Ko te hiko graphite he rauemi kawe graphite ātete pāmahana teitei e hangaia ana e te pokepoke hinu, te ngira coke hei tākai me te bitumen waro hei here, e hangaia ana mā roto i te raupapa o ngā tukanga pēnei i te pokepoke, te whakakoi, te tunu, te whakakī, te whakakāwhati me te tukatuka miihini.
He rauemi kawe hiko nui te hiko karāpiti mō te hanga maitai hiko. Ka whakamahia te hiko karāpiti hei whakauru i te kaha hiko ki te oumu hiko, ā, ko te pāmahana teitei e puta mai ana i te pewa i waenganui i te pito hiko me te utu ka whakamahia hei pūtake wera hei whakarewa i te utu mō te hanga maitai. Ko ētahi atu oumu kohuke e whakarewa ana i ngā rauemi pēnei i te whūwhā kōwhai, te silicon ahumahi, me ngā mea whakakoi ka whakamahi hoki i ngā hiko karāpiti hei rauemi kawe hiko. Ko ngā āhuatanga ā-tinana me te matū pai rawa atu o ngā hiko karāpiti e whakamahia whānuitia ana hoki i roto i ētahi atu rāngai ahumahi.
Ko ngā rauemi mata mō te hanga i ngā irahiko karāhe ko te kōka hinu, te kōka ngira me te uku waro.
He hua totoka mura te kōke hinu, ka puta mai i te wā e tunua ana ngā toenga waro me te pīti hinu. He mangu te tae, he pūwero, ko te huānga matua ko te waro, ā, he iti rawa te nui o te pungarehu, i raro iho i te 0.5%. Kei roto te kōke hinu i te akomanga o te waro ngāwari te whakakāwhata. He whānuitia ngā whakamahinga o te kōke hinu i roto i ngā ahumahi matū me te whakarewa. Koinei te rauemi mata matua mō te hanga hua kāwhata horihori me ngā hua waro mō te konumohe hiko.
E rua ngā momo o te kōka hinu: te kōka mata me te kōka kua whakapūkarahia, e ai ki te pāmahana tukatuka wera. He nui ngā matū whakakorikori kei roto i te kōka hinu o mua i whiwhihia mā te whakapūkarahia whakaroa, ā, he iti te kaha ā-pūkaha. Ka whiwhihia te kōka kua whakapūkarahia mā te whakapūkarahia o te kōka mata. Ko te nuinga o ngā whare hanga hinu i Haina ka whakaputa kōka anake, ā, ko te nuinga o ngā mahi whakapūkarahia ka mahia i roto i ngā tipu waro.
Ka taea te wehewehe i te kōka hinu ki te kōka whanariki teitei (kei roto neke atu i te 1.5% te whanariki), te kōka whanariki waenga (kei roto 0.5%-1.5% te whanariki), me te kōka whanariki iti (kei roto iti iho i te 0.5% te whanariki). Ko te hanga i ngā irahiko karāpeti me ētahi atu hua karāpeti horihori ka hangaia mā te whakamahi i te kōka whanariki iti.
He momo kōke kounga teitei te kōke ngira, he mārama te kakano muka, he iti rawa te tauwehenga whānui wera, ā, he ngāwari te whakakāwhata. Ina pakaru te kōke, ka taea te wehewehe kia angiangi kia rite ki te kakano (ko te ōwehenga āhua kei runga ake i te 1.75). Ka taea te kite i tētahi hanganga muka anisotropic i raro i tētahi karuārai porowhita, nō reira ka kiia ko te kōke ngira.
He tino kitea te āhua o ngā āhuatanga ā-tinana me ā-pūkaha o te ngira kōke. He pai te kawe hiko me te kawe wera e rite ana ki te ahunga o te tuaka roa o te matūriki, ā, he iti te tauwehenga o te whānui wera. I te wā e hangaia ana te whakapūtanga, ka whakaritea te tuaka roa o te nuinga o ngā matūriki ki te ahunga whakapūtanga. Nō reira, ko te ngira kōke te rauemi mata matua mō te hanga i ngā irahiko karāhe mana-teitei, mana-tino-teitei rānei. He iti te ātete o te irahiko karāhe, he iti te tauwehenga whānui wera, ā, he pai te ātete ki te ru wera.
Kua wehea te kōka ngira ki te kōka ngira hinu i hangaia mai i ngā toenga hinu me te kōka ngira waro i hangaia mai i ngā rauemi mata o te ware waro kua parakore.
