Inqubo yokukhiqiza i-graphite electrode

I-graphite electrode iyinto eqhuba i-graphite engashisi kakhulu ekhiqizwa yi-petroleum knead, i-needle coke njenge-aggregate kanye ne-coal bitumen njenge-binder, ekhiqizwa ngochungechunge lwezinqubo ezifana nokuxova, ukubumba, ukuthosa, ukufaka i-grafiti kanye nokucubungula ngomshini.

I-graphite electrode iyinto ebalulekile yokuqhuba ukushisa okuphezulu yokwenza insimbi kagesi. I-graphite electrode isetshenziselwa ukufaka amandla kagesi esithandweni sikagesi, kanti izinga lokushisa eliphezulu elikhiqizwa yi-arc phakathi kokuphela kwe-electrode kanye neshaja lisetshenziswa njengomthombo wokushisa ukuncibilikisa ishaja yokwenza insimbi. Amanye ama-ore furnaces ancibilikisa izinto ezifana ne-phosphorus ephuzi, i-silicon yezimboni, kanye nama-abrasives nawo asebenzisa ama-graphite electrode njengezinto zokuqhuba. Izakhiwo zomzimba nezamakhemikhali ezinhle kakhulu nezikhethekile zama-graphite electrodes nazo zisetshenziswa kabanzi kweminye imikhakha yezimboni.
Izinto zokusetshenziswa zokukhiqizwa kwama-electrode e-graphite yi-petroleum coke, i-needle coke kanye ne-coal tar pitch.

I-petroleum coke iwumkhiqizo oqinile ovuthayo otholakala ngokuqopha amalahle asele kanye ne-petroleum pitch. Umbala umnyama futhi unezimbobo, into eyinhloko yi-carbon, kanti okuqukethwe komlotha kuphansi kakhulu, ngokuvamile kungaphansi kuka-0.5%. I-petroleum coke ingeyesigaba se-carbon efakwe i-graphite kalula. I-petroleum coke inokusetshenziswa okubanzi embonini yamakhemikhali neyensimbi. Iwumkhiqizo oyinhloko wokukhiqiza imikhiqizo ye-graphite yokwenziwa kanye nemikhiqizo ye-carbon ye-aluminium ye-electrolytic.

I-coke ye-petroleum ingahlukaniswa ngezinhlobo ezimbili: i-coke eluhlaza kanye ne-coke e-calcined ngokwezinga lokushisa lokwelashwa kokushisa. I-coke ye-petroleum yangaphambili etholakala ngokucola okuphuzile iqukethe inani elikhulu lama-volatile, futhi amandla omshini aphansi. I-coke e-calcined itholakala ngokucola i-coke eluhlaza. Izindawo eziningi zokucwenga eShayina zikhiqiza i-coke kuphela, futhi imisebenzi yokucola i-calcination yenziwa kakhulu ezitshalweni ze-carbon.

I-coke kaphethiloli ingahlukaniswa ibe yi-coke ye-sulfur ephezulu (equkethe i-sulfur engaphezu kuka-1.5%), i-coke ye-sulfur ephakathi (equkethe i-sulfur engu-0.5%-1.5%), kanye ne-coke ye-sulfur ephansi (equkethe i-sulfur engaphansi kuka-0.5%). Ukukhiqizwa kwama-electrode e-graphite kanye neminye imikhiqizo ye-graphite yokwenziwa ngokuvamile kukhiqizwa kusetshenziswa i-coke ye-sulfur ephansi.

I-Needle coke uhlobo lwe-coke esezingeni eliphezulu enokwakheka okusobala kwe-fibrous, i-thermal expansion coefficient ephansi kakhulu kanye ne-graphitization elula. Uma i-coke iphukile, ingahlukaniswa ibe yimichilo emincane ngokuya ngokuthungwa (isilinganiso se-aspect ngokuvamile singaphezu kuka-1.75). Isakhiwo se-anisotropic fibrous singabonakala ngaphansi kwe-microscope ehlukanisayo, ngakho-ke sibizwa ngokuthi i-needle coke.

