeni kwa coke, ndikukhazikitsa maziko a njira yotsatira.

Zipangizo zokhala ndi calcium makamaka zimaphatikizapo thanki ya calciner, rotary kiln ndi electric calciner. Chizindikiro chowongolera khalidwe la calcination ndichakuti kuchuluka kwenikweni kwa petroleum coke sikochepera 2.07g/cm3, resistivity sikoposa 550μΩ.m, kuchuluka kwenikweni kwa needle coke sikochepera 2.12g/cm3, ndipo resistivity sikoposa 500μΩ.m.
Kuphwanya zinthu zopangira ndi zosakaniza

Musanayambe kusakaniza, coke ya petroleum yokhala ndi calcium yambiri ndi needle coke ziyenera kuphwanyidwa, kuphwanyidwa, ndikusefedwa.

Kuphwanya kwapakati nthawi zambiri kumachitika pogwiritsa ntchito zida zopondera za 50 mm kudzera mu chopondera cha jaw, chopondera cha hammer, chopondera cha roll ndi zina zotero kuti ziphwanyenso zinthu za kukula kwa 0.5-20 mm zomwe zimafunika pokonza.

Kupera ndi njira yopera chinthu chopangidwa ndi kaboni kukhala tinthu tating'onoting'ono tokhala ngati ufa tokhala ndi 0.15 mm kapena kuchepera ndi tinthu tating'onoting'ono tokhala ndi kukula kwa 0.075 mm kapena kuchepera pogwiritsa ntchito mphero yozungulira yopangidwa ndi suspension-type ring roll (mphero ya Raymond), mphero yopangira mpira, kapena zina zotero.

Kuwunika ndi njira yomwe zinthu zosiyanasiyana pambuyo poziphwanya zimagawidwa m'magulu angapo a tinthu tating'onoting'ono tomwe tili ndi kukula kochepa kudzera mu ma sefa angapo okhala ndi mipata yofanana. Kupanga kwa ma electrode omwe alipo nthawi zambiri kumafuna ma pellets 4-5 ndi mitundu 1-2 ya ufa.

Zosakaniza ndi njira zopangira zinthu zowerengera, kuyeza ndi kuyang'ana kwambiri mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya zinthu zophatikizana, ufa ndi zomangira malinga ndi zofunikira pakupanga. Kuyenerera kwa sayansi kwa kapangidwe kake ndi kukhazikika kwa ntchito yopangira zinthu ndi zina mwazinthu zofunika kwambiri zomwe zimakhudza kuchuluka kwa zinthu ndi magwiridwe antchito a chinthucho.

Fomula iyenera kudziwa zinthu 5:
1Sankhani mtundu wa zinthu zopangira;
2 kudziwa kuchuluka kwa mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya zipangizo zopangira;
3 kudziwa kukula kwa tinthu tating'onoting'ono ta zinthu zolimba;
4 kudziwa kuchuluka kwa chomangira;
5 Dziwani mtundu ndi kuchuluka kwa zowonjezera.

Kukanda: Kusakaniza ndi kuyeza tinthu tating'onoting'ono ta carbonaceous ndi ufa wosiyanasiyana ndi kuchuluka kwa binder pa kutentha kwina, ndikukanda pulasitiki mu njira yotchedwa kukanda.

Njira yokanda: kusakaniza kouma (mphindi 20-35) kusakaniza konyowa (mphindi 40-55)

Udindo wa kukanda:
1 Mukasakaniza zouma, zinthu zosiyanasiyana zopangira zimasakanizidwa mofanana, ndipo zinthu zolimba za carbonaceous za kukula kosiyanasiyana zimasakanizidwa mofanana ndikudzazidwa kuti chisakanizocho chikhale chopyapyala;
2 Pambuyo powonjezera phula la malasha, zinthu zouma ndi phula zimasakanikirana bwino. Phula lamadzimadzi limaphimba pamwamba pa granules ndikupanga phula logwirizanitsa, ndipo zinthu zonse zimagwirizanitsidwa kuti zipange pulasitiki yofanana. Yothandiza pakuumba;
Zigawo zitatu za phula la malasha zimalowa mkati mwa zinthu zopangidwa ndi kaboni, zomwe zimawonjezera kuchulukana ndi kugwirizana kwa phala.

