I-electrode yegrafiti sisixhobo esiqhuba igrafiti esinganyangekiyo kubushushu obuphezulu esiveliswa yi-petroleum knead, i-needle coke njenge-aggregate kunye ne-coal bitumen njenge-binder, eziveliswa ngothotho lweenkqubo ezinje ngokuxova, ukubumba, ukurosta, ukumilisa, i-graphitization kunye nokucutshungulwa koomatshini.
I-graphite electrode sisixhobo esibalulekileyo sokuqhuba ubushushu obuphezulu sokwenza intsimbi yombane. I-graphite electrode isetyenziselwa ukufaka amandla ombane kwisithando sombane, kwaye ubushushu obuphezulu obuveliswa yi-arc phakathi kwesiphelo se-electrode kunye netshaja busetyenziswa njengomthombo wobushushu ukunyibilikisa itshaja yokwenza intsimbi. Ezinye izithando ze-ore ezinyibilikisa izinto ezifana ne-phosphorus etyheli, i-silicon yemizi-mveliso, kunye ne-abrasives nazo zisebenzisa ii-graphite electrodes njengezinto zokuqhuba. Iimpawu zomzimba nezekhemikhali ezibalaseleyo nezikhethekileyo zee-graphite electrodes nazo zisetyenziswa kakhulu kwamanye amacandelo emizi-mveliso.
Izinto ezisetyenziswa ekuveliseni ii-electrode ze-graphite yi-petroleum coke, i-needle coke kunye ne-coal tar pitch.
I-petroleum coke yimveliso eqinileyo enokutsha efunyanwa ngokucola amalahle asele kunye ne-petroleum pitch. Umbala umnyama kwaye unemingxuma, into ephambili yi-carbon, kwaye umxholo womlotha uphantsi kakhulu, ngokubanzi ungaphantsi kwe-0.5%. I-petroleum coke ikwiklasi ye-carbon efumaneka lula kwi-graphitized. I-petroleum coke inoluhlu olubanzi lokusetyenziswa kumashishini eekhemikhali kunye ne-metallurgical. Yeyona nto iphambili yokwenza iimveliso ze-graphite zokwenziwa kunye neemveliso ze-carbon ze-aluminium ye-electrolytic.
I-petroleum coke inokwahlulwa ibe ziintlobo ezimbini: i-coke eluhlaza kunye ne-coke e-calcined ngokweqondo lobushushu bonyango lobushushu. I-coke yangaphambili ye-petroleum efunyenwe ngokucola okucothayo ine-volatiles eninzi, kwaye amandla oomatshini aphantsi. I-coke e-calcined ifunyanwa ngokucola i-coke eluhlaza. Uninzi lweendawo zokucola eTshayina zivelisa i-coke kuphela, kwaye imisebenzi yokucola yenziwa kakhulu kwizityalo zekhabhoni.
I-petroleum coke ingahlulwa ibe yi-high sulfur coke (equlethe i-sulfur engaphezulu kwe-1.5%), i-medium sulfur coke (equlethe i-0.5%-1.5% sulfur), kunye ne-low sulfur coke (equlethe i-0.5% sulfur). Imveliso yee-electrodes ze-graphite kunye nezinye iimveliso ze-graphite zokwenziwa ngokubanzi iveliswa kusetyenziswa i-low sulfur coke.
I-Needle coke luhlobo lwe-coke esemgangathweni ophezulu ene-fibrous texture ecacileyo, i-thermal expansion coefficient ephantsi kakhulu kunye ne-graphitization elula. Xa i-coke yaphukile, inokwahlulwa ibe yimicu emincinci ngokwe-texture (umlinganiselo we-aspect ngokubanzi ungaphezulu kwe-1.75). Isakhiwo se-anisotropic fibrous sinokubonwa phantsi kwe-polarizing microscope, kwaye ke ngoko sibizwa ngokuba yi-needle coke.
I-anisotropy yeempawu ze-physico-mechanical ze-needle coke icacile kakhulu. Inombane kunye nokuqhuba kakuhle kobushushu okufana nolwalathiso olude lwe-particle, kwaye i-coefficient yokwandiswa kobushushu iphantsi. Xa kusenziwa i-extrusion molding, i-long axis yee-particles ezininzi icwangciswe kwicala le-extrusion. Ke ngoko, i-needle coke yeyona nto ibalulekileyo yokwenza ii-electrodes ze-graphite ezinamandla aphezulu okanye aphezulu kakhulu. I-graphite electrode eveliswayo ine-resistivity ephantsi, i-coefficient encinci yokwandiswa kobushushu kunye nokumelana okuhle kobushushu.
