Electrode ya grafiti ni ibikoresho bitwara amashanyarazi bya grafiti bidashyuha cyane bikorerwa mu gukurura peteroli, gukurura ifu y’ibinyampeke nk’ibirungo n’ibinyampeke by’amakara nk’ibifunga, bikorerwa mu buryo butandukanye nko gukurura, gucura, gukaranga, gutera impregnation, gushushanya no gutunganya ibikoresho hakoreshejwe ikoranabuhanga.
Electrode ya grafiti ni igikoresho cy'ingenzi gitwara ubushyuhe bwinshi mu gukora ibyuma by'amashanyarazi. Electrode ya grafiti ikoreshwa mu kwinjiza ingufu z'amashanyarazi mu itanura ry'amashanyarazi, kandi ubushyuhe bwinshi buva mu gice kiri hagati y'impera y'amashanyarazi n'umushari bukoreshwa nk'isoko y'ubushyuhe mu gushongesha umushari mu gukora ibyuma. Andi matanura y'amabuye y'agaciro ashongesha ibikoresho nka fosifore y'umuhondo, silikoni y'inganda, n'ibintu bitera ubushyuhe nabyo bikoresha electrode ya grafiti nk'ibikoresho bitwara ubushyuhe. Imiterere myiza kandi yihariye ya electrode ya grafiti nayo ikoreshwa cyane mu zindi nganda.
Ibikoresho fatizo byo gukora electrode za grafiti ni coke ya peteroli, coke y'inzoga n'umushongi w'amakara.
Coke ya peteroli ni ikintu gikomeye gishobora gushya kiboneka hakoreshejwe ibisigazwa by'amakara n'ubutare bwa peteroli. Ibara ni umukara kandi rifite imyenge, ikintu nyamukuru ni karuboni, kandi ivu ririmo ni rito cyane, muri rusange riri munsi ya 0.5%. Coke ya peteroli iri mu bwoko bwa karuboni yoroshye gukoresha. Coke ya peteroli ifite uburyo bwinshi bwo kuyikoresha mu nganda zikora imiti n'ibyuma. Ni yo mashini nyamukuru ikoreshwa mu gukora ibikoresho bya grafiti y'ubukorano n'ibikomoka kuri karuboni bya aluminiyumu ikoresha amashanyarazi.
Coke ya peteroli ishobora kugabanywamo ubwoko bubiri: coke mbisi na coke ya calcium bitewe n'ubushyuhe bwo kuvura ubushyuhe. Coke ya kera ya peteroli iboneka hakoreshejwe coking yatinze iba irimo ingano nini y'ibintu bihinduka, kandi imbaraga za mekanike ni nke. Coke ya calcium iboneka hakoreshejwe calcium ya coke mbisi. Inganda nyinshi zo mu Bushinwa zikora coke gusa, kandi ibikorwa byo gukaraba ahanini bikorerwa mu nganda za karuboni.
Coke ya peteroli ishobora kugabanywamo coke nyinshi ya sulfur (irimo sulfur irenga 1.5%), coke ya sulfur iciriritse (irimo sulfur irenga 0.5%-1.5%), na coke ya sulfur iciriritse (irimo sulfur irenga 0.5%). Umusaruro wa electrodes za grafiti n'ibindi bicuruzwa bya grafiti by'ubukorano muri rusange bikorwa hakoreshejwe coke nke ya sulfur.
Ifu ya Needle coke ni ubwoko bwa coke nziza cyane ifite imiterere igaragara ya fibre, coefficient yo kwaguka k'ubushyuhe buke cyane kandi yoroshye gukoresha graphitization. Iyo coke yacitsemo ibice, ishobora kugabanywamo uduce duto bitewe n'imiterere (ubusanzwe igipimo cy'imiterere kiri hejuru ya 1.75). Imiterere ya fibre ya anisotropic irashobora kugaragara hifashishijwe mikorosikopi ya polarizing, bityo ikaba yitwa needle coke.
