1. Kukura kweindasitiri yesimbi kuri kukurudzira kukura kwekudiwa kwemagetsi egraphite pasi rose
1.1 sumo pfupi ye graphite electrode
Electrode yeGraphiteimhando yezvinhu zvinofambisa girafiti zvinoramba kupisa kwakanyanya. Imhando yezvinhu zvinofambisa girafiti zvinoramba kupisa zvakanyanya, zvinogadzirwa nekushandisa calcining zvinhu zvakachekwa, kupwanya upfu hwekukuya, kusanganisa, kusanganisa, kugadzira, kubika, kuisa mudumbu, graphitization uye mechanical processing, iyo inonzi artificial graphite electrode (graphite electrode) kusiyanisa nekushandiswa kwedenga. Zvisinei, girafiti i graphite electrode yechisikigo yakagadzirwa kubva pazvinhu zvakachekwa. Graphite electrodes inogona kuitisa magetsi uye kugadzira magetsi, nokudaro ichinyungudutsa simbi yakapwanyika kana zvimwe zvinhu zvakachekwa mu blast furnace kuti igadzire simbi nezvimwe zvigadzirwa zvesimbi, zvinonyanya kushandiswa mukugadzira simbi. Graphite electrode imhando yezvinhu zvine resistivity yakaderera uye kuramba kupisa mu arc furnace. Hunhu hukuru hwekugadzira graphite electrode kutenderera kwenguva refu kwekugadzira (kazhinji kunogara kwemwedzi mitatu kusvika mishanu), kushandiswa kwesimba rakawanda uye maitiro akaoma ekugadzira.
Zvinhu zvakagadzirwa zviri kumusoro kwechikamu cheindasitiri ye graphite electrode zvinonyanya kuve petroleum coke ne needle coke, uye zvinhu zvakagadzirwa ndizvo zvinotora chikamu chikuru chemutengo wekugadzira graphite electrode, zvichireva zvinopfuura 65%, nekuti kuchine musiyano mukuru pakati petekinoroji yekugadzira needle coke yeChina netekinoroji zvichienzaniswa neUnited States neJapan, mhando ye needle coke yemuno yakaoma kuvimbisa, saka China ichiri kuvimba zvakanyanya ne needle coke yemhando yepamusoro. Muna 2018, huwandu hwese hwe needle coke mumusika muChina hwaive matani 418000, uye kutengeswa kwe needle coke muChina kunosvika matani 218000, zvichireva zvinopfuura 50%; kushandiswa kukuru kwe graphite electrode pasi ndeyekugadzira simbi yemagetsi.
Kupatsanurwa kwakajairika kwe graphite electrode kunobva pahunhu hwepanyama uye hwemakemikari hwezvigadzirwa zvakapedzwa. Pasi pemutemo uyu wekupatsanura, graphite electrode inogona kukamurwa kuita electrode yemagetsi yakajairika, graphite electrode ine simba guru uye graphite electrode ine simba guru. Ma electrode e graphite ane simba rakasiyana akasiyana muzvinhu zvakagadziriswa, electrode resistivity, elastic modulus, flexural strength, coefficient of thermal expansion, allowable current density uye application fields.
1.2. Ongororo yenhoroondo yekugadzirwa kwe graphite electrode muChina
Electrode yeGraphite inonyanya kushandiswa mukunyungudutsa simbi nesimbi. Kuvandudzwa kweindasitiri yegraphite electrode yeChina kunoenderana nemaitiro ekuvandudza indasitiri yesimbi nesimbi yeChina. Electrode yeGraphite muChina yakatanga kuma1950, uye yave nematanho matatu kubva payakazvarwa.
Musika wema electrode e graphite unotarisirwa kudzokera shure muna 2021. Muhafu yekutanga ya2020, yakanganiswa nemamiriro edenda, kudiwa kwemuno kwakadzikira zvakanyanya, maodha ekunze akanonoka, uye huwandu hwakawanda hwezvinhu zvakawanikwa hwakakanganisa musika wemuno. Muna Kukadzi 2020, mutengo we graphite electrode wakakwira kwenguva pfupi, asi munguva pfupi hondo yemitengo yakawedzera. Zvinotarisirwa kuti nekudzoreredzwa kwemisika yemuno neyekunze uye kukura kwekunyungudutswa kwechoto chemagetsi pasi pemutemo wekunze we carbon, musika wema electrode e graphite unotarisirwa kudzokera shure. Kubva muna 2020, nemutengo wema electrode e graphite uchidzikira uye uchiita sewakagadzikana, kudiwa kwe graphite electrode yeEAF steelmaking kuri kuwedzera zvishoma nezvishoma, uye huwandu hwe graphite electrode ye ultra-high power huri kuwedzera zvishoma nezvishoma, huwandu hwe graphite electrode yeChina mumusika huchawedzera zvishoma nezvishoma, uye indasitiri ichakura zvishoma nezvishoma.