I-anisotropy yezakhiwo ze-physico-mechanical ze-needle coke isobala kakhulu. Ine-conductivity enhle kagesi kanye ne-thermal ehambisana nesiqondiso se-axis ende ye-particle, futhi i-coefficient yokwanda kokushisa iphansi. Lapho kubumba i-extrusion, i-axis ende yezinhlayiya eziningi ihlelwe ngendlela ye-extrusion. Ngakho-ke, i-needle coke iyinto eluhlaza eyisihluthulelo yokukhiqiza ama-electrode e-graphite anamandla aphezulu noma aphezulu kakhulu. I-electrode ye-graphite ekhiqizwayo inokumelana okuphansi, i-coefficient encane yokwanda kokushisa kanye nokumelana okuhle kokushaqeka kokushisa.

I-Needle coke ihlukaniswe nge-needle coke esekelwe kumafutha ekhiqizwa kusuka ku-petroleum residue kanye ne-needle coke esekelwe kumalahle ekhiqizwa ngezinto zokusetshenziswa ze-coal pitch ehlungiwe.

I-coal tar ingenye yemikhiqizo eyinhloko yokucubungula i-coal tar deep. Iyingxube yama-hydrocarbon ahlukahlukene, amnyama ekushiseni okuphezulu, aqinile kancane noma aqinile ekushiseni okuphezulu, awanawo iphuzu lokuncibilika eliqondile, athambisa ngemva kokushisa, bese encibilika, ngobuningi obungu-1.25-1.35 g/cm3. Ngokusho kwendawo yayo yokuthambisa, ihlukaniswe nge-asphalt yokushisa okuphansi, izinga lokushisa eliphakathi kanye ne-asphalt yokushisa okuphezulu. Isivuno se-asphalt yokushisa okuphakathi singama-54-56% we-coal tar. Ukwakheka kwe-coal tar kuyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu, okuhlobene nezakhiwo ze-coal tar kanye nokuqukethwe kwama-heteroatom, futhi kuthinteka futhi uhlelo lwenqubo yokucola kanye nezimo zokucubungula i-coal tar. Kunezinkomba eziningi zokuchaza i-coal tar pitch, njenge-bitumen softening point, i-toluene insolubles (TI), i-quinoline insolubles (QI), amanani e-coking, kanye ne-coal pitch rheology.

I-coal tar isetshenziswa njenge-binder kanye ne-inpregnant embonini yekhabhoni, futhi ukusebenza kwayo kunomthelela omkhulu enqubweni yokukhiqiza kanye nekhwalithi yomkhiqizo wemikhiqizo yekhabhoni. I-binder asphalt ngokuvamile isebenzisa i-asphalt eguquliwe enokushisa okuphakathi noma okuphakathi enendawo yokuthambisa elinganiselayo, inani eliphezulu lokubilisa, kanye ne-β resin ephezulu. I-ejenti yokufaka i-inpregnant iyi-asphalt enokushisa okuphakathi enendawo yokuthambisa ephansi, i-QI ephansi, kanye nezakhiwo ezinhle ze-rheological.

Isithombe esilandelayo sibonisa inqubo yokukhiqizwa kwe-graphite electrode ebhizinisini lekhabhoni.
Ukushisa: Izinto zokusetshenziswa ze-carbonaceous ziphathwa ngokushisa ekushiseni okuphezulu ukuze kukhishwe umswakama kanye nezinto eziguquguqukayo eziqukethwe kukho, futhi inqubo yokukhiqiza ehambisana nokuthuthukiswa kokusebenza kokupheka kokuqala ibizwa ngokuthi i-calcination. Ngokuvamile, izinto zokusetshenziswa ze-carbonaceous zifakwa i-calcium ngokusebenzisa igesi kanye nezinto zayo eziguquguqukayo njengomthombo wokushisa, kanti izinga lokushisa eliphakeme lingu-1250-1350 °C.

Ukwenziwa kwe-calcination kwenza izinguquko ezinkulu esakhiweni kanye nezakhiwo ze-physicochemical zezinto zokusetshenziswa ze-carbonaceous, ikakhulukazi ekuthuthukiseni ubuningi, amandla okusebenza kanye nokuqhuba kukagesi kwe-coke, ukuthuthukisa ukuzinza kwamakhemikhali kanye nokumelana ne-oxidation kwe-coke, okubeka isisekelo senqubo elandelayo.