Imiterere ya anisotropi y’imiterere ya fiziki n’iy’imashini ya needle coke iragaragara cyane. Ifite amashanyarazi n’ubushyuhe bwiza bihuye n’icyerekezo kirekire cy’agace, kandi ingano y’ubushyuhe iba nto. Mu gihe cyo gushushanya extrusion, umurongo muremure w’agace kenshi ushyirwa mu cyerekezo cyo gusohora. Kubwibyo, needle coke ni cyo gikoresho cy’ingenzi mu gukora electrodes za grafiti zifite ingufu nyinshi cyangwa ultra-high-power. Electrode ya grafiti ikorwa ifite ubushobozi buke bwo kugabanya ubushyuhe, ingano nto yo gukura kw’ubushyuhe kandi irwanya ubushyuhe neza.
Ifu ya Needle coke igabanyijemo ifu ya needle coke ikomoka ku mavuta ikorwa mu bisigazwa bya peteroli n'ifu ya needle coke ikomoka ku makara ikorwa mu bikoresho fatizo by'amakara byatunganyijwe.
Ifu y'amakara ni kimwe mu bicuruzwa by'ingenzi mu gutunganya ifu y'amakara mu buryo bwimbitse. Ni uruvange rw'ibintu bitandukanye bya hydrocarbon, by'umukara ku bushyuhe bwinshi, bito cyangwa bikomeye ku bushyuhe bwinshi, nta ntera ihamye yo gushonga, byoroshye nyuma yo gushyuha, hanyuma bigashonga, bifite ubucucike bwa 1.25-1.35 g / cm3. Dukurikije aho yoroshye, igabanyijemo ubushyuhe buke, ubushyuhe buri hagati n'ubushyuhe buri hejuru. Umusaruro wa asphalt ku bushyuhe buri hagati ni 54-56% bya fu y'amakara. Imiterere ya fu y'amakara iragoye cyane, ifitanye isano n'imiterere ya fu y'amakara n'ingano ya heteroatoms, kandi ikagira ingaruka no ku buryo bwo gutunganya ifu y'amakara n'imiterere y'ifu y'amakara. Hari ibimenyetso byinshi bigaragaza ubushyuhe bwa fu y'amakara, nko gukamura bitumen, toluene insoluble (TI), quinoline insoluble (QI), agaciro ka coking, na rheology ya fu y'amakara.
Karuboni ikoreshwa nk'icyuma gifunga kandi gitera imyuka mu nganda za karuboni, kandi imikorere yayo igira ingaruka zikomeye ku musaruro n'ubwiza bw'ibicuruzwa bya karuboni. Karuboni ifunga muri rusange ikoresha karuboni ihindura ubushyuhe buri hagati cyangwa ubushyuhe buri hagati ifite aho yoroshya, agaciro kayo ko guconga cyane, na resin ya β nyinshi. Itera imyuka ni karuboni ikoresha ubushyuhe buri hagati ifite aho yoroshya, QI nke, n'imiterere myiza ya rheological.
Ishusho ikurikira igaragaza inzira yo gukora electrode ya grafiti mu bucuruzi bwa karuboni.
Gukaranga: Ibikoresho fatizo bya karubone bishyushywa ku bushyuhe bwinshi kugira ngo bisohore ubushuhe n'ibintu bihinduka birimo, kandi inzira yo kubitunganya ijyanye no kunoza imikorere yo guteka kw'umwimerere yitwa gukaranga. Muri rusange, ibikoresho fatizo bya karubone bihinduka gukaranga hakoreshejwe gaze n'ibintu bihinduka nk'isoko y'ubushyuhe, kandi ubushyuhe ntarengwa ni 1250-1350 °C.
Gukaranga (calcination) bihindura cyane imiterere n'imiterere ya fiziki y'ibikoresho fatizo bya karubone, cyane cyane mu kunoza ubucucike, imbaraga za mekanike n'ubushobozi bw'amashanyarazi bwa coke, kunoza ubushobozi bwo kudahinduka kw'ibinyabutabire no kudakora ogisijeni ya coke, no gushyiraho urufatiro rw'ibikorwa bikurikira.
Ibikoresho bifite calcium ahanini birimo calciner yo mu kigega, ifuru izunguruka na calciner y'amashanyarazi. Igipimo cy'ubuziranenge bw'icungwa rya calcium ni uko ubucucike nyakuri bwa peteroli coke butaba munsi ya 2.07g/cm3, ubucucike butaba burenga 550μΩ.m, ubucucike nyakuri bwa needle coke butaba munsi ya 2.12g/cm3, naho ubucucike butaba burenga 500μΩ.m.