Kuumba: Kuumba zinthu za kaboni kumatanthauza njira yosinthira phala la kaboni losakanizidwa ndi pulasitiki pogwiritsa ntchito mphamvu yakunja yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi zida zoumba kuti pamapeto pake pakhale thupi lobiriwira (kapena chinthu chosaphika) chokhala ndi mawonekedwe enaake, kukula, kuchuluka, ndi mphamvu.

Mitundu ya mapangidwe, zida ndi zinthu zopangidwa:
Njira yopangira
Zipangizo zodziwika bwino
zinthu zazikulu
Kuumba
Makina osindikizira a hydraulic ofukula
Mpweya wamagetsi, graphite wochepa kwambiri
Finyani
Chotulutsira chowongolera cha hydraulic
Chotulutsira chobowola
Electrode ya grafiti, electrode ya sikweya
Kuumba kugwedezeka
Makina oumbira kugwedezeka
Njerwa ya aluminiyamu ya kaboni, njerwa ya kaboni yophulika
Kukanikiza kwa isostatic
Makina opangidwa ndi isostatic
Isotropic graphite, anisotropic graphite

Ntchito yofinya
Chinthu chimodzi chozizira: zinthu zoziziritsira pa disc, zinthu zoziziritsira pa silinda, zinthu zosakaniza ndi zokanda zoziziritsira, ndi zina zotero.
Tulutsani zinthu zokhuthala, chepetsani kutentha koyenera (90-120 ° C) kuti muwonjezere kumatirira, kotero kuti kutsekeka kwa phala kumakhala kofanana kwa mphindi 20-30.
2 Kukweza: kukanikiza kukweza kwa press —– kudula kawiri kapena katatu—-4-10MPa compaction
Kupanikizika koyambirira kwa 3: kupanikizika kwa 20-25MPa, nthawi ya mphindi 3-5, pamene mukutsuka
4 extrusion: kanikizani baffle —5-15MPa extrusion — dulani — mu sinki yoziziritsira

Magawo aukadaulo a extrusion: chiŵerengero cha kupsinjika, kutentha kwa chipinda chosindikizira ndi nozzle, kutentha kozizira, nthawi yokakamiza yodzaza, kuthamanga kwa extrusion, liwiro la extrusion, kutentha kwa madzi ozizira

Kuyang'ana thupi lobiriwira: kuchuluka kwa thupi, mawonekedwe ake, kusanthula

Kukonza Kalisiamu: Ndi njira yomwe thupi lobiriwira la chinthu cha kaboni limadzazidwa mu ng'anjo yotentha yopangidwa mwapadera pansi pa chitetezo cha chodzaza kuti chichite kutentha kwambiri kuti chipange mpweya wa malasha m'thupi lobiriwira. Bitumen coke yomwe imapangidwa pambuyo pa carbonization ya bitumen ya malasha imamangirira pamodzi carbonaceous aggregate ndi ufa tinthu, ndipo chinthu cha calcium carbon chimakhala ndi mphamvu zambiri zamakaniko, mphamvu zochepa zamagetsi, kukhazikika kwabwino kwa kutentha komanso kukhazikika kwa mankhwala.

Kuphika ndi imodzi mwa njira zazikulu zopangira zinthu za kaboni, komanso ndi gawo lofunika kwambiri pa njira zitatu zazikulu zophikira kutentha popanga ma electrode a graphite. Nthawi yopangira calcination ndi yayitali (masiku 22-30 ophikira, masiku 5-20 ophikira awiri), komanso kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zambiri. Ubwino wa kuphika kobiriwira kumakhudza ubwino wa chinthu chomalizidwa komanso mtengo wopangira.