2. Maitiro ekugovera nekudiwa kwe graphite electrode anotarisirwa kudzokera shure
2.1. Kuchinja-chinja kwemitengo yepasi rose kwe graphite electrode kwakakura zvakanyanya
Kubva muna 2014 kusvika 2016, nekuda kwekudzikira kwezvinodiwa pasi pemvura, musika wepasi rose we graphite electrode wakadzikira, uye mutengo we graphite electrode wakaramba wakaderera. Sezvo iri chinhu chikuru che graphite electrode, mutengo we needle coke wakaderera kusvika pamadhora mazana mashanu nemakumi matanhatu nemaviri nemakumi maviri nemaviri patani muna 2016. Sezvo China iri iyo inotenga nekutengesa needle coke kunze kwenyika, kudiwa kweChina kwakanganisa zvikuru mutengo we needle coke kunze kweChina. Nekukwanisa kwevagadziri ve graphite electrode kuderera pasi pemutengo wekugadzira muna 2016, zvinhu zvemagariro evanhu zvakasvika padanho rakaderera. Muna 2017, mutemo wakadzima chitofu cheDi Tiao chepakati-kati, uye simbi yakawanda yakayerera ichipinda muchitofu chesimbi, izvo zvakakonzera kuwedzera kamwe kamwe kwekudiwa kweindasitiri ye graphite electrode muChina muhafu yechipiri ya2017. Kuwedzera kwekudiwa kwe graphite electrode kwakaita kuti mutengo we needle coke ukwire zvakanyanya muna 2017, uye wakasvika US $3769.9 patani muna 2019, wakakwira ka5.7 kana tichienzanisa ne2016.
Mumakore achangopfuura, divi rezvematongerwo enyika remuno rave richitsigira nekutungamira maitiro mapfupi ekugadzira simbi yeEAF pachinzvimbo chesimbi inoshandura, izvo zvakakurudzira kuwedzera kwekudiwa kwe graphite electrode muindasitiri yesimbi yeChina. Kubva muna 2017, musika wesimbi wepasi rose weEAF wadzoka, zvichikonzera kushomeka kwe graphite electrode yepasi rose. Kudiwa kwe graphite electrodes kunze kweChina kwakakwira zvakanyanya muna 2017 uye mutengo wakasvika padanho rayo repamusoro. Kubva ipapo, nekuda kwekudyara zvakanyanya, kugadzirwa uye kutenga, musika une masheya akawanda, uye avhareji yemutengo we graphite electrode yakadzikira muna 2019. Muna 2019, mutengo we uhhp graphite electrode waive wakagadzikana paUS $8824.0 patani, asi wakaramba wakakwira kupfuura mutengo wekare usati wasvika 2016.
Muhafu yekutanga ya2020, COVID-19 yakakonzera kudzikira kwemutengo wekutengesa we graphite electrodes, uye mutengo we needle coke wemuno wakadzikira kubva pa8000 yuan / tani kusvika pa4500 yuan / tani pakupera kwaNyamavhuvhu, kana kuti 43.75%. Mutengo wekugadzira needle coke muChina uri 5000-6000 yuan / tani, uye vagadziri vazhinji vari pasi pechiyero chepurofiti nekurasikirwa. Nekudzoka kwehupfumi, kugadzirwa nekushambadzwa kwe graphite electrodes muChina kwavandudzika kubva munaNyamavhuvhu, mwero wekutanga wesimbi yemagetsi yakaramba iri pa65%, kufarira kwezvivakwa zvesimbi kutenga graphite electrodes kwakwira, uye runyorwa rwekubvunza musika wekutengesa kunze kwenyika rwakawedzera zvishoma nezvishoma. Mutengo we graphite electrode wave kukwirawo kubva munaGunyana 2020. Mutengo we graphite electrode wakawedzera ne500-1500 yuan / tani, uye mutengo wekutumira kunze kwenyika wakawedzera zvakanyanya.
Kubva mugore ra2021, rakanganiswa nemamiriro edenda muHebei Province, mafekitori mazhinji e graphite electrode akavharwa uye mota dzekutakura dzinodzorwa zvakasimba, uye ma graphite electrodes emuno haagone kutengeswa zvakajairika. Mutengo wezvigadzirwa zvakajairika uye zvine simba guru mumusika we graphite electrode wemuno wakwira. Mutengo mukuru we uhp450mm specification ine 30% needle coke content mumusika i 15-15500 yuan / tani, uye mutengo mukuru we uhp600mm specification i 185-19500 yuan / tani, kubva pa 500-2000 yuan / tani. Kukwira kwemutengo wezvinhu zvakagadzirwa kunotsigirawo mutengo we graphite electrode. Parizvino, mutengo we needle coke mu domestic coal series i 7000 yuan, oil series i 7800, uye import price i 1500 US dollars. Sekureva kweBachuan, vamwe vagadziri vakuru vakaraira kwakabva zvinhu muna Kukadzi. Nekuda kwekugadziriswa kwenzvimbo imwe chete kwevatengesi vakuru vezvinhu zvakagadzirwa mukati menyika nekunze kwenyika muna Kubvumbi, zvinotarisirwa kuti 2021 graphite electrode icharamba iine mukana wekuwedzera muhafu yekutanga yegore. Zvisinei, nekuwedzera kwemutengo, kudiwa kwekunyungudutsa vira remagetsi kuchave kusina kusimba, uye mutengo wegraphite electrode muhafu yechipiri yegore unotarisirwa kuramba wakagadzikana.