Ko te tāra waro tētahi o ngā hua matua o te tukatuka hohonu o te tāra waro. He ranunga o ngā momo warowaihā, he mangu i te pāmahana teitei, he totoka-haurua, he totoka rānei i te pāmahana teitei, kāore he ira rewa pumau, ka whakangawaritia i muri i te whakamahana, kātahi ka rewa, me te mātotoru o te 1.25-1.35 g/cm3. E ai ki tōna ira whakangawari, ka wehea ki te uku pāmahana iti, te uku pāmahana waenga me te uku pāmahana teitei. Ko te hua uku pāmahana waenga ko te 54-56% o te tāra waro. He tino uaua te hanganga o te tāra waro, e pā ana ki ngā āhuatanga o te tāra waro me te ihirangi o ngā heteroatoms, ā, ka pāngia hoki e te pūnaha tukanga tunu me ngā āhuatanga tukatuka tāra waro. He maha ngā tohu hei whakaahua i te pitch tāra waro, pērā i te ira whakangawari o te bitumen, ngā mea kore-wairewa toluene (TI), ngā mea kore-wairewa quinoline (QI), ngā uara tunu, me te rheology o te pitch waro.
E whakamahia ana te tā waro hei here me te whakakī i roto i te umanga waro, ā, he nui te pānga o tōna mahi ki te tukanga whakaputa me te kounga hua o ngā hua waro. Ko te arai here e whakamahi ana i te arai whakarerekē pāmahana-waenga, pāmahana-waenga rānei, he ira whakangawari ngawari, he uara wera teitei, me te kapia β teitei. Ko te mea whakakī he arai pāmahana-waenga he ira whakangawari iti, he QI iti, ā, he pai ngā āhuatanga rheological.
E whakaatu ana te pikitia e whai ake nei i te tukanga whakaputa o te hiko karāhe i roto i te umanga waro.
Te Whakamahana: Ka whakamahanahia te rauemi mata waro ki te pāmahana teitei hei tango i te makuku me ngā mea pupuhi kei roto, ā, ko te tukanga whakaputa e rite ana ki te whakapainga o te mahi tunu taketake ka kiia ko te whakamahana. I te nuinga o te wā, ka whakamahanahia te rauemi mata waro mā te whakamahi i te hau me ōna ake mea pupuhi hei pūtake wera, ā, ko te pāmahana mōrahi ko te 1250-1350 °C.
Ka puta he panoni nui i roto i te hanganga me ngā āhuatanga ā-tinana me te matū o ngā rauemi mata waro, ko te nuinga o te wā ko te whakapai ake i te kiato, te kaha miihini me te kawe hiko o te kōka, te whakapai ake i te pumau matū me te ātete ki te waikura o te kōka, ā, ka whakatakoto i te turanga mō te tukanga e whai ake nei.
Ko ngā taputapu whakawerawera ko te nuinga o te whakawerawera tāke, te oumu hurihuri me te whakawerawera hiko. Ko te taupū whakahaere kounga o te whakawerawera ko te kiato tūturu o te kōka hinu kāore i raro iho i te 2.07g/cm3, ko te ātete kāore i neke atu i te 550μΩ.m, ko te kiato tūturu o te kōka ngira kāore i raro iho i te 2.12g/cm3, ā, ko te ātete kāore i neke atu i te 500μΩ.m.
Te kuru rauemi mata me ngā kai
I mua i te whakaranu, me kuru, me huri, ka tātarihia te kōka hinu me te kōka ngira kua whakawerahia.
Ko te kuru reo-waenga ka mahia mā te whakamahi i ngā taputapu kuru, tata ki te 50 mm te whānui, mā te whakamahi i te mīhini kuru kauae, te mīhini kuru hama, te mīhini kuru hurihuri me ērā atu mea pera, hei kuru anō i te rauemi rahi 0.5-20 mm e hiahiatia ana mō te puranga.
Ko te mira he tukanga huri i tētahi rauemi waro kia puta he matūriki iti, he paura, he 0.15 mm te rahi, he 0.075 mm te rahi, he 0.075 mm te rahi, mā te whakamahi i tētahi mira porowhita momo-whakatārewatanga (mira Raymond), he mira pōro, he mea pera rānei.
Ko te tātari he tukanga e wehewehea ai te whānuitanga o ngā rauemi i muri i te kuru ki ētahi whānuitanga rahi matūriki me te whānuitanga whāiti o ngā rahi mā roto i tētahi raupapa tātari me ngā whakatuwheratanga ōrite. Ko te tikanga, e 4-5 ngā pirepire me te 1-2 ngā momo paura e hiahiatia ana mō te hanga hiko o nāianei.