I-Needle coke yahlulwe yaba yi-needle coke esekwe kwioyile eveliswa kwi-petroleum residue kunye ne-needle coke esekwe kumalahle eveliswa kwi-coal pitch raw materials ecociweyo.
I-Coal tar yenye yezona mveliso ziphambili zokucubungula i-coal tar deep. Ngumxube wee-hydrocarbons ezahlukeneyo, ezimnyama kubushushu obuphezulu, eziqinileyo okanye eziqinileyo kubushushu obuphezulu, ezingenalo iqondo lokunyibilika elizinzileyo, zithambe emva kokufudumeza, zize zinyibilike, zibe nobunzima obuyi-1.25-1.35 g/cm3. Ngokwenqanaba layo lokuthamba, yahlulwe yaba yi-asphalt yobushushu obuphantsi, ubushushu obuphakathi kunye ne-asphalt yobushushu obuphezulu. Isivuno se-asphalt yobushushu obuphakathi yi-54-56% ye-coal tar. Ukwakheka kwe-coal tar kuyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu, okunxulumene neempawu ze-coal tar kunye nomxholo we-heteroatom, kwaye kuchaphazeleka nenkqubo yenkqubo ye-coking kunye neemeko zokucubungula i-coal tar. Kukho izalathisi ezininzi zokuchonga i-coal tar pitch, njenge-bitumen softening point, i-toluene insolubles (TI), i-quinoline insolubles (QI), amaxabiso e-coking, kunye ne-coal pitch rheology.
I-Coal tar isetyenziswa njengesihlanganisi kunye nesifaka umbane kwishishini lekhabhoni, kwaye ukusebenza kwayo kunempembelelo enkulu kwinkqubo yemveliso kunye nomgangatho wemveliso yeemveliso zekhabhoni. I-binder asphalt ngokubanzi isebenzisa i-asphalt eguquliweyo yobushushu obuphakathi okanye obuphakathi enendawo yokuthamba ephakathi, ixabiso eliphezulu lokucola, kunye ne-β resin ephezulu. I-agent yokufumba yi-asphalt yobushushu obuphakathi enendawo yokuthamba ephantsi, i-QI ephantsi, kunye neempawu ezilungileyo ze-rheological.
Umfanekiso olandelayo ubonisa inkqubo yokuveliswa kwe-graphite electrode kwishishini lekhabhoni.
Ukulungiswa kweCarcination: Izinto ezikrwada zeCarbonaceous ziphathwa ngobushushu kubushushu obuphezulu ukuze zikhuphe umswakama kunye nezinto eziguquguqukayo ezikuyo, kwaye inkqubo yokuvelisa ehambelana nokuphuculwa kokusebenza kokupheka kokuqala ibizwa ngokuba yiCalcination. Ngokubanzi, izinto ezikrwada zeCarbonaceous zilungiswa ngokusebenzisa igesi kunye nezinto eziguquguqukayo zayo njengomthombo wobushushu, kwaye ubushushu obuphezulu yi-1250-1350 °C.
Ukwenziwa kwe-calcination kwenza utshintsho olukhulu kwisakhiwo kunye neempawu ze-physicochemical zezinto ezikrwada ze-carbonaceous, ikakhulu ekuphuculeni uxinano, amandla oomatshini kunye nokuqhuba kombane kwe-coke, ukuphucula uzinzo lweekhemikhali kunye nokumelana ne-oxidation ye-coke, okubeka isiseko senkqubo elandelayo.
Izixhobo ezifakwe i-calcined ziquka ikakhulu i-tank calciner, i-rotary oven kunye ne-electric calciner. Isalathisi solawulo lomgangatho we-calcination kukuba uxinano lokwenyani lwe-petroleum coke alukho ngaphantsi kwe-2.07g/cm3, i-resistivity ayikho ngaphezulu kwe-550μΩ.m, uxinano lokwenyani lwe-needle coke alukho ngaphantsi kwe-2.12g/cm3, kwaye i-resistivity ayikho ngaphezu kwe-500μΩ.m.