2.2. Nzvimbo yekukura ye graphite electrode yemhando yepamusoro uye ine simba guru repamusoro yakakura
Kubuda kwema electrode e graphite mhiri kwemakungwa kwaderera, uye kugona kwekugadzira kunonyanya kuve ma electrode e graphite ane simba guru kwazvo. Kubva muna 2014 kusvika 2019, kugadzirwa kwema electrode e graphite pasi rose (kunze kweChina) kwaderera kubva pamatani 800000 kusvika pamatani 710000, nekukura kwegore negore kwe - 2.4%. Nekuda kwekuputswa kwezvirimwa zvine simba shoma, kugadziriswa kwezvakatipoteredza kwenguva refu uye kugadziriswazve, kugona nekubuda kunze kweChina kuri kuramba kuchiderera, uye musiyano uripo pakati pekubuda nekushandiswa unozadzwa nema electrode e graphite anotumirwa kunze kwenyika neChina. Kubva pachimiro chechigadzirwa, kubuda kwema electrode e graphite ane simba guru kwazvo mhiri kwemakungwa kunosvika 90% yehuwandu hwese hwema electrode ese e graphite (kunze kweChina). Electrode ye graphite yemhando yepamusoro uye ine simba guru kwazvo inonyanya kushandiswa mukugadzira simbi isina tsvina nesimbi yakakosha. Mugadziri anoda ma indexes e physical ne chemical akadai se density, resistivity uye ash content yema electrodes akadaro.
Kubuda kwe graphite electrode muChina kwakaramba kuchikwira, uye kugona kugadzira graphite electrode yemhando yepamusoro uye ine simba guru kwazvo kwakadzikira. Kubuda kwe graphite electrode muChina kwakadzikira kubva pa570000 matani muna 2014 kusvika pa500000 matani muna 2016. Kubuda kweChina kwakawedzera kubva muna 2017 ndokusvika matani 800000 muna 2019. Zvichienzaniswa nemusika we graphite electrode wepasi rose, vagadziri vemuno vane simba guru rekugadzira graphite electrode, asi kune graphite yemhando yepamusoro uye ine simba guru, kugona kugadzira graphite yemuno kwakadzikira zvikuru. Muna 2019, kubuda kwe graphite electrode yemhando yepamusoro muChina kwaingova matani 86000 chete, zvichiita 10% yehuwandu hwese hwese, izvo zvakasiyana zvakanyanya nechimiro chezvigadzirwa zve graphite electrode zvekunze.
Kubva pamaonero ekudiwa, kushandiswa kwema electrode e graphite pasi rose (kunze kweChina) muna 2014-2019 kunogara kuri kukuru kupfuura zvinobuda, uye mushure megore ra2017, kushandiswa kunowedzera gore negore. Muna 2019, kushandiswa kwema electrode e graphite pasi rose (kunze kweChina) kwaive matani 890000. Kubva muna 2014 kusvika 2015, kushandiswa kwema electrode e graphite muChina kwakaderera kubva pamatani 390000 kusvika pamatani 360000, uye kubuda kwema electrode e graphite emhando yepamusoro uye ane simba guru kwakaderera kubva pamatani 23800 kusvika pamatani 20300. Kubva muna 2016 kusvika 2017, nekuda kwekudzoreredzwa zvishoma nezvishoma kwesimba remusika wesimbi muChina, chikamu chekugadzira simbi cheEAF chiri kuwedzera. Panguva iyi, huwandu hwema EAF emhando yepamusoro anoshandiswa nevagadziri vesimbi huri kuwedzera. Kudiwa kwema electrode e graphite emhando yepamusoro-soro kwakawedzera kusvika pamatani 580000 muna 2019, ayo, kudiwa kwema electrode e graphite emhando yepamusoro-soro anosvika matani 66300, uye CAGR muna 2017-2019 inosvika 68%. Graphite electrode (kunyanya electrode ye graphite ine simba guru) inotarisirwa kusangana nekudiwa kwakasimba kunokonzerwa nekuchengetedzwa kwezvakatipoteredza uye kugadzirwa kushoma pakuwanikwa kwemagetsi uye kupenya kwesimbi yechoto pakudiwa kwacho.