Imishini ene-calcined ifaka phakathi i-tank calciner, i-rotary kiln kanye ne-electric calciner. Inkomba yokulawula ikhwalithi ye-calcination iwukuthi ukuminyana kweqiniso kwe-petroleum coke akungaphansi kuka-2.07g/cm3, ukumelana akungaphezu kuka-550μΩ.m, ukuminyana kweqiniso kwe-needle coke akungaphansi kuka-2.12g/cm3, kanye nokumelana akungaphezu kuka-500μΩ.m.
Ukuchoboza izinto ezingavuthiwe kanye nezithako

Ngaphambi kokuhlanganisa, i-coke kaphethiloli ene-calcium kanye ne-needle coke kumele kugaywe, kugaywe, bese kuhlungwa.

Ukuchoboza okuphakathi kuvame ukwenziwa ngemishini yokuchoboza engama-50 mm nge-jaw crusher, i-hammer crusher, i-roll crusher nokunye okunjalo ukuze kuchobozwe izinto ezinobukhulu obungu-0.5-20 mm ezidingekayo ekuqoqweni.

Ukugaya kuyinqubo yokugaya into engcolile ibe yinhlayiya encane ewuphuphu engu-0.15 mm noma ngaphansi kanye nosayizi wezinhlayiya ongu-0.075 mm noma ngaphansi ngokusebenzisa umshini wokugoqa indandatho wohlobo lwe-suspension (Raymond mill), umshini wokugoqa ibhola, noma okunye okunjalo.

Ukuhlola kuyinqubo lapho uhla olubanzi lwezinto zokwakha ngemva kokuchotshozwa luhlukaniswa khona lube amabanga amaningana osayizi bezinhlayiya ezinobubanzi obuncane bobukhulu ngokusebenzisa uchungechunge lwezisefo ezinezimbobo ezifanayo. Ukukhiqizwa kwe-electrode yamanje kuvame ukudinga ama-pellet angu-4-5 kanye namazinga angu-1-2 empuphu.

Izithako ziyizinqubo zokukhiqiza zokubala, ukukala nokugxila ezinhlotsheni ezahlukene zama-aggregate kanye nama-powder kanye nama-binder ngokwezidingo zokwakheka. Ukufaneleka kwesayensi kokwakheka kanye nokuqina kokusebenza kokuhlanganisa kuphakathi kwezinto ezibaluleke kakhulu ezithinta inkomba yekhwalithi kanye nokusebenza komkhiqizo.

Ifomula idinga ukunquma izici ezi-5:
1Khetha uhlobo lwezinto zokusetshenziswa;
2 nquma isilinganiso sezinhlobo ezahlukene zezinto zokusetshenziswa;
3 ukunquma ukwakheka kosayizi wezinhlayiya zezinto eziluhlaza eziqinile;
4 nquma inani le-binder;
5 Nquma uhlobo kanye nenani lezithasiselo.

Ukuxova: Ukuxuba nokulinganisa ama-granules nama-powder ahlukahlukene anobukhulu bezinhlayiya ze-carbonaceous kanye nenani elithile le-binder ekushiseni okuthile, nokuxova i-plasticity paste ibe yinqubo ebizwa ngokuthi ukuxova.

Inqubo yokuxova: ukuxuba okomile (imizuzu engama-20-35) ukuxuba okumanzi (imizuzu engama-40-55)

Indima yokuxova:
1 Uma kuhlanganiswa okomile, izinto zokusetshenziswa ezahlukahlukene zixutshwa ngokulinganayo, kanti izinto eziqinile ze-carbonaceous ezinobukhulu obuhlukene bezinhlayiya zixutshwa ngokulinganayo futhi zigcwaliswe ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukuqina kwengxube;
2 Ngemva kokufaka i-coal tar pitch, izinto ezomile kanye ne-asphalt kuhlanganiswa ngokulinganayo. I-asphalt ewuketshezi imboza ngokulinganayo futhi imanzise ubuso be-granules ukuze kwakheke ungqimba lwe-asphalt bonding layer, futhi zonke izinto zihlanganiswa ukuze kwakheke i-plastic smear efanayo. Ilungele ukubumba;
Izingxenye ezintathu ze-coal tar pitch zingena esikhaleni sangaphakathi sezinto ezi-carbonaceous, okwandisa kakhulu ubuningi kanye nokuhlangana kwe-paste.

Ukubumba: Ukubumba izinto zekhabhoni kubhekisela enqubweni yokuguqula i-carbon paste exovwe ngepulasitiki ngaphansi kwamandla angaphandle asetshenziswa imishini yokubumba ukuze ekugcineni kwakheke umzimba oluhlaza (noma umkhiqizo ongavuthiwe) onesimo esithile, usayizi, ubuningi kanye namandla.