Gusya ibikoresho fatizo n'ibikoresho
Mbere yo gushyira hamwe, coke ya peteroli ifite calcium nyinshi na needle coke bigomba gusya, gusya no gushungurwa.
Gusya hagati akenshi bikorwa hakoreshejwe ibikoresho byo gusya bifite uburebure bwa mm 50 binyuze mu gusya imyasa, gusya inyundo, gusya imigozi n'ibindi nk'ibyo kugira ngo byongere bisya ibikoresho bifite ingano ya mm 0.5-20 bikenewe mu gusya.
Gusya ni uburyo bwo gusya ibintu bya karubone ku gasate gato k’ifu kangana na mm 0.15 cyangwa munsi yabyo n’ingano y’agasate kangana na mm 0.075 cyangwa munsi yabyo hakoreshejwe uruganda rukora imigozi (Raymond mill), uruganda rukora imigozi, cyangwa ibindi nk’ibyo.
Gupima ni inzira aho ibikoresho byinshi nyuma yo kubisya bigabanywamo ibice byinshi bifite ingano ntoya binyuze mu buryo butandukanye bwo kuyungurura bufite imyenge imwe. Ubusanzwe gukora electrode bisaba uduce 4-5 n'ubwoko 1-2 bw'ifu.
Ibikoresho ni inzira zo gukora mu kubara, gupima no gushyira mu bikorwa imvange zitandukanye z’ibivange n’ifu n’ibifunga hakurikijwe ibisabwa mu gukora. Kuba imvange ikwiriye mu buryo bwa siyansi ndetse no kugumana imikorere myiza ni bimwe mu bintu by’ingenzi bigira ingaruka ku bwiza n’imikorere y’umusaruro.
Iyi formula igomba kugena ibintu 5:
1Hitamo ubwoko bw'ibikoresho fatizo;
2 kugena igipimo cy'ubwoko butandukanye bw'ibikoresho fatizo;
3 kugena ingano y'uduce tw'ibikoresho fatizo bikomeye;
4 kugena ingano y'icyuma gifunga;
5 Kumenya ubwoko n'ingano y'inyongera.
Gukaranga: Kuvanga no gupima uduce dutandukanye tw’ibinyabutabire bya karubone n’ifu hakoreshejwe ingano runaka y’ibinyabutabire ku bushyuhe runaka, no gukaranga ifu ya plasticity mu buryo bwitwa gukaranga.
Uburyo bwo gukaranga: kuvanga byumye (iminota 20-35) kuvanga bitose (iminota 40-55)
Uruhare rwo gukaranga:
1 Iyo uvanga byumye, ibikoresho fatizo bitandukanye bivangwa neza, kandi ibikoresho bikomeye bya karubone bifite ingano zitandukanye z'uduce bivangwa neza kandi byuzuzwa neza kugira ngo uruvange rurusheho gukomera;
2 Nyuma yo kongeramo kaburimbo y'amakara, ibintu byumye n'ibyatsi bivanze neza. Kaburimbo y'amazi itwikira neza kandi itose hejuru y'ibice by'amazi kugira ngo habeho urwego rw'urukuta rw'ibyatsi, kandi ibikoresho byose bifatanye kugira ngo bikore icyuma cya pulasitiki gihuye. Gifasha mu gushushanya;
Ibice 3 by'ikaramu y'amakara byinjira mu mwanya w'imbere w'ibintu bya karubone, bikongera ubucucike n'ubufatanye bw'ikaramu.
Gutunganya: Gutunganya ibikoresho bya karuboni bivuga inzira yo guhindura ibumba rya karuboni ryashongeshejwe hakoreshejwe pulasitiki munsi y'ingufu zo hanze zikoreshwa n'ibikoresho byo gushushanya kugira ngo amaherezo habeho umubiri w'icyatsi kibisi (cyangwa umusaruro w'umwimerere) ufite imiterere, ingano, ubucucike n'imbaraga runaka.