3. Kukura kwekunyungudutsa kwema process mapfupi kunoita kuti graphite electrode ibudirire
3.1. kudiwa kwechitofu chitsva chemagetsi chekufambisa graphite electrode
Indasitiri yesimbi ndeimwe yeindasitiri huru dzebudiriro yemagariro evanhu nekufambira mberi. Mumakore achangopfuura, kugadzirwa kwesimbi isina kucheneswa pasi rose kwakaramba kuri kukura zvakatsiga. Simbi inoshandiswa zvakanyanya muindasitiri yemotokari, kuvaka, kurongedza uye njanji, uye kushandiswa kwesimbi pasi rose kwakawedzerawo zvishoma nezvishoma. Panguva imwe chete, mhando yezvigadzirwa zvesimbi yakagadziridzwa uye mitemo yekudzivirira zvakatipoteredza iri kuwedzera. Vamwe vagadziri vesimbi vanotendeukira kukugadzira simbi ye arc furnace, nepo graphite electrode yakakosha zvikuru ku arc furnace, nokudaro ichivandudza zvinodiwa zve graphite electrode. Iron nesimbi zvinonyungudutsa ndiyo nzvimbo huru yekushandisa graphite electrode, zvichiita kuti inenge 80% yekushandiswa kwe graphite electrode. Mu simbi zvinonyungudutsa, electric furnace steel making inoita inenge 50% yekushandiswa kwe graphite electrode, uye kunatswa kwekunze kwe furnace kunoita kuti inopfuura 25% yekushandiswa kwe graphite electrode. Munyika, muna 2015, chikamu chehuwandu hwese hwesimbi isina kucheneswa pasi rose hwaive 25.2%, 62.7%, 39.4% uye 22.9% zvichiteerana muUnited States, nyika makumi maviri nenomwe dzeEuropean Union neJapan, nepo muna 2015, kugadzirwa kwesimbi isina kucheneswa muchoto chemagetsi cheChina kwaive 5.9%, iyo yaive yakaderera zvikuru pane yepasi rose. Nekufamba kwenguva, tekinoroji yekushanda kwenguva pfupi ine zvakanakira zvakajeka pane kushanda kwenguva refu. Indasitiri yesimbi yakakosha ine EAF semichina mikuru yekugadzira inotarisirwa kukura nekukurumidza. Zviwanikwa zvesimbi zvesimbi yeEAF zvichave nenzvimbo yakakura yekuvandudza mune ramangwana. Naizvozvo, kugadzira simbi yeEAF kunotarisirwa kukura nekukurumidza, nokudaro zvichiwedzera kudiwa kwe graphite electrode. Kubva pamaonero ehunyanzvi, EAF ndiyo michina mikuru yekugadzira simbi yekushanda kwenguva pfupi. Tekinoroji yekugadzira simbi yekushanda kwenguva pfupi ine zvakanakira zvakajeka mukubudirira kwekugadzira, kuchengetedzwa kwezvakatipoteredza, mari yekudyara mukuvaka uye kuchinjika kwekushanda; Kubva pasi, inenge 70% yesimbi yakakosha uye 100% yesimbi yakakwira muChina inogadzirwa nechoto chearc. Muna 2016, kubuda kwesimbi yakakosha muChina kunongova 1/5 chete yeJapan, uye zvigadzirwa zvesimbi yepamusoro-soro zvinogadzirwa muJapan chete. Chikamu chehuwandu hwacho i1/8 chete yeJapan. Kuvandudzwa kwesimbi yepamusoro-soro muChina munguva yemberi kuchatungamira kugadzirwa kwe graphite electrode yesimbi yechoto chemagetsi nechoto chemagetsi; saka, kuchengetwa kwezviwanikwa zvesimbi uye kushandiswa kwezvimedu muChina kune nzvimbo yakakura yekuvandudza, uye hwaro hwekugadzira simbi kwenguva pfupi mune ramangwana hwakasimba.
Kubuda kwe graphite electrode kunoenderana nekuchinja kuri kuita kubuda kwesimbi yemagetsi mufurnace. Kuwedzera kwekubuda kwesimbi yefurnace kuchaita kuti kudiwa kwe graphite electrode kuwedzere mune ramangwana. Zvichienderana nedata re world iron and Steel Association ne China Carbon Industry Association, kubuda kwesimbi yemagetsi mufurnace mu China muna 2019 i 127.4 miriyoni matani, uye kubuda kwe graphite electrode i 7421000 matani. Kubuda uye kukura kwe graphite electrode mu China zvine hukama zvakanyanya nekubuda uye kukura kwesimbi yemagetsi mu China. Kubva pakugadzirwa kwayo, kubuda kwesimbi yemagetsi mufurnace muna 2011 kwakasvika pakakwirira, ndokuzodzikira gore negore, uye kubuda kwe graphite electrode mu China kwakadzikirawo gore negore mushure me 2011. Muna 2016, Ministry of industry and information technology yakapinda mufurnace dzemagetsi dzinosvika 205 dzemabhizinesi ekugadzira simbi, nekugadzirwa kwematani mamiriyoni makumi mana nemashanu, zvichiita 6.72% yekugadzirwa kwesimbi isina kucheneswa yenyika mugore razvino. Muna 2017, matsva 127 akawedzerwa, nekugadzirwa kwematani mamiriyoni makumi manomwe nemashanu, zvichiita 9.32% yehuwandu hwese hwekugadzirwa kwesimbi isina kucheneswa mugore rimwe chete; muna 2018, matsva makumi matatu nemana akawedzerwa, nekugadzirwa kwematani mamiriyoni zana, zvichiita 11% yehuwandu hwese hwekugadzirwa kwesimbi isina kucheneswa mugore razvino; muna 2019, maovheni emagetsi ane pasi pe50t akabviswa, uye maovheni emagetsi matsva akavakwa uye ari kugadzirwa muChina aive anopfuura 355, zvichiita 12.8%. Chikamu chekugadzira simbi yemagetsi muChina chichiri pasi peavhareji yepasi rose, asi mukaha unotanga kudzikira zvishoma nezvishoma. Kubva pakukura, kubuda kwe graphite electrode kunoratidza mafambiro ekuchinja-chinja nekuderera. Muna 2015, maitiro ekuderera kwekugadzirwa kwesimbi yemagetsi anodzikira, uye kubuda kwe graphite electrode kunoderera. Chikamu chekugadzirwa kwesimbi mune ramangwana chichava chikuru, izvo zvichatungamira nzvimbo yekudiwa kwe graphite electrode yemagetsi mumangwana.