Izinhlobo zokubumba, imishini kanye nemikhiqizo ekhiqizwayo:
Indlela yokubumba
Imishini evamile
imikhiqizo eyinhloko
Ukubumba
Umshini wokucindezela we-hydraulic oqondile
I-carbon kagesi, isakhiwo esincane se-graphite
Cindezela
I-extruder ye-hydraulic evundlile
Isikulufa esikhipha izinto
I-electrode ye-graphite, i-electrode yesikwele
Ukubumba kokudlidliza
Umshini wokubumba wokudlidliza
Isitini sekhabhoni se-aluminium, isitini sekhabhoni esivuthayo
Ukucindezela kwe-isostatic
Umshini wokubumba we-isostatic
I-graphite ye-isotropic, i-graphite ye-anisotropic

Umsebenzi wokucindezela
Izinto ezipholile ezi-1: izinto zokupholisa idiski, izinto zokupholisa zesilinda, izinto zokuxuba nokuxova ukupholisa, njll.
Khipha ama-volatiles, wehlise izinga lokushisa elifanele (90-120 ° C) ukuze wandise ukunamathela, ukuze ukuvinjelwa kwe-paste kufane imizuzu engama-20-30
2 Ukulayisha: i-press lift baffle —– ukusika izikhathi ezingu-2-3—-4-10MPa ukucindezela
Ukucindezela kwangaphambi kwe-3: ukucindezela okungu-20-25MPa, isikhathi esingu-3-5min, ngenkathi uhlanza nge-vacuum
4 extrusion: cindezela phansi i-baffle —5-15MPa extrusion — nquma — ungene kusinki yokupholisa

Amapharamitha obuchwepheshe okukhipha: isilinganiso sokucindezela, izinga lokushisa legumbi lokucindezela kanye ne-nozzle, izinga lokushisa lokupholisa, isikhathi sokucindezela sokulayisha kusengaphambili, ingcindezi yokukhipha, isivinini sokukhipha, izinga lokushisa lamanzi okupholisa

Ukuhlolwa komzimba okuluhlaza: ukuminyana kwenqwaba, ukuthepha kokubukeka, ukuhlaziywa

Ukushisa: Kuyinqubo lapho umzimba oluhlaza womkhiqizo wekhabhoni ugcwaliswa khona esithandweni sokushisa esiklanyelwe ngokukhethekile ngaphansi kokuvikelwa kwesigcwalisi ukuze kwenziwe ukwelashwa kokushisa okushisa okuphezulu ukuze kufakwe i-carbon pitch emzimbeni oluhlaza. I-bitumen coke eyakheka ngemva kokufakwa kwe-carbon bitumen iqinisa i-carbonaceous aggregate kanye nezinhlayiya ze-powder ndawonye, ​​kanti umkhiqizo wekhabhoni one-calcium unamandla aphezulu okusebenza, ukumelana kukagesi okuphansi, ukuzinza okuhle kokushisa kanye nokuzinza kwamakhemikhali.

Ukugaya i-calcination kungenye yezinqubo eziyinhloko ekukhiqizweni kwemikhiqizo yekhabhoni, futhi kuyingxenye ebalulekile yezinqubo ezintathu ezinkulu zokwelashwa kokushisa kokukhiqizwa kwe-graphite electrode. Umjikelezo wokukhiqiza i-calcination mude (izinsuku ezingu-22-30 zokubhaka, izinsuku ezingu-5-20 zama-oven okubhaka okubili), kanye nokusetshenziswa kwamandla aphezulu. Ikhwalithi yokugaya okuluhlaza inomthelela ekhwalithini yomkhiqizo oqediwe kanye nezindleko zokukhiqiza.

I-pitch yamalahle eluhlaza emzimbeni oluhlaza iyaphekwa ngesikhathi senqubo yokosa, futhi cishe u-10% wezinto eziguquguqukayo uyakhishwa, futhi ivolumu ikhiqizwa ukuncipha okungu-2-3%, kanti ukulahlekelwa kwesisindo kungu-8-10%. Izakhiwo zomzimba nezamakhemikhali ze-carbon billet nazo zishintshe kakhulu. I-porosity yehle kusuka ku-1.70 g/cm3 kuya ku-1.60 g/cm3 kanti ukumelana kwayo kwehle kusuka ku-10000 μΩ·m kuya ku-40-50 μΩ·m ngenxa yokwanda kwe-porosity. Amandla okusebenza e-billet ene-calcined nawo ayemakhulu. Ukuze kuthuthukiswe.