Ukutyumza izinto eziluhlaza kunye nezithako
Ngaphambi kokufaka i-batch, i-coke ye-petroleum ene-calcium eninzi kunye ne-needle coke kufuneka zityunyuzwe, zicolwe, zihluzwe.
Ukutyumza okuphakathi kudla ngokwenziwa ngezixhobo zokutyumza ezingama-50 mm ngesixhobo sokutyumza umhlathi, isixhobo sokutyumza ngesando, isixhobo sokutyumza imiqulu nezinye izinto ezifana nalezo ukuze kutyumzwe ngakumbi izinto ezinobukhulu obuyi-0.5-20 mm ezifunekayo xa kutyumzwa.
Ukusila yinkqubo yokusila izinto ezinekhabhoni zibe yintwana encinci engumgubo eyi-0.15 mm okanye ngaphantsi kunye nobukhulu bentwana eyi-0.075 mm okanye ngaphantsi ngokusebenzisa i-suspension-type ring roll mill (Raymond mill), i-ball mill, okanye into efana nayo.
Ukuhlola yinkqubo apho uluhlu olubanzi lwezinto emva kokutyunyuzwa lwahlulwe lwaba ziintlobo ngeentlobo zobukhulu beentwana ezinoluhlu oluncinci lobukhulu ngokusebenzisa uthotho lweesivi ezineembobo ezifanayo. Ukuveliswa kwe-electrode yangoku kudla ngokufuna iipellets ezi-4-5 kunye neegreyidi zepowder ezi-1-2.
Izithako ziinkqubo zemveliso zokubala, ukulinganisa kunye nokugxininisa kwiindidi ezahlukeneyo zee-aggregates kunye nee-powders kunye nee-binders ngokweemfuno ze-formulation. Ukufaneleka kwesayensi kwe-formulation kunye nokuzinza kokusebenza kwe-batching zezinye zezinto ezibalulekileyo ezichaphazela umgangatho kunye nokusebenza kwemveliso.
Ifomula kufuneka imisele iinkalo ezi-5:
1Khetha uhlobo lwezinto ezisetyenziswa ngokwemvelo;
2 misela umlinganiselo weentlobo ezahlukeneyo zezinto ezikrwada;
3 ukumisela ubungakanani bezinto eziluhlaza eziqinileyo;
4 misela ubungakanani be-binder;
5 Misela uhlobo kunye nobungakanani bezongezo.
Ukuxova: Ukuxuba nokulinganisa ubungakanani bee-granules ze-carbonaceous kunye nee-powders ezahlukeneyo ngobukhulu kunye nomlinganiselo othile we-binder kubushushu obuthile, kunye nokuxova i-plasticity paste kwinkqubo ebizwa ngokuba yi-kneading.
Inkqubo yokuxova: ukuxuba okomileyo (imizuzu engama-20-35) ukuxuba okumanzi (imizuzu engama-40-55)
Indima yokuxova:
1 Xa kuxuba izinto ezomileyo, izinto ezahlukeneyo ezikrwada zixutywa ngokulinganayo, kwaye izinto eziqinileyo zekhabhonasi ezinobukhulu obahlukeneyo zixutywa ngokulinganayo kwaye zizaliswe ukuphucula ubuncinci bomxube;
2 Emva kokongeza i-coal tar pitch, izinto ezomileyo kunye ne-asphalt zixutywe ngokulinganayo. I-asphalt engamanzi igubungela ngokulinganayo kwaye imanzise umphezulu wee-granules ukuze yenze umaleko womaleko we-asphalt bonding, kwaye zonke izinto zidityaniswa ukuze zenze i-plastic smear efanayo. Ilungele ukubumba;
Iinxalenye ezi-3 ze-coal tar pitch zingena kwindawo engaphakathi yezinto ezisebenzisa ikhabhoni, nto leyo eyandisa uxinano kunye nokunamathelana kwe-paste.
Ukubumba: Ukubumba izinto zekhabhoni kubhekisa kwinkqubo yokuguqula intlama yekhabhoni exovwe ngeplastiki phantsi kwamandla angaphandle asetyenziswa zizixhobo zokubumba ukuze ekugqibeleni zenze umzimba oluhlaza (okanye imveliso eluhlaza) onemilo ethile, ubungakanani, uxinano kunye namandla.