Zvichienderana nemutemo wekugadzirisa indasitiri yesimbi wakapihwa neBazi reIndasitiri neruzivo rwetekinoroji, zviri pachena kuti "kukurudzira kusimudzirwa kwemaitiro ekugadzira simbi kwenguva pfupi uye kushandiswa kwemidziyo nesimbi yakachekwa sezvinhu zvakabikwa. Panosvika 2025, chiyero chezvimedu zvesimbi zvemakambani esimbi ekuChina hachifanirwe kunge chiri pasi pe30%. Nekuvandudzwa kwechirongwa chemakore mashanu chechi14 muminda yakasiyana-siyana, zvinotarisirwa kuti chikamu chemaitiro mapfupi chichawedzera kudiwa kwe graphite electrode, chinhu chakakosha mukumusoro.
Kunze kweChina, nyika huru dzinogadzira simbi pasi rose, dzakadai seUnited States, Japan neSouth Korea, dzinonyanya kugadzira simbi dzemagetsi, izvo zvinoda ma electrode akawanda e graphite, nepo kugona kwe graphite electrode yeChina kuchikosha kupfuura 50% yesimba repasi rose, izvo zvinoita kuti China ive mutengesi we graphite electrodes. Muna 2018, huwandu hwe graphite electrode yeChina hwakasvika matani 287000, kuwedzera kwe21.11% gore negore, zvichiramba zvichikura, uye kuwedzera kukuru kwemakore matatu akatevedzana. Zvinotarisirwa kuti huwandu hwe graphite electrode yekutumira kunze kwenyika muChina huchawedzera kusvika matani 398000 panosvika 2023, nehuwandu hwekukura kwegore negore hwe5.5%. Nekuda kwekuvandudzwa kwedanho rehunyanzvi reindasitiri, zvigadzirwa zve graphite electrode zveChina zvakazivikanwa zvishoma nezvishoma uye zvakagamuchirwa nevatengi vekune dzimwe nyika, uye mari inowanikwa nemakambani e graphite electrode ekuChina yakawedzera zvakanyanya. Tichitora indasitiri inotungamira ye graphite electrode muChina semuenzaniso, nekuvandudzika kwese kweindasitiri ye graphite electrode, nekuda kwekukwikwidzana kwayo kwakasimba kwechigadzirwa, Fangda carbon yakawedzera zvakanyanya mari inowanikwa nebhizinesi re graphite electrode kunze kwenyika mumakore maviri achangopfuura. Kutengeswa kwekunze kwenyika kwakakwira kubva pamamiriyoni mazana mana nemakumi matatu emamiriyoni eyuan munguva yakaderera yeindasitiri ye graphite electrode muna 2016 kusvika muna 2018, mari inowanikwa nebhizinesi re graphite electrode kunze kwenyika yaipfuura 30% yemari yese yekambani, uye dhigirii repasi rose raive richikwira. Nekuvandudzika kuri kuramba kuchienderera mberi kwehunyanzvi uye kukwikwidzana kwechigadzirwa kweindasitiri ye graphite electrode yeChina, graphite electrode yeChina ichazivikanwa uye ichavimbwa nevatengi vekunze kwenyika. Huwandu hwe graphite electrode yekutengeswa kunze kwenyika hunotarisirwa kuwedzera zvakanyanya, izvo zvichave chinhu chakakosha chekusimudzira kugadzirwa kwe graphite electrode muChina.
3.2. Kukanganiswa kwemutemo wekuchengetedza zvakatipoteredza padambudziko redenda kunoita kuti kuwanikwa kwe graphite electrode kuve kwakaoma.
Kuburitswa kwekabhoni kwemaitiro marefu ekugadzira simbi muchoto chemagetsi kwaderera. Sekureva kwechirongwa chemakore mashanu chegumi nematatu cheindasitiri yesimbi yemarara, zvichienzaniswa nekugadzira simbi yesimbi, kuburitswa kwematani 1.6 ekabhoni dioksijeni nematani matatu emarara akaomarara kunogona kuderedzwa nekushandisa tani imwe chete yekugadzira simbi yemarara. Maitiro akatevedzana anobatanidzwa muindasitiri yesimbi nesimbi. Maitiro ese achachinja-chinja makemikari nemuviri. Panguva imwe chete, marudzi akasiyana-siyana emarara nemarara achaburitswa uku zvigadzirwa zvinodiwa zvichigadzirwa. Nekuverenga, tinogona kuona kuti kana kugadzirwa kwakafanana kwetani imwe chete, maitiro marefu ane sintering process achaburitsa tsvina yakawanda, inova yechipiri mumaitiro marefu e pellet process, nepo tsvina inoburitswa nekugadzira simbi kwenguva pfupi yakaderera zvakanyanya pane iyo yemaitiro marefu ne sintering process uye maitiro marefu ane pellet, izvo zvinoratidza kuti kugadzira simbi kwenguva pfupi kune hushamwari kune nharaunda. Kuti vakunde hondo yekudzivirira denga rebhuruu, matunhu mazhinji muChina akapa chiziviso chekugadzirwa kwepamusoro-soro muchando nemuchirimo, uye akaita zvirongwa zvekugadzira zvakatevedzana kumakambani makuru ane chekuita negasi akadai sesimbi, isina feri, coking, indasitiri yemakemikari, zvinhu zvekuvaka uye casting. Pakati pawo, kana kushandiswa kwesimba, kuchengetedzwa kwezvakatipoteredza uye kuchengetedzeka kwemakambani ane carbon neferroalloy ayo graphite electrode iri mairi zvikasakwanisa kuzadzisa zvinodiwa, mamwe matunhu akataura zvakajeka kuti kurambidzwa kwekugadzira kana kumiswa kwekugadzira kuchaitwa zvichienderana nemamiriro chaiwo ezvinhu.