Ukubhaka kwesibili kuyinqubo lapho umkhiqizo one-calcium ucwiliswa khona bese ufakwa i-calcium ukuze i-pitch igcwaliswe ezimbotsheni zomkhiqizo one-calcium. Ama-electrode adinga ubuningi obukhulu (zonke izinhlobo ngaphandle kwe-RP) kanye nezimbobo ezihlangene kudingeka abhakwe kabili, kanti izimbobo ezihlangene nazo zifakwa ku-tri-dip four-bake noma ku-two-dip three-bake.

Uhlobo oluyinhloko lwe-roaster esitovini:
Ukusebenza okuqhubekayo—-isithando somlilo esinophahla (esinesembozo, esingenaso isembozo), isithando somlilo somhubhe
Ukusebenza ngezikhathi ezithile—-ihhavini elingemuva, i-roaster engaphansi kwephansi, i-roaster yebhokisi

Ijika lokubala kanye nokushisa okuphezulu:
Ukosa kanye kuphela—-320, 360, 422, amahora angu-480, 1250 °C
Ukosa okwesibili—-125, 240, amahora angu-280, 700-800 °C

Ukuhlolwa kwemikhiqizo ebhakiwe: ukuthepha kokubukeka, ukumelana nogesi, ubuningi benqwaba, amandla okucindezela, ukuhlaziywa kwesakhiwo sangaphakathi

Ukufakwa kwe-impregnation kuyinqubo lapho kufakwa khona izinto zekhabhoni esitsheni sokucindezela bese kuthi i-liquid impregnant pitch icwiliswe ezimbotsheni ze-electrode yomkhiqizo ngaphansi kwezimo ezithile zokushisa kanye nengcindezi. Inhloso ukunciphisa ukugoba komkhiqizo, ukwandisa ubuningi kanye namandla omshini womkhiqizo, kanye nokuthuthukisa ukuhanjiswa kukagesi nokushisa komkhiqizo.

Inqubo yokufaka i-inpregnation kanye nemingcele yezobuchwepheshe ehlobene yile: i-billet yokubhaka – ukuhlanza ubuso – ukushisa kusengaphambili (260-380 °C, amahora angu-6-10) – ukulayisha ithangi lokufaka i-inpregnation – ukuhlanza nge-vacuum (8-9KPa, 40-50min) – Ukufakwa kwe-bitumen (180-200 °C) – Ukucindezela (1.2-1.5 MPa, amahora angu-3-4) – Ukubuyisela ku-asphalt – Ukupholisa (ngaphakathi noma ngaphandle kwethangi)

Ukuhlolwa kwemikhiqizo efakwe: ukufuthwa izinga lokukhuluphala kwesisindo G=(W2-W1)/W1×100%
Izinga lokukhuphuka kwesisindo ngokucwilisa kanye ≥14%
Izinga lokukhuluphala kwesisindo somkhiqizo ofakwe esibelethweni sesibili ≥ 9%
Imikhiqizo yokucwilisa emithathu izinga lokukhuluphala ≥ 5%

I-Graphitization ibhekisela enkambisweni yokwelapha ukushisa okushisa okuphezulu lapho umkhiqizo wekhabhoni ushiswa khona ufike ezingeni lokushisa elingu-2300 ° C noma ngaphezulu endaweni evikelayo esithandweni sikagesi esishisa kakhulu ukuguqula isakhiwo sekhabhoni esinezingqimba ezingaguquki sibe isakhiwo sekristalu se-graphite esihlelekile esinezinhlangothi ezintathu.