Ubwoko bw'ibikoresho byo gushushanya, ibikoresho n'ibicuruzwa bikorwa:
Uburyo bwo gushushanya
Ibikoresho bisanzwe
ibicuruzwa by'ingenzi
Gutunganya
Imashini ikoresha hydraulic ihagaze
Grafiti y'amashanyarazi, imiterere yoroheje y'icyuma gishyushye
Kanda
Imashini yo gusohora amazi ikoze mu buryo butambitse
Imashini yo gusohora vis
Electrode ya grafiti, electrode kare
Guhindura imitingito
Imashini ikora imashini itera imitingito
Amatafari ya aluminiyumu, amatafari ya karuboni atwikwa mu itanura
Gukanda isostatic
Imashini ikora ibintu bidafite aho bihuriye n'imashini
Grafite ya Isotropic, grafite ya anisotropic
Igikorwa cyo gukamura
Igikoresho 1 gikonjesha: ibikoresho bikonjesha bya disiki, ibikoresho bikonjesha bya silindiri, ibikoresho bivanga kandi bikonjesha, nibindi.
Sukura ibintu bivangwa n'amazi, gabanya ubushyuhe bukwiye (90-120 ° C) kugira ngo wongere gufatana, ku buryo kuziba kw'amavuta biba bimwe mu gihe cy'iminota 20-30.
2 Gushyiramo: gukata icyuma giterura icyuma —– gukata inshuro 2-3—-gukanda 4-10MPa
Igitutu 3 mbere: igitutu 20-25MPa, igihe cy'iminota 3-5, mu gihe cyo gusukura
4 extrusion: kanda hasi baffle — extrusion ya 5-15MPa — kata — mu gikoresho gikonjesha
Ibipimo bya tekiniki byo gusohora: igipimo cyo gukanda, ubushyuhe bw'icyumba cyo gukanda n'ubushyuhe bw'umunwa, ubushyuhe bwo gukonjesha, igihe cyo gushyiramo igitutu mbere y'uko usohora, umuvuduko wo gusohora, umuvuduko wo gusohora, ubushyuhe bw'amazi akonjesha
Igenzura ry'umubiri w'icyatsi kibisi: ubucucike bw'umubiri, uko ugaragara, isesengura
Gukaranga: Ni inzira aho umubiri w’icyatsi kibisi cy’ibikomoka kuri karuboni wuzura mu itanura ryihariye rishyushya munsi y’uburinzi bw’icyuma gishyushya kugira ngo gikore ubushyuhe bukabije kugira ngo karuboni ivumbike mu mubiri w’icyatsi kibisi. Bitumen coke yakozwe nyuma yo gukaranga bitumeni y’amakara ikomeza ingano ya karuboni n’uduce tw’ifu hamwe, kandi karuboni ya karuboni ifite imbaraga nyinshi za mekanike, ubushobozi buke bwo guhangana n’amashanyarazi, ubushyuhe bwiza kandi ikagira ubudahangarwa.
Guteka kalisiyumu ni imwe mu nzira z'ingenzi mu gukora ibikomoka kuri karuboni, kandi ni igice cy'ingenzi mu nzira eshatu z'ingenzi zo gutunganya ubushyuhe mu gukora electrode ya grafiti. Igihe cyo gukora kalisiyumu ni kirekire (iminsi 22-30 yo guteka, iminsi 5-20 yo guteka mu ziko 2), no gukoresha ingufu nyinshi. Ubwiza bwo guteka icyatsi kibisi bugira ingaruka ku bwiza bw'ibicuruzwa byarangiye n'ikiguzi cyo kubitunganya.
Igiti cy'amakara cy'icyatsi kibisi kiri mu mubiri w'icyatsi kibisi gitetse mu gihe cyo guteka, kandi hafi 10% by'ibintu bihinduka bisohoka, kandi ingano ikorwa na 2-3% bigabanuka, kandi igihombo cy'uburemere ni 8-10%. Imiterere y'umubiri n'iya shimi ya billet ya karuboni nayo yarahindutse cyane. Imisokoro yagabanutse kuva kuri 1.70 g/cm3 kugera kuri 1.60 g/cm3 naho ubushobozi bwo guhangana nabyo bwagabanutse kuva kuri 10000 μΩ·m kugera kuri 40-50 μΩ·m bitewe n'ubwiyongere bw'imisokoro. Ingufu za mekanike za billet ya calcined nazo zari nini. Kugira ngo birusheho kunozwa.