Ko ngā kai ko ngā tukanga whakaputa mō te tatau, te pauna me te arotahi i ngā momo whakahiato o ngā whakahiato me ngā paura me ngā mea here e ai ki ngā whakaritenga whakatakotoranga. Ko te pai o te whakatakotoranga pūtaiao me te pumau o te mahi puranga ko ētahi o ngā mea tino nui e pā ana ki te taupū kounga me te mahi o te hua.
Me whakatau e te tātai ngā āhuatanga e rima:
1Kōwhiria te momo rauemi mata;
2 te whakatau i te ōwehenga o ngā momo rauemi mata rerekē;
3 te whakatau i te hanganga rahi o te matūriki o te rauemi mata totoka;
4 te whakatau i te nui o te here;
5 Whakatauhia te momo me te nui o ngā tāpiringa.
Te pokepoke: Te whakaranu me te ine i ngā rahi o ngā kirikiri me ngā paura waro rerekē ki tētahi nui o te mea here i tētahi pāmahana, me te pokepoke i te whakapiri kirihou hei tukanga e kiia nei ko te pokepoke.
Te tukanga pokepoke: te whakaranu maroke (20-35 meneti) te whakaranu mākū (40-55 meneti)
Te mahi a te pokepoke:
1 Ina whakaranua ngā rauemi mata maroke, ka whakaranua kia ōrite te ranunga, ā, ka whakaranua kia ōrite te ranunga o ngā rauemi waro totoka o ngā rahi matūriki rerekē, ka whakakīia kia pai ake ai te kiato o te ranunga;
2 Whai muri i te tāpiri i te uku waro, ka whakaranua kia ōrite te rauemi maroke me te uku. Ka pania, ka whakamakukuhia hoki te mata o ngā kirikiri e te uku wai kia ōrite te āhua hei hanga i tētahi paparanga here uku, ā, ka honoa ngā rauemi katoa tetahi ki tetahi hei hanga i tētahi paninga kirihou ōrite. He pai mō te whakahāngai;
E toru ngā wāhanga o te uku waro e uru ana ki te āputa o roto o te rauemi waro, ka nui ake te mātotoru me te piri o te whakapiri.
Te Hanga: Ko te hanga o te rauemi waro e pā ana ki te tukanga o te whakarerekē kirihou i te whakapiri waro kua pokepokea i raro i te kaha o waho e whakamahia ana e te taputapu hanga hei hanga i tētahi tinana matomato (hua mata rānei) he āhua, he rahi, he matotoru me te kaha.
Ngā momo whakakoi, taputapu me ngā hua e hangaia ana:
Tikanga whakapūtanga
Ngā taputapu noa
ngā hua matua
Te whakahāngai
Pēhi waipēhi poutū
Waro hiko, karāpeti hanganga pai iti te kounga
Kōpeke
Pūwero waipēhi whakapae
Kaiwhakaputa tīwiri
Irahiko karāpiti, irahiko tapawhā
Te whakakoi wiri
Mīhini whakarewa wiri
Pereki waro konumohe, pereki waro oumu pupuhi
Te pēhitanga isostatic
Mīhini whakakoi isostatic
Karāpeti isotropic, karāpeti anisotropic
Te mahi pēhi
1 rauemi matao: rauemi matao kōpae, rauemi matao rango, rauemi matao whakaranu me te pokepoke, me ētahi atu.
Tukua ngā mea whakakorikori, whakaitihia ki te pāmahana e tika ana (90-120°C) hei whakanui ake i te piri, kia ōrite ai te aukati o te whakapiri mō te 20-30 meneti.
2 Te utaina: pēhi i te arai arai —– 2-3 ngā wā tapahi—-4-10MPa te whakakīkī
3 pēhanga-mua: pēhanga 20-25MPa, wā 3-5min, i te wā e whakakorekore ana
4 te whakaputanga: pēhi i te ārai —5-15MPa te whakaputanga — tapahia — ki roto i te totohu whakamatao
Ngā tawhā hangarau o te extrusion: te ōwehenga kōpeketanga, te pāmahana rūma pēhi me te pūwero, te pāmahana whakamatao, te wā pēhanga utaina mua, te pēhanga extrusion, te tere extrusion, te pāmahana wai whakamatao
Te tirotiro i te tinana matomato: te matotoru, te patopato āhua, te tātari
Te Whakapūkara: He tukanga tēnei e whakakīia ai te tinana matomato o te hua waro ki roto i tētahi oumu whakamahana motuhake i raro i te maru o te whakakī hei mahi i te maimoatanga wera pāmahana teitei hei whakapūkara i te papa waro i roto i te tinana matomato. Ko te kōka bitumen i hangaia i muri i te whakapūkara o te bitumen waro ka whakamārō i te konganuku waro me ngā matūriki paura, ā, he kaha miihini teitei te hua waro kua whakapūkara, he iti te ātete hiko, he pai te pumau wera me te pumau matū.