Inhloso kanye nomphumela we-graphitization:
1 kuthuthukisa ukuhanjiswa kwe-conductivity kanye nokuhanjiswa kwe-thermal kwezinto zekhabhoni (ukumelana kwe-resistivity kuncishiswe izikhathi ezingu-4-5, kanti ukuhanjiswa kwe-thermal kukhushulwa cishe izikhathi ezingu-10);
2 ukuthuthukisa ukumelana nokushaqeka kokushisa kanye nokuqina kwamakhemikhali kwezinto zekhabhoni (i-coefficient yokwandisa eqondile incishiswe ngo-50-80%);
3 ukwenza ukuthambisa kanye nokumelana nokuhuzuka kwezinto zekhabhoni;
4 Ukungcola kokukhipha ukungcola, thuthukisa ubumsulwa bezinto eziku-carbon (okuqukethwe komlotha komkhiqizo kuncishisiwe kusuka ku-0.5-0.8% kuya cishe ku-0.3%).

Ukuqaliswa kwenqubo ye-graphitization:

Ukwenziwa kwe-graphitization kwezinto zekhabhoni kwenziwa ekushiseni okuphezulu okungu-2300-3000 °C, ngakho-ke kungabonakala kuphela ngokushisa kukagesi embonini, okungukuthi, ugesi udlula ngqo kumkhiqizo oshisiwe one-calcium, futhi umkhiqizo one-calcium oshajwa esithandweni ukhiqizwa ugesi ekushiseni okuphezulu. Umqhubi uphinde abe yinto eshiswayo ekushiseni okuphezulu.

Izitofu ezisetshenziswa kabanzi njengamanje zifaka phakathi izitofu ze-graphitization ze-Acheson kanye nezitofu ze-internal heat cascade (LWG). Eyokuqala inomphumela omkhulu, umehluko omkhulu wokushisa, kanye nokusetshenziswa kwamandla aphezulu. Eyokugcina inesikhathi esifushane sokushisa, ukusetshenziswa kwamandla aphansi, ukumelana kagesi okufanayo, futhi ayifanele ukufakwa.

Ukulawulwa kwenqubo yokwenza igrafu kulawulwa ngokulinganisa ijika lamandla kagesi elifanele isimo sokukhuphuka kwezinga lokushisa. Isikhathi sokuphakelwa kwamandla singamahora angu-50-80 esithandweni somlilo sase-Acheson kanye namahora angu-9-15 esithandweni somlilo sase-LWG.

Ukusetshenziswa kwamandla kwe-graphitization kukhulu kakhulu, ngokuvamile 3200-4800KWh, futhi izindleko zenqubo zibiza cishe u-20-35% wezindleko zokukhiqiza eziphelele.

Ukuhlolwa kwemikhiqizo ene-graphised: ukuthepha kokubukeka, ukuhlolwa kokumelana

Ukushintshwa Kwemishini: Inhloso yokushintshwa kwemishini kwezinto ze-carbon graphite ukufeza usayizi, ukuma, ukunemba, njll. okudingekayo ngokusika ukuze kwenziwe umzimba we-electrode kanye namalunga ngokuhambisana nezidingo zokusetshenziswa.

Ukucutshungulwa kwe-electrode ye-graphite kuhlukaniswe izinqubo ezimbili zokucubungula ezizimele: umzimba we-electrode kanye nokuhlangana.

Ukucubungula umzimba kuhlanganisa izinyathelo ezintathu zobuso obuyisicaba nobunama-rough, indilinga yangaphandle kanye nobuso obunama-flat end kanye nentambo yokugaya. Ukucubungula i-conical joint kungahlukaniswa ngezinqubo eziyisithupha: ukusika, ubuso obunama-flat end, ubuso be-car cone, intambo yokugaya, i-drilling bolt kanye ne-slotting.

Ukuxhumeka kwamalunga e-electrode: uxhumano lwamalunga oluyindilinga (ama-buckles amathathu kanye ne-buckle eyodwa), uxhumano lwamalunga oluyindilinga, uxhumano lwe-bump (uxhumano lwabesilisa nabesifazane)

Ukulawulwa kokunemba komshini wokusebenza: ukuphambuka kwentambo, iphimbo lentambo, ukuphambuka kwejoyinti (imbobo) ububanzi obukhulu, ukugoba kwembobo ehlangene, ukuma kwembobo ehlangene, ukuthamba kobuso bokuphela kwe-electrode, ukuphambuka kwamaphuzu amane ejoyinti. Hlola ngama-ring gauge akhethekile nama-plate gauge.

Ukuhlolwa kwama-electrode aqediwe: ukunemba, isisindo, ubude, ububanzi, ubuningi be-bulk, ukumelana, ukubekezelelana kwangaphambi kokuhlanganiswa, njll.