Iintlobo zokubumba, izixhobo kunye neemveliso eziveliswayo:
Indlela yokubumba
Izixhobo eziqhelekileyo
iimveliso eziphambili
Ukubumba
Umatshini wokushicilela we-hydraulic othe nkqo
I-carbon yombane, i-graphite yesakhiwo esincinci esikumgangatho ophantsi
Cinezela
I-extruder ye-hydraulic ethe tye
Isikrufu esikhupha izinto
I-electrode yegrafiti, i-electrode yesikwere
Ukubumba ukungcangcazela
Umatshini wokubumba i-vibration
Isitena sekhabhoni se-aluminiyam, isitena sekhabhoni esiqhumayo
Ukucinezela kwe-isostatic
Umatshini wokubumba we-isostatic
I-grafite ye-isotropic, i-grafite ye-anisotropic
Umsebenzi wokucinezela
Isixhobo esi-1 esipholileyo: isixhobo sokupholisa idiski, isixhobo sokupholisa isilinda, izixhobo zokuxuba nokuxova umxube, njl.
Khupha i-volatiles, yehlisa ukuya kubushushu obufanelekileyo (90-120 ° C) ukuze wonyuse ukunamathela, ukuze ukuvaleka kwe-paste kufane imizuzu engama-20-30.
2 Ukulayisha: i-press lift baffle —– ukusika izihlandlo ezi-2-3—-4-10MPa ukuxinana
Uxinzelelo lwangaphambi koxinzelelo olu-3: uxinzelelo lwe-20-25MPa, ixesha lemizuzu emi-3-5, ngelixa ucoca nge-vacuum
4 extrusion: cinezela i-baffle —5-15MPa extrusion — nqumla — ungene kwisinki yokupholisa
Iiparamitha zobugcisa zokukhupha: umlinganiselo woxinzelelo, ubushushu begumbi lokucinezela kunye nobushushu be-nozzle, ubushushu bokupholisa, ixesha loxinzelelo lokulayisha kwangaphambili, uxinzelelo lokukhupha, isantya sokukhupha, ubushushu bamanzi okupholisa
Ukuhlolwa komzimba oluhlaza: uxinano olukhulu, ukucofa inkangeleko, uhlalutyo
Ukwenziwa kweCalcination: Yinkqubo apho umzimba oluhlaza wemveliso yekhabhoni ugcwaliswa kwisithando sokufudumala esenziwe ngokukodwa phantsi kokhuselo lwesithambisi ukuze kwenziwe unyango lobushushu obuphezulu ukuze kwenziwe i-carbon pitch yamalahle emzimbeni oluhlaza. I-bitumen coke eyenziwe emva kokuba i-carbonization ye-bitumen yamalahle iqinisa i-carbonaceous aggregate kunye namasuntswana e-powder kunye, kwaye imveliso yekhabhoni ene-calcium inamandla aphezulu oomatshini, ukumelana nombane okuphantsi, uzinzo oluhle lobushushu kunye nozinzo lweekhemikhali.
Ukwenziwa kwe-calcination yenye yeenkqubo eziphambili ekuvelisweni kweemveliso zekhabhoni, kwaye ikwayinxalenye ebalulekileyo yeenkqubo ezintathu eziphambili zonyango lobushushu lokuveliswa kwe-graphite electrode. Umjikelo wokuveliswa kwe-calcination mde (iintsuku ezingama-22-30 zokubhaka, iintsuku ezi-5-20 zokubhaka izitya ezi-2), kunye nokusetyenziswa kwamandla aphezulu. Umgangatho wokubhaka okuluhlaza unefuthe kumgangatho wemveliso egqityiweyo kunye neendleko zemveliso.
Ipitshi yamalahle eluhlaza emzimbeni oluhlaza iyaphekwa ngexesha lenkqubo yokosa, kwaye malunga ne-10% yezinto eziguquguqukayo ziyakhutshwa, kwaye umthamo uveliswa yi-2-3% shrinkage, kwaye ukulahleka kobunzima yi-8-10%. Iipropati zomzimba nezekhemikhali ze-carbon billet nazo zitshintshile kakhulu. I-porosity yehle ukusuka kwi-1.70 g/cm3 ukuya kwi-1.60 g/cm3 kwaye i-resistivity yehle ukusuka kwi-10000 μΩ·m ukuya kwi-40-50 μΩ·m ngenxa yokwanda kwe-porosity. Amandla oomatshini e-calcined billet nawo ayemakhulu. Ukuphucula.