Ko te whakapūkara tētahi o ngā tukanga matua o te hanga hua waro, ā, he wāhanga nui anō hoki o ngā tukanga maimoatanga wera matua e toru o te hanga irahiko karāhe. He roa te huringa hanga whakapūkara (22-30 ngā rā mō te tunu, 5-20 ngā rā mō ngā oumu mō te 2 tunu), ā, he nui ake te whakapaunga pūngao. Ka pā te kounga o te tunu kakariki ki te kounga o te hua kua oti me te utu o te hanga.
Ka tunua te waro matomato i roto i te tinana matomato i te wā e tunua ana, ā, tata ki te 10% o te mea pūngāwerewere ka tukuna, ā, ka puta te rōrahi mā te whakahekenga 2-3%, ā, ko te ngaronga papatipu he 8-10%. I tino rerekē hoki ngā āhuatanga ā-tinana me te matū o te pire waro. I heke te porosity mai i te 1.70 g/cm3 ki te 1.60 g/cm3, ā, i heke te ātete mai i te 10000 μΩ·m ki te 40-50 μΩ·m nā te pikinga o te porosity. He nui hoki te kaha ā-pūkaha o te pire kua whakapūngāwereweretia. Hei whakapai ake.
Ko te tunu tuarua he tukanga e rumakina ai te hua kua whakapūkaratia, kātahi ka whakapūkaratia hei whakapūkara i te uku kua rumakina ki roto i ngā pūwero o te hua kua whakapūkaratia. Ko ngā irahiko e hiahia ana ki te kiato nui ake (ngā momo katoa engari ko te RP) me ngā parai hononga me tunu ki te rua, ā, ko ngā parai hononga me tunu ki te toru-tukunga tunu, ki te whā-tukunga tunu rānei, ki te rua-tukunga tunu rānei, ki te toru-tukunga tunu.
Momo oumu matua o te tunu kai:
Te mahi tonu—-ōumu mowhiti (me te taupoki, kāore he taupoki), ōumu kauhanga
Te mahi wā poto—-te oumu whakamuri, te tunu i raro i te papa, te tunu pouaka
Te kōpiko whakapūkara me te pāmahana mōrahi:
Tunua kotahi—-320, 360, 422, 480 hāora, 1250 °C
Tunua tuarua—-125, 240, 280 hāora, 700-800 °C
Te tirotiro i ngā hua tunua: te pato āhua, te ātete hiko, te mātotoru papatipu, te kaha pēhi, te tātari hanganga ā-roto
Ko te whakakī he tukanga e whakanohoia ai he rauemi waro ki roto i tētahi oko pēhanga, ā, ka rumakina te wai whakakī ki roto i ngā pūwero o te irahiko hua i raro i ētahi āhuatanga pāmahana me te pēhanga. Ko te kaupapa he whakaiti i te pūwero o te hua, he whakanui ake i te matotoru me te kaha ā-pūkaha o te hua, me te whakapai ake i te kawe hiko me te wera o te hua.
Ko te tukanga whakakī me ngā tawhā hangarau e pā ana ko: te tunu i te pire – te horoi i te mata – te whakamahana i mua (260-380 °C, 6-10 hāora) – te utaina o te tāke whakakī – te whakakorekore (8-9KPa, 40-50min) – te werohanga o te uku (180-200 °C) – te pēhanga (1.2-1.5 MPa, 3-4 hāora) – te whakahoki ki te uku – te whakamatao (i roto, i waho rānei o te tāke)
Te tirotiro i ngā hua kua whakakīia: te tere pikinga taumaha whakakīia G=(W2-W1)/W1×100%
Kotahi te pikinga taumaha e heke ana ≥14%
Te tere pikinga taumaha o te hua tuarua kua whakakīia ki te wai ≥ 9%
Te pikinga taumaha o ngā hua e toru e tōia ana ≥ 5%
Ko te whakakāwhata he tukanga maimoatanga wera pāmahana teitei e whakamahanahia ai te hua waro ki te pāmahana o te 2300 °C, neke atu rānei, i roto i te reo tiaki i roto i te oumu hiko pāmahana teitei, hei huri i te hanganga paparanga kore-āhua o te waro ki te hanganga karaihe kāwhata toru-ahu.