Guteka bya kabiri ni inzira aho calcium ikoreshwa mu guteka hanyuma ikanashyirwamo calcium kugira ngo carbonique ikoreshwe mu mwenge w’icyayi gikoreshwa mu guteka. Electrode zikenera ubucucike bwinshi (ubwoko bwose uretse RP) n’ibice bidafite aho bihuriye zigomba gutekwa, kandi ibice bidafite aho bihuriye nabyo bikorerwa mu guteka bitatu cyangwa bibiri cyangwa bitatu.
Ubwoko bw'inkoni yo guteka mu itanura:
Gukomeza gukora—-itanura rizunguruka (rifite igipfundikizo, ridafite igipfundikizo), itanura ry'umuyoboro
Gukora mu gihe runaka—-ishyiga risubira inyuma, ishyiga rikaranze munsi y'ubutaka, ishyiga rikaranze mu gasanduku
Ingano ya calcination n'ubushyuhe ntarengwa:
Guteka rimwe gusa—-320, 360, 422, amasaha 480, 1250 °C
Guteka bya kabiri—-125, 240, amasaha 280, 700-800 °C
Igenzura ry'ibicuruzwa bitetse: kugaragara neza, ubushobozi bw'amashanyarazi, ubucucike bw'umubyimba, imbaraga zo gukanda, isesengura ry'imiterere y'imbere
Guteranya ni inzira aho ibikoresho bya karuboni bishyirwa mu gikoresho gitera umuvuduko hanyuma umuvuduko w'amazi ugatembera mu mwenge w'amashanyarazi y'ibicuruzwa munsi y'ubushyuhe n'imivuduko runaka. Intego ni ukugabanya ubwinshi bw'ibicuruzwa, kongera ubucucike n'imbaraga za mekanike by'ibicuruzwa, no kunoza imikorere y'amashanyarazi n'ubushyuhe bw'ibicuruzwa.
Uburyo bwo gutera impyiko n'ibipimo bya tekiniki bifitanye isano ni: guteka impyiko – gusukura ubuso – gushyushya mbere (260-380 °C, amasaha 6-10) – gushyiramo impyiko mu kigega – gusukura impyiko (8-9KPa, iminota 40-50) – Gutera bitumen (180-200 °C) – Gutera umuvuduko (1.2-1.5 MPa, amasaha 3-4) – Gusubiza mu gitereko – Gukonjesha (imbere cyangwa hanze y'ikigega)
Igenzura ry'ibicuruzwa byatewe: igipimo cyo kongera ibiro G = (W2-W1) / W1 × 100%
Igipimo cyo kongera ibiro mu kwibiza inshuro imwe ≥14%
Igipimo cyo kongera ibiro by'ibicuruzwa byatewe inda ku nshuro ya kabiri ≥ 9%
Igipimo cyo kongera ibiro mu bicuruzwa bitatu byo mu mazi ≥ 5%
Gutunganya imiterere y'ibinyabutabire bivuga uburyo bwo gutunganya ubushyuhe bukabije aho umusaruro wa karuboni ushyushywa kugeza ku bushyuhe bwa dogere selisiyusi 2300 cyangwa birenga mu buryo bukingira mu itanura ry'amashanyarazi rishyushye cyane kugira ngo uhindure imiterere ya karuboni idafite ibara ry'urukiramende mu buryo butatu bw'imiterere ya karuboni.
Intego n'ingaruka bya graphitization:
1 kunoza uburyo ibintu bya karuboni bitwara n’ubushyuhe (ubushyuhe bugabanukaho inshuro 4-5, naho ubushyuhe bukiyongeraho inshuro zigera ku 10);
2 kunoza uburyo ibintu bya karuboni bihangana n’ubushyuhe n’uburyo ibintu bidashobora guhindagurika (coefficient ya linear expansion yagabanutseho 50-80%);
3 kugira ngo ibikoresho bya karuboni bibe bitoshye kandi birwanya kwangirika;
4 Gukuraho imyanda iva mu kirere, kongera ubuziranenge bw'ibikoresho bya karuboni (ingano y'ivu ry'ibicuruzwa igabanuka kuva kuri 0.5-0.8% ikagera kuri 0.3%).