Ukubhaka okwesibini yinkqubo apho imveliso efakwe i-calcium ifakwa khona ize ifake i-calcium ukuze i-pitch ifakelwe kwimingxuma yemveliso efakwe i-calcium. Ii-electrode ezifuna ubuninzi obukhulu (zonke iintlobo ngaphandle kwe-RP) kunye nee-joint blanks kufuneka zifakwe i-bibaked, kwaye ii-joint blanks nazo zifakwa kwi-three-dip four-bake okanye i-two-dip three-bake.
Uhlobo oluphambili lwe-oven roaster:
Ukusebenza okuqhubekayo—-isithando somlilo esirhangqiweyo (esinesiciko, esingenasiciko), i-tunnel oven
Ukusebenza ngamaxesha athile—-i-oven engasemva, i-roaster engaphantsi komgangatho, i-box roaster
I-calcination curve kunye nobushushu obuphezulu:
Ukurosta kube kanye—-320, 360, 422, iiyure ezingama-480, 1250 °C
Ukurosta okwesibini—-125, 240, iiyure ezingama-280, 700-800 °C
Ukuhlolwa kweemveliso ezibhakiweyo: ukucofa inkangeleko, ukumelana nombane, uxinano olukhulu, amandla oxinzelelo, uhlalutyo lwesakhiwo sangaphakathi
Ukufakelwa kwe-carbon yinkqubo apho kufakwa khona izinto zekhabhoni kwisitya soxinzelelo kwaye i-liquid impregnant pitch ifakwa kwiimbobo ze-electrode yemveliso phantsi kweemeko ezithile zobushushu kunye noxinzelelo. Injongo kukunciphisa i-porosity yemveliso, ukwandisa uxinano olukhulu kunye namandla oomatshini emveliso, kunye nokuphucula ukuhanjiswa kombane kunye nobushushu bemveliso.
Inkqubo yokufunxa kunye neeparameter zobugcisa ezinxulumeneyo zezi: ukurosta i-billet – ukucoca umphezulu – ukufudumeza kwangaphambili (260-380 °C, iiyure ezi-6-10) – ukulayisha itanki yokufunxa – ukucoca nge-vacuum (8-9KPa, 40-50min) – Ukufaka i-bitumen (180-200 °C) – Uxinzelelo (1.2-1.5 MPa, iiyure ezi-3-4) – Ukubuyisela kwi-asphalt – Ukupholisa (ngaphakathi okanye ngaphandle kwetanki)
Ukuhlolwa kweemveliso ezifakwe kwi-pregnancy: izinga lokutyeba kwesisindo G=(W2-W1)/W1×100%
Izinga lokutyeba ngokuntywiliselwa kanye ≥14%
Izinga lokunyuka kobunzima bemveliso efakwe kwi-pregnant yesibini ≥ 9%
Iimveliso zokuntywila ezintathu zinyusa ubunzima ≥ 5%
Ukwenziwa kwe-graphitization kubhekisa kwinkqubo yokunyanga ubushushu obuphezulu apho imveliso yekhabhoni ifudunyezwa ukuya kubushushu obuyi-2300 ° C okanye ngaphezulu kwindawo ekhuselayo kwisithando sombane esishushu kakhulu ukuguqula isakhiwo sekhabhoni esingenawo ulwelo sibe yisakhiwo sekristale se-graphite esinemilinganiselo emithathu.
Injongo kunye nesiphumo se-graphitization:
1 ukuphucula ukuhanjiswa kwe-conductivity kunye nokuhanjiswa kwe-thermal kwezinto zekhabhoni (ukumelana kwe-resistivity kuncitshiswa ngamaxesha ama-4-5, kwaye ukuhanjiswa kwe-thermal kunyuswe malunga namaxesha ali-10);
2 ukuphucula ukumelana nobushushu kunye nokuzinza kweekhemikhali zezinto zekhabhoni (i-coefficient yokwandiswa komgca incitshiswe ngama-50-80%);
3 ukwenza ukuthambisa kwezinto zekhabhoni kunye nokumelana nokukrala;
4 Ukungcola kokukhupha umbane, phucula ubunyulu bezinto zekhabhoni (umxholo wothuthu lwemveliso uncitshisiwe ukusuka kwi-0.5-0.8% ukuya malunga ne-0.3%).