Malo obiriwira a malasha m'thupi lobiriwira amaphikiridwa panthawi yokazinga, ndipo pafupifupi 10% ya zinthu zosinthasintha zimatulutsidwa, ndipo voliyumu imapangidwa ndi 2-3% shrinkage, ndipo kutayika kwa misa ndi 8-10%. Kapangidwe ka thupi ndi mankhwala a carbon billet nakonso kunasintha kwambiri. Ma porosity adachepa kuchoka pa 1.70 g/cm3 kufika pa 1.60 g/cm3 ndipo resistivity idachepa kuchoka pa 10000 μΩ·m kufika pa 40-50 μΩ·m chifukwa cha kuwonjezeka kwa ma porosity. Mphamvu ya makina ya calcined billet inalinso yayikulu. Kuti zinthu zisinthe.

Kuphika kwachiwiri ndi njira yomwe chinthu chophikidwa mu calcium chimamizidwa kenako n’kuikidwa mu calcium kuti mpweyawo ulowe m’mabowo a chinthu chophikidwa mu calcium. Ma electrode omwe amafuna kuchuluka kwa mafuta (mitundu yonse kupatula RP) ndi malo olumikizirana amafunika kuphikidwa, ndipo malo olumikizirana amaphimbidwanso ndi ma dip atatu kapena awiri kapena atatu.

Mtundu waukulu wa chowotcha mu uvuni:
Kugwira ntchito mosalekeza—- ng'anjo yozungulira (yokhala ndi chivundikiro, yopanda chivundikiro), uvuni wa ngalande
Kugwira ntchito nthawi ndi nthawi—- uvuni wobwerera m'mbuyo, chowotcha pansi pa nthaka, chowotcha mabokosi

Kupindika kwa calcination ndi kutentha kwakukulu:
Kuwotcha kamodzi kokha—-320, 360, 422, maola 480, 1250 °C
Kuwotcha kwachiwiri—-125, 240, maola 280, 700-800 °C

Kuyang'anira zinthu zophikidwa: kugogoda mawonekedwe, kukana kwa magetsi, kuchuluka kwa zinthu, mphamvu yokakamiza, kusanthula kapangidwe ka mkati

Kuyika mpweya m'thupi ndi njira imene kaboni imayikidwa mu chotengera choponderezera mpweya ndipo madzi oponderezera mpweya amalowa m'mabowo a elekitirodi ya chinthucho pansi pa kutentha ndi kupanikizika kwina. Cholinga chake ndi kuchepetsa kukhuthala kwa chinthucho, kuwonjezera kuchuluka kwa zinthu ndi mphamvu ya makina a chinthucho, ndikuwonjezera mphamvu zamagetsi ndi kutentha kwa chinthucho.

Njira yothira madzi ndi zina zokhudzana ndi izi: kuwotcha billet - kuyeretsa pamwamba - kutentha (260-380 °C, maola 6-10) - kulowetsa thanki yothira madzi - kutsuka (8-9KPa, mphindi 40-50) - Kubaya bitumen (180-200 °C) - Kupanikizika (1.2-1.5 MPa, maola 3-4) - Kubwezeretsa ku phula - Kuziziritsa (mkati kapena kunja kwa thanki)

Kuyang'anira zinthu zolowetsedwa: kuchuluka kwa kulemera kwa thupi G=(W2-W1)/W1×100%
Kulemera komwe kumawonjezeka kamodzi kokha ≥14%
Kulemera kwa chinthu chopatsiridwa chachiwiri kumawonjezeka ≥ 9%
Kulemera kwa zinthu zitatu zoviika m'madzi ≥ 5%

Kujambula zithunzi kumatanthauza njira yochizira kutentha kwambiri pomwe chinthu cha kaboni chimatenthedwa kufika pa 2300 ° C kapena kuposerapo mu chotetezera mu ng'anjo yamagetsi yotentha kwambiri kuti asinthe kapangidwe ka kaboni kopanda mawonekedwe kukhala kapangidwe ka kristalo ka graphite kokonzedwa ndi magawo atatu.