3.3. Maitiro ekuwanikwa uye kudiwa kwe graphite electrode ari kuchinja zvishoma nezvishoma
Mapundu matsva e coronavirus akakonzerwa nekuderera kwehupfumi hwenyika pamwe nepesvedzero yekudzivirira muhafu yekutanga ya2020, zvakaita kuti graphite electrode mumusika wemuno nekunze uye mutengo wekutengesa udzike, uye mabhizinesi e graphite electrode muindasitiri akadzikisa kugadzirwa, akamisa kugadzirwa uye akarasikirwa. Munguva pfupi uye yepakati, kuwedzera pakutarisira kweChina kuvandudza kudiwa kwe graphite electrode, kugona kwe graphite electrode yekunze kwenyika kunogona kuganhurirwa nekuda kwedenda, izvo zvichawedzera kuwedzera mamiriro ekuwanikwa kwakaoma kwe graphite electrode.
Kubva muchikamu chechina chegore ra2020, zvinhu zve graphite electrode zviri kuramba zvichidzikira, uye mwero wekutanga kwebhizinesi wakawedzera. Kubva muna 2019, huwandu hwese hwe graphite electrode muChina hwave hwakanyanya, uye makambani e graphite electrode ari kudzorawo kutanga kwebhizinesi. Kunyangwe kudzikira kwehupfumi hwenyika muna 2020, kukanganisa kwemakambani esimbi ekune dzimwe nyika akakanganiswa neCOVID-19 kuri kuitika, asi kugadzirwa kwesimbi isina kuchena muChina kuchiri kukura kwakasimba. Zvisinei, mutengo wemusika we graphite electrode unokanganiswa nekuwanikwa kwemusika zvakanyanya, uye mutengo unoramba uchidzikira, uye makambani e graphite electrode akarasikirwa zvikuru. Mamwe emakambani makuru e graphite electrode muChina akadya zvinhu zvakawanda muna Kubvumbi naChivabvu 2020. Parizvino, kuwanikwa nekudiwa kwemusika wakakwira uye mukuru kuri pedyo nenzvimbo yekuyera kwekugoverwa nekudiwa. Kunyangwe kana kudiwa kukaramba kusina kuchinja, zuva rekuwanikwa nekudiwa kwakanyanya richasvika munguva pfupi iri kutevera.
Kukura nekukurumidza kwekushandiswa kwezvimedu zvesimbi kuri kukurudzira kudiwa. Kushandiswa kwesimbi dzakaremara kwakawedzera kubva pamatani mamiriyoni 88.29 muna 2014 kusvika pamatani mamiriyoni 18781 muna 2018, uye CAGR yakasvika 20.8%. Nekuvhurwa kwemutemo wenyika wekutenga simbi dzakaremara uye kuwedzera kwehuwandu hwekunyungudutsa muchoto chemagetsi, zvinotarisirwa kuti kushandiswa kwesimbi dzakaremara kucharamba kuchikwira nekukurumidza. Kune rumwe rutivi, nekuti mutengo wesimbi dzakaremara unonyanya kukanganiswa nekudiwa kwekunze kwenyika, mutengo wesimbi dzakaremara dzekunze kwenyika wakakwira zvakanyanya muhafu yechipiri ya2020 nekuda kwekukanganiswa kwekutanga kweChina kutenga zvimedu zvesimbi. Parizvino, mutengo wesimbi dzakaremara uri padanho repamusoro, uye watanga kudzoserwa kubva muna 2021. Kudzikira kwekudiwa kunokonzerwa nekukanganiswa kwedenda rekunze kwenyika kunotarisirwa kuramba kuchikanganisa kudzikira kwesimbi dzakaremara. Zvinotarisirwa kuti mutengo wesimbi dzakasara ucharamba uchikanganiswa muhafu yekutanga ya2021. Lattice ichange ichitenderera ichidzika, izvo zvinobatsirawo kuti chiyero chekutanga kwechoto chive nani uye kudiwa kwe graphite electrode kuve nani.
Kudiwa kwesimbi yemagetsi yepasi rose nesimbi isiri yefurnace muna 2019 na2020 i1376800 matani uye 14723 mamiriyoni matani zvakateerana. Zvinofungidzirwa kuti kudiwa kwepasi rose kuchawedzera mumakore mashanu anotevera, uye kuchasvika matani mamiriyoni 2.1444 muna 2025. Kudiwa kwesimbi yemagetsi ndiko kunoita kuti pave nehuwandu hwese. Zvinofungidzirwa kuti kudiwa kuchasvika matani mamiriyoni 1.8995 muna 2025.
Kudiwa kwemagetsi egraphite pasi rose muna 2019 na2020 kwakasvika matani 1376800 uye matani mamiriyoni 14723 zvichiteerana. Zvinofungidzirwa kuti kudiwa kwemagetsi pasi rose kuchawedzera mumakore mashanu anotevera, uye zvinotarisirwa kusvika matani mamiriyoni 2.1444 muna 2025. Panguva imwe chete, muna 2021 na2022, huwandu hwemagetsi egraphite pasi rose hwaipfuura matani 267 ne16000 zvichiteerana. Mushure megore ra2023, pachava nekushomeka kwemagetsi, nemusiyano we -17900 matani, 39000 matani uye -24000 matani.