Te kaupapa me te hua o te whakakāwhata:
1 whakapai ake i te kawe hiko me te kawe wera o te rauemi waro (ka whakaitihia te ātete mā te 4-5 ngā wā, ā, ka whakanuia te kawe wera mā te 10 ngā wā);
2 whakapai ake i te ātete ki te ru wera me te pumau matū o te rauemi waro (ka whakaitihia te tauwehenga whānui rārangi mā te 50-80%);
3 kia pai ai te whakahinuhinu me te ātete ki te pakū o te rauemi waro;
4. Te tango i ngā poke o te hau, te whakapai ake i te parakore o te rauemi waro (ka whakaitihia te nui o te pungarehu o te hua mai i te 0.5-0.8% ki te 0.3%).
Te whakatinanatanga o te tukanga whakakāwhata:
Ka mahia te whakakāwhata o te rauemi waro i te pāmahana teitei o te 2300-3000 °C, nō reira ka taea anake te whakatutuki mā te whakamahana hiko i roto i te umanga, arā, ka tika te rere o te iahiko mā roto i te hua kua werahia, ā, ko te hua kua werahia ka utaina ki roto i te oumu ka whakaputaina e te iahiko i te pāmahana teitei. Ko te kaiārahi he mea anō e whakamahanahia ana ki te pāmahana teitei.
Ko ētahi o ngā oumu e whakamahia whānuitia ana i tēnei wā ko ngā oumu whakakāwhata Acheson me ngā oumu whakawera ā-roto (LWG). He nui te putanga o te mea tuatahi, he nui te rerekētanga pāmahana, ā, he nui te whakapaunga mana. He poto te wā whakamahana o te mea tuarua, he iti te whakapaunga mana, he ōrite te ātete hiko, ā, kāore e pai mō te whakauru.
Ka whakahaeretia te whakahaere o te tukanga whakakāwhata mā te ine i te pihi hiko e tika ana mō te āhua o te pikinga pāmahana. Ko te wā tuku hiko he 50-80 hāora mō te oumu Acheson me te 9-15 hāora mō te oumu LWG.
He nui rawa te kaha e pau ana i te whakakāwhata, ko te tikanga he 3200-4800KWh, ā, ko te utu tukanga e 20-35% o te utu whakaputa katoa.
Te tirotiro i ngā hua kua whakakākahuria: te pato āhua, te whakamātautau ātete
Mīhini: Ko te kaupapa o te mīhini miihini o ngā rauemi waro-karapa he tapahi i te rahi, te āhua, te tika, me ērā atu mea e hiahiatia ana kia rite ki ngā whakaritenga whakamahinga o te tinana hiko me ngā hononga.
E rua ngā tukanga tukatuka motuhake o te tukatuka irahiko graphite: te tinana irahiko me te hononga.
E toru ngā mahi o te tukatuka tinana: te mata pito papatahi me te taratara, te porowhita o waho me te mata pito papatahi me te miro mira. Ka taea te wehewehe i te tukatuka o te hononga kōniko ki ngā mahi e ono: te tapahi, te mata pito papatahi, te mata kōniko motuka, te miro mira, te pūtu keri me te mokowā.
Hononga o ngā hononga hiko: hononga hononga kōniko (e toru ngā poroporo me te poroporo kotahi), hononga hononga porotaka, hononga pupuhi (hononga tāne me te hononga wahine)
Te whakahaere i te tika o te miihini: te rerekētanga o te miro, te teitei o te miro, te rerekētanga o te diameter nui o te hononga (kōhao), te hononga honohono o te kōhao, te poutū o te kōhao hononga, te papatahi o te mata o te pito hiko, te rerekētanga o ngā ira-whā o te hononga. Tirohia mā te whakamahi i ngā ine mowhiti motuhake me ngā ine pereti.
Te tirotiro i ngā irahiko kua oti: te tika, te taumaha, te roa, te whānui, te kiato papatipu, te ātete, te manawanui i mua i te huihuinga, me ētahi atu.
Wā tuku: Oketopa-31-2019