Gushyira mu bikorwa inzira yo gukoresha graphitization:
Gutunganya ibikoresho bya karuboni bikorwa ku bushyuhe buri hejuru ya 2300-3000 °C, bityo bishobora gukorwa gusa hakoreshejwe ubushyuhe bw'amashanyarazi mu nganda, ni ukuvuga ko umuyoboro w'amashanyarazi unyura mu gicuruzwa cya karuboni gishyushye, kandi umuyoboro wa karuboni ushyirwa mu itanura ukorwa n'umuyoboro w'amashanyarazi ku bushyuhe bwinshi. Umuyoboro w'amashanyarazi na wo ni ikintu gishyushye ku bushyuhe bwinshi.
Amatanura akoreshwa cyane muri iki gihe arimo amatanura ya Acheson graphitization na amatanura y’ubushyuhe bw’imbere (LWG). Aya mbere afite umusaruro mwinshi, itandukaniro rinini ry’ubushyuhe, n’ingufu nyinshi zikoreshwa. Aya nyuma afite igihe gito cyo gushyushya, ingufu nke zikoreshwa, ubushobozi bwo guhangana n’amashanyarazi bungana, kandi ntabwo akwiriye gushyirwamo.
Igenzura ry'uburyo bwo gushushanya icyuma gipima amashanyarazi rigenzurwa no gupima imiterere y'ingufu z'amashanyarazi zijyanye n'izamuka ry'ubushyuhe. Igihe cy'ingufu ni amasaha 50-80 ku itanura rya Acheson n'amasaha 9-15 ku itanura rya LWG.
Ingufu zikoreshwa mu gushushanya ni nyinshi cyane, muri rusange ni 3200-4800KWh, kandi ikiguzi cy'ibikorwa kigera kuri 20-35% by'ikiguzi cyose cyo gukora.
Igenzura ry'ibicuruzwa byashyizwe mu gishushanyo: isura igaragara, ikizamini cyo guhangana n'ingufu
Gutunganya: Intego yo gutunganya ibikoresho bya grafiti ya karuboni ni ukugira ngo ingano, imiterere, ubuziranenge, nibindi bikenewe bigerweho binyuze mu gukata kugira ngo hakorwe umubiri n'ingingo bya electrode hakurikijwe ibisabwa mu ikoreshwa.
Gutunganya electrode ya grafiti bigabanyijemo inzira ebyiri zigenga zo gutunganya: umubiri wa electrode n'ingingo.
Uburyo bwo gutunganya umubiri burimo intambwe eshatu z'inyuma ishaje kandi igoye, uruziga rw'inyuma n'inyuma ishaje n'umugozi wo gusya. Uburyo bwo gutunganya ingingo y'inyuma bushobora kugabanywamo inzira 6: gukata, isura ishaje, isura y'imodoka, umugozi wo gusya, bolti yo gucukura no gufunga.
Guhuza ingingo za electrode: guhuza ingingo zifite imiterere y'urukiramende (udupfundo dutatu n'umushumi umwe), guhuza ingingo zifite uruziga, guhuza ingingo zifite imiterere y'urukiramende (guhuza abagabo n'abagore)
Kugenzura uburyo imashini ikora neza: kunyuranaho kw'imigozi, ubugari bw'imigozi, kunyuranaho kw'ingingo (umwobo) ku murambararo munini, kunyuranaho k'umwobo w'ingingo, kunyuranaho kw'umwobo w'ingingo, kunyuranaho kw'inyuma y'imashini, kunyuranaho kw'ingingo mu ngingo enye. Reba ukoresheje ibyuma byihariye by'impeta n'ibipimo bya plate.
Igenzura rya electrodes zarangiye: ubuziranenge, uburemere, uburebure, umurambararo, ubucucike bw'umubyimba, ubukana bw'ingufu, ubushobozi bwo kwihanganira mbere yo guteranya, n'ibindi.
Igihe cyo kohereza: 31 Ukwakira 2019