Muna 2019 na2020, kudiwa kweUHP graphite electrodes pasi rose kwaive matani 9087000 uye matani 986400 zvichiteerana. Zvinofungidzirwa kuti kudiwa kwese kwepasi rose kuchawedzera mumakore mashanu anotevera, uye kuchasvika matani angangoita mamiriyoni 1.608 muna 2025. Panguva imwe chete, muna 2021 na2022, kuwanikwa kwegraphite electrodes pasi rose kwaive pamusoro pematani 775 ne61500 zvichiteerana. Mushure megore ra2023, pachava nekushomeka kwekuwanikwa, nemusiyano we -08000 matani, 26300 matani uye -67300 matani.
Kubva muhafu yechipiri ya2020 kusvika Ndira 2021, mutengo wepasi rose we ultra-high-power graphite electrode wakaderera kubva pa27000/t kusvika pa24000/T. Zvinofungidzirwa kuti kambani huru inogona kuwana purofiti ye1922-2067 yuan / tani pamutengo wazvino. Muna 2021, kudiwa kwepasi rose kwe ultra-high-power graphite electrodes kuchawedzera zvakanyanya, kunyanya kupisa kwekutengesera kunze kwenyika kunotarisirwa kuramba kuchikwevera kudiwa kwe ultra-high-power graphite, uye mwero wekutanga we graphite electrode ucharamba uchikwira. Zvinotarisirwa kuti mutengo we UHP graphite electrode muna 2021 uchawedzerwa kusvika pa26000/t panosvika hafu yechipiri yegore, uye purofiti ichawedzerwa kusvika pa3922-4067 yuan / tani. Nekuwedzera kuri kuramba kuripo kwese kudiwa kwe ultra-high power graphite electrodes mune ramangwana, nzvimbo yepurofiti ichawedzera zvakanyanya.
Kubva muna Ndira 2021, mutengo wepasi rose we common power graphite electrode i11500-12500 yuan / tani. Zvichienderana nemutengo weparizvino nemutengo wemusika, purofiti ye graphite electrode yakajairika inofungidzirwa kuva -264-1404 yuan / tani, iyo ichiri kurasikirwa. Mutengo we graphite electrode yazvino wakwira kubva pa 10000 yuan / tani muchikamu chechitatu chegore ra2020 kusvika pa 12500 yuan / T. Nekudzoka zvishoma nezvishoma kwehupfumi hwenyika, kunyanya pasi pemutemo we carbon neutralization, kudiwa kwesimbi yefurnace kuri kuwedzera nekukurumidza, uye kushandiswa kwesimbi dzakasara kuri kuramba kuchiwedzera, uye kudiwa kwe graphite electrode yakajairika kuchakwirawo zvakanyanya. Zvinotarisirwa kuti mutengo we graphite electrode ine simba rakajairika uchakwidzwa kusvika pamusoro pemutengo muchikamu chechitatu chegore ra2021, uye purofiti ichaonekwa. Nekudiwa kwe graphite electrodes yepasi rose ye general power kuri kuramba kuchikwira mune ramangwana, nzvimbo yepurofiti ichawedzera zvishoma nezvishoma.
4. maitiro emakwikwi eindasitiri ye graphite electrode muChina
Nzvimbo dziri pakati nepakati dzeindasitiri ye graphite electrode vagadziri ve graphite electrode, vane makambani akazvimirira vari chikamu. Kugadzirwa kwe graphite electrode muChina kunotora inenge 50% yehuwandu hwe graphite electrodes pasi rose. Sekambani inotungamira muindasitiri ye graphite electrode muChina, musika we square carbon graphite electrode muChina unopfuura 20%, uye kugona kwe graphite electrode ndiko kwechitatu pasi rose. Panyaya yemhando yezvigadzirwa, makambani makuru muindasitiri ye graphite electrode muChina ane makwikwi akasimba epasi rose, uye hunyanzvi hwezvigadzirwa hunosvika padanho rezvigadzirwa zvakafanana zvevakwikwidzi vekunze. Pane delamination mumusika we graphite electrode. Musika we ultra-high-power graphite electrode unonyanya kugarwa nemakambani epamusoro muindasitiri, uye makambani mana epamusoro anotora anopfuura 80% yemusika we UHP graphite electrode market, uye huwandu hweindasitiri huri pachena.
Mumusika wemagetsi ane simba guru regrafiti, makambani makuru e graphite electrode ari pakati nepakati ane simba guru rekutaurirana kuindasitiri yekugadzira simbi iri pasi, uye anoda kuti vatengi vari pasi vabhadhare kuti vatumire zvinhu vasina kupa nguva yeakaunti. Ma electrode ane simba guru uye akajairika egrafiti ane mwero wakaderera wehunyanzvi, makwikwi emusika akasimba uye makwikwi emitengo akakurumbira. Mumusika wemagetsi ane simba guru uye akajairika egrafiti, akatarisana neindasitiri yekugadzira simbi ine huwandu hwakawanda hwehuwandu pasi, makambani madiki nepakati ane simba shoma rekutaurirana kumakambani ari pasi, kuitira kuti vape vatengi nguva yeakaunti kana kutoderedza mitengo kuti vakwikwidzane nemusika. Pamusoro pezvo, nekuda kwekuchengetedza zvakatipoteredza, kugona kwemakambani ari pakati nepakati kwakaganhurirwa zvikuru, uye mwero wekushandiswa kwesimba rese reindasitiri iri pasi pe70%. Mamwe makambani anotoita sechiitiko chekurairwa kuti amire kugadzira nekusingaperi. Kana kubudirira kweindasitiri yekunyungudutsa simbi, phosphorus yero nezvimwe zvinhu zvemaindasitiri zviri pasi pe graphite electrode zvikaderera, kudiwa kwemusika we graphite electrode kushoma, uye mutengo we graphite electrode ukasakwira zvakanyanya, kuwedzera kwemari yekushandisa kuchaita kuti mabhizinesi madiki nepakati asave nemakwikwi makuru, uye zvishoma nezvishoma kubuda mumusika kana kuwanikwa ne graphite electrode hombe kana simbi.