Ukuphunyezwa kwenkqubo ye-graphization:
Ukwenziwa kwegrafiti yezinto zekhabhoni kwenziwa kubushushu obuphezulu be-2300-3000 °C, ngoko ke kungenziwa kuphela ngokufudumeza ngombane kushishino, oko kukuthi, umbane udlula ngokuthe ngqo kwimveliso eshushu ene-calcined, kwaye imveliso ene-calcined etshajelwe kwisithando iveliswa ngumbane kubushushu obuphezulu. Umqhubi kwakhona yinto eshushutyelwa kubushushu obuphezulu.
Iifurnaces ezisetyenziswa kakhulu ngoku ziquka iifurnaces ze-Acheson graphitization kunye neefurnaces ze-internal heat cascade (LWG). Eyokuqala inomphumo omkhulu, umahluko omkhulu kubushushu, kunye nokusetyenziswa kwamandla aphezulu. Eyokugqibela inexesha elifutshane lokufudumeza, ukusetyenziswa kwamandla aphantsi, ukumelana kombane okufanayo, kwaye ayifanelekanga ukufakwa.
Ulawulo lwenkqubo ye-graphitization lulawulwa ngokulinganisa i-curve yamandla ombane efanelekileyo kwimeko yokunyuka kwamaqondo obushushu. Ixesha lokunikezelwa kwamandla ziiyure ezingama-50-80 kwi-Acheson furnace kunye neeyure ezili-9-15 kwi-LWG furnace.
Ukusetyenziswa kwamandla kwe-graphitization kukhulu kakhulu, ngokubanzi yi-3200-4800KWh, kwaye iindleko zenkqubo zimalunga ne-20-35% yeendleko zemveliso iyonke.
Ukuhlolwa kweemveliso ezinemifanekiso: ukuthepha okubonakalayo, uvavanyo lokumelana
Umatshini: Injongo yomatshini wokulungisa izinto ze-carbon graphite kukufezekisa ubungakanani, imo, ukuchaneka, njl.njl. ngokusika ukuze kwenziwe umzimba we-electrode kunye namalungu ngokuhambelana neemfuno zokusetyenziswa.
Ukucutshungulwa kwe-electrode yegrafiti kwahlulwe ngeendlela ezimbini ezizimeleyo zokucutshungulwa: umzimba we-electrode kunye namalungu.
Ukulungiswa komzimba kuquka amanyathelo amathathu obuso obusicaba noburhabaxa, isangqa sangaphandle kunye nobuso obusicaba kunye nomsonto wokugaya. Ukulungiswa kwejoyinti ekhonikhi kunokwahlulwahlulwa zibe ziinkqubo ezi-6: ukusika, ubuso obusicaba, ubuso bekhoni yemoto, umsonto wokugaya, ibholiti yokubhola kunye nokutsala.
Uqhagamshelo lwezihlanganisi ze-electrode: uqhagamshelo lwezihlanganisi ezijijekileyo (izikhonkwane ezintathu kunye nekhonksi enye), uqhagamshelo lwezihlanganisi ezisilinda, uqhagamshelo lwezikhonkwane (uqhagamshelo lwendoda nebhinqa)
Ulawulo lokuchaneka komatshini wokusebenza: ukuphambuka kwentambo, iphimbo lomsonto, ukuphambuka kwejoyinti (umngxuma) ububanzi obukhulu, ukuxinana komngxuma odibeneyo, ukuthambeka komngxuma odibeneyo, ukuthambeka kobuso be-electrode ekupheleni, ukuphambuka kwamanqaku amane okudibanisa. Jonga ngee-ring gauges ezikhethekileyo kunye nee-plate gauges.
Ukuhlolwa kwee-electrodes ezigqityiweyo: ukuchaneka, ubunzima, ubude, ububanzi, uxinano olukhulu, ukumelana nombane, ukunyamezelana ngaphambi kokuhlanganiswa, njl.
Ixesha leposi: Oktobha-31-2019