Cholinga ndi zotsatira za graphitization:
1 kukonza mphamvu ya conductivity ndi kutentha kwa zinthu za kaboni (kukana kwa resistivity kumachepetsedwa ndi nthawi 4-5, ndipo mphamvu ya kutentha imawonjezeka ndi nthawi pafupifupi 10);
2 kukonza kukana kutentha ndi kukhazikika kwa mankhwala a zinthu za kaboni (kuchuluka kwa mzere wolumikizidwa kwachepetsedwa ndi 50-80%);
3 kuti zinthu za kaboni zikhale zofewa komanso zotsutsana ndi kukwawa;
4 Zonyansa zotuluka mu utsi, onjezerani kuyera kwa zinthu za kaboni (kuchuluka kwa phulusa la chinthucho kumachepetsedwa kuchoka pa 0.5-0.8% kufika pafupifupi 0.3%).

Kukhazikitsa njira ya graphitization:

Kujambula kwa zinthu za kaboni kumachitika pa kutentha kwakukulu kwa 2300-3000 °C, kotero kumatha kuchitika kokha ndi kutentha kwamagetsi m'makampani, ndiko kuti, mphamvu yamagetsi imadutsa mwachindunji mu chinthu chotenthedwa cha calcium, ndipo chinthu chotenthedwa chomwe chimayikidwa mu uvuni chimapangidwa ndi mphamvu yamagetsi pa kutentha kwakukulu. Kondakitala ndi chinthu chomwe chimatenthedwa mpaka kutentha kwakukulu.

Ma furnace omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pano ndi monga ma furnace a Acheson graphitization ndi ma furnace a internal heat cascade (LWG). Furnace yoyamba imatulutsa mphamvu zambiri, kutentha kwakukulu, komanso mphamvu zambiri. Furnace yachiwiri imatenga nthawi yochepa yotenthetsera, mphamvu zochepa, mphamvu yofanana yamagetsi, ndipo siyoyenera kuyiyika.

Kuwongolera njira yopangira graphitization kumayendetsedwa poyesa mphamvu yamagetsi yoyenera kutentha komwe kumakwera. Nthawi yopezera mphamvu ndi maola 50-80 pa ng'anjo ya Acheson ndi maola 9-15 pa ng'anjo ya LWG.

Mphamvu yogwiritsira ntchito graphitization ndi yayikulu kwambiri, nthawi zambiri 3200-4800KWh, ndipo mtengo wa ndondomekoyi ndi pafupifupi 20-35% ya ndalama zonse zopangira.

Kuyang'anira zinthu zopangidwa ndi graph: kugogoda kowoneka bwino, mayeso oletsa kukana

Kukonza Machining: Cholinga cha makina opangira zinthu za carbon graphite ndikupeza kukula, mawonekedwe, kulondola, ndi zina zotero zomwe zimafunika podula kuti apange thupi la elekitirodi ndi malo olumikizirana mogwirizana ndi zofunikira pakugwiritsa ntchito.

Kukonza ma electrode a graphite kumagawidwa m'njira ziwiri zodziyimira pawokha: thupi la electrode ndi cholumikizira.

Kukonza thupi kumaphatikizapo magawo atatu a nkhope yosalala komanso yosalala, bwalo lakunja ndi nkhope yosalala komanso ulusi wopera. Kukonza cholumikizira cha conical kungagawidwe m'njira 6: kudula, nkhope yosalala, nkhope ya cone ya galimoto, ulusi wopera, bolt yobowola ndi malo otsekera.

Kulumikizana kwa ma electrode: kulumikizana kwa conical joint (ma buckle atatu ndi buckle imodzi), kulumikizana kwa cylindrical joint, kulumikizana kwa bump (kugwirizana kwa amuna ndi akazi)

Kuwongolera kulondola kwa makina: kupotoka kwa ulusi, kupindika kwa ulusi, kupotoka kwa cholumikizira (dzenje) m'mimba mwake waukulu, kupotoka kwa dzenje lolumikizirana, kulunjika kwa dzenje lolumikizirana, kusalala kwa nkhope ya ma elekitirodi, kupotoka kwa mfundo zinayi. Yang'anani ndi ma gauge apadera a mphete ndi ma gauge a mbale.

Kuyang'anira ma electrode omalizidwa: kulondola, kulemera, kutalika, m'mimba mwake, kuchuluka kwa zinthu, kukana, kulolerana ndi zinthu zisanapangidwe, ndi zina zotero.