Mushure megore ra2017, nekuwedzera kwepurofiti mukugadzira simbi dzemagetsi, kudiwa nemutengo we graphite electrode yezvinhu zvinogadzirwa nesimbi dzemagetsi zvakawedzerawo nekukurumidza. Purofiti yese yeindasitiri ye graphite electrode yakawedzera zvikuru. Makambani ari muindasitiri akawedzera huwandu hwekugadzira. Mamwe makambani akasiya musika akatanga kushanda zvishoma nezvishoma. Kubva pakugadzirwa kwe graphite electrode, huwandu hweindasitiri hwadzikira. Tichitora graphite electrode inotungamira skweya kabhoni, mugove wayo wemusika wadzikira kubva pa30% muna 2016 kusvika pa25% muna 2018. Zvisinei, nezve kupatsanurwa kwezvigadzirwa zve graphite electrode, makwikwi mumusika weindasitiri akasiyaniswa. Nekuda kwezvinodiwa zvehunyanzvi zve ultra-high-power graphite electrode, mugove wemusika wezvigadzirwa zve ultra-high-power unovandudzwa zvakare nekuburitsa kugona kwekugadzira kwemakambani makuru eindasitiri ane simba rehunyanzvi rinoenderana, uye makambani mana epamusoro ane anopfuura 80% yemusika wezvigadzirwa zve ultra-high-power. Panyaya yesimba rakajairika uye graphite electrode ine simba rakawanda ine zvinodiwa zvishoma zvehunyanzvi, makwikwi ari mumusika anowedzera zvishoma nezvishoma nekuda kwekubatanidzwazve kwemabhizinesi madiki nepakati ane simba rehunyanzvi risina kusimba uye kuwedzera kwekugadzirwa.
Mushure memakumi emakore ekuvandudzwa, kuburikidza nekuunzwa kwetekinoroji yekugadzira ma electrode e graphite, makambani makuru e graphite electrode muChina ave nehunyanzvi hwe tekinoroji huru yekugadzira ma electrode e graphite. Tekinoroji yekugadzira uye huwandu hwetekinoroji ye graphite electrode hwakafanana nehwevakwikwidzi vekune dzimwe nyika, uye nerubatsiro rwekushanda kwakakwira, makambani e graphite electrode eChina ari kuramba achiita basa rakakosha mumakwikwi emusika wepasi rose.
5. mazano ekudyara mari
Pakutengeswa kwezvinhu, huwandu hwema graphite electrode indasitiri huchiri nenzvimbo yekuvandudza, kuchengetedzwa kwezvakatipoteredza uye muganho wekugadzira zvinowedzera huwandu hwekugadzira simbi dzemagetsi, uye kukura kwese kweindasitiri yema graphite electrode kwakanaka. Kudivi rekuda, nekuda kwekuvandudza kugadzirwa uye kuderedza kushandiswa kwesimba, UHP EAF yematani 100-150 emangwana ndiyo nzira huru yekuvandudza, uye kukura kweUHP EAF ndiyo nzira yakajairika. Seimwe yezvinhu zvikuru zveUHP EAF, kudiwa kwema graphite electrode makuru ane simba guru kunotarisirwa kuwedzera zvakanyanya.
Kubudirira kweindasitiri ye graphite electrode kwaderera mumakore maviri apfuura. Kubudirira kwemakambani makuru e graphite electrode emuno kwaderera zvakanyanya muna 2020. Indasitiri yese iri muchikamu chekusatarisira zvakanyanya uye kusakosha kwayo. Zvisinei, tinotenda kuti nekuvandudzwa kwezvinhu zvekutanga zveindasitiri uye kudzoka zvishoma nezvishoma kwemutengo we graphite electrode kusvika padanho rinonzwisisika, mashandiro emakambani anotungamira muindasitiri achabatsirwa zvizere nekudzoserwa kwepasi kwemusika we graphite electrode. Mune ramangwana, China ine nzvimbo yakakura yekuvandudza kugadzira simbi pfupi, izvo zvichabatsira kukura kwe graphite electrode ye short-process EAF. Zvinokurudzirwa kuti makambani anotungamira mumunda we graphite electrode anofanirwa kutariswa.
6. mazano enjodzi
Huwandu hweindasitiri yekugadzira simbi muchoto chemagetsi muChina hahuna kutarisirwa, uye mutengo wezvinhu zvakagadzirwa zve graphite electrode unochinja-chinja zvakanyanya.
Nguva yekutumira: Kubvumbi-13-2021