1. Iterambere ryinganda zibyuma zitera kwiyongera kwicyifuzo cyisi yose kuri electrode ya grafite
1.1 kumenyekanisha muri make amashanyarazi ya grafite
Graphite electrodeni ubwoko bwa grafite itwara ibintu irwanya ubushyuhe bwinshi. Nubwoko bwubushyuhe bwo hejuru bwokoresha grafite itwara ibintu, bikozwe mukubara ibikoresho bibisi, kumenagura ifu yo gusya, gutobora, kuvanga, gukora, guteka, gutera inda, gushushanya no gutunganya imashini, ibyo bita artificiel grafitike electrode (grafite electrode) kugirango itandukanye no gukoresha ijuru Nyamara, grafite ni electrode isanzwe ya grafite yateguwe nibikoresho fatizo. Graphite electrode irashobora kuyobora amashanyarazi kandi ikabyara amashanyarazi, bityo gushonga ibyuma bishaje cyangwa ibindi bikoresho fatizo mu itanura riturika kugirango bitange ibyuma nibindi bicuruzwa, cyane cyane bikoreshwa mubyuma. Graphite electrode ni ubwoko bwibikoresho bifite imbaraga nke zo kurwanya no kurwanya ubushyuhe bwumuriro mu itanura rya arc. Ibintu nyamukuru biranga grafite ya electrode ni umusaruro muremure (mubisanzwe bimara amezi atatu kugeza kuri atanu), gukoresha ingufu nyinshi hamwe nuburyo bukomeye bwo gukora.
Ibikoresho fatizo byinjira murwego rwa grafite ya electrode yinganda cyane cyane kokiya peteroli na kokiya y'urushinge, kandi ibikoresho fatizo bifite igice kinini cyumusaruro w’ibicuruzwa bya electrode ya grafite, bingana na hejuru ya 65%, kubera ko hakiriho itandukaniro rinini hagati y’ikoranabuhanga ry’ikoranabuhanga rya kokiya yo mu Bushinwa n’ikoranabuhanga ugereranije n’Amerika n’Ubuyapani, ubuziranenge bwa kokiya yo mu gihugu biragoye kubyemeza, bityo Ubushinwa buracyafite ubuziranenge bukabije. Muri 2018, isoko rusange rya kokiya y'urushinge mu Bushinwa ni toni 418000, naho ibicuruzwa biva mu mahanga mu Bushinwa bigera kuri toni 218000, bingana na 50%; imiyoboro nyamukuru yo hasi ya grafite electrode ni amashanyarazi arc itanura ryibyuma.
Ibyiciro rusange bya grafite electrode ishingiye kumiterere na chimique yibicuruzwa byarangiye. Muri ubu buryo bwo gutondekanya ibyiciro, electrode ya grafite irashobora kugabanywamo amashanyarazi asanzwe ya elegitoronike, amashanyarazi akomeye ya electrode na ultra-high power grafite electrode. Graphite electrode ifite imbaraga zitandukanye ziratandukanye mubikoresho fatizo, kurwanya electrode irwanya, modulike ya elastike, imbaraga za flexural, coefficente yo kwagura ubushyuhe, byemewe ubucucike bwumurima hamwe nimirima ikoreshwa.
1.2. Gusubiramo amateka yiterambere rya grafite electrode mubushinwa
Graphite electrode ikoreshwa cyane cyane mu gushonga ibyuma nicyuma. Iterambere ry’inganda zikoresha amashanyarazi ya elegitoronike mu Bushinwa ahanini rijyanye n’ibikorwa bigezweho by’inganda z’icyuma n’ibyuma by’Ubushinwa. Graphite electrode mu Bushinwa yatangiye mu myaka ya za 1950, kandi imaze ibyiciro bitatu kuva yavuka
Biteganijwe ko isoko rya electrode ya electrode izahinduka mu 2021. Mu gice cya mbere cy’umwaka wa 2020, bitewe n’icyorezo cy’icyorezo, icyifuzo cy’imbere mu gihugu cyaragabanutse cyane, ibicuruzwa by’amahanga byatinze, kandi umubare munini w’ibicuruzwa wagize ingaruka ku isoko ry’imbere mu gihugu. Muri Gashyantare 2020, igiciro cya electrode ya grafite yazamutse mu gihe gito, ariko bidatinze intambara y'ibiciro yariyongereye. Biteganijwe ko hamwe n’isoko ry’imbere mu gihugu ndetse n’amahanga ndetse no kuzamuka kw itanura ry’amashanyarazi ryashongeshejwe muri politiki y’imbere mu gihugu, biteganijwe ko isoko rya electrode ya electrode ihinduka. Kuva mu mwaka wa 2020, hamwe n’igiciro cya electrode ya grafite igabanuka kandi igenda ihindagurika, icyifuzo cy’imbere mu gihugu cya electrode ya grafite yo gukora ibyuma bya EAF cyiyongera gahoro gahoro, kandi ibicuruzwa byoherezwa mu mahanga by’amashanyarazi ya ultra-high power grafite electrode bigenda byiyongera buhoro buhoro, isoko ry’inganda z’inganda za electrode zo mu Bushinwa rizagenda ryiyongera, kandi inganda zizagenda ziyongera buhoro buhoro.
2. Gutanga no gusaba uburyo bwa grafite electrode iteganijwe guhinduka
2.1. ihindagurika ryibiciro kwisi ya grafite electrode nini cyane
Kuva mu 2014 kugeza 2016, kubera intege nke zisabwa hasi, isoko rya electrode ya electrode ku isi ryaragabanutse, kandi igiciro cya electrode ya grafite yagumye hasi. Nkibikoresho nyamukuru bya electrode ya grafite, igiciro cya kokiya y'urushinge cyaragabanutse kugera kuri $ 562.2 kuri toni mu 2016. Kubera ko Ubushinwa butumiza mu mahanga kokiya inshinge, icyifuzo cy’Ubushinwa kigira ingaruka zikomeye ku giciro cya kokiya y'urushinge hanze y'Ubushinwa. Hamwe na grafite ya electrode yubushobozi bwabakora igabanuka munsi yumurongo wibiciro byinganda muri 2016, ibarura ryimibereho ryageze aharindimuka. Muri 2017, iherezo rya politiki ryahagaritse itanura rito hagati y’icyuma cya Di Tiao, maze ibyuma byinshi bishaje byinjira mu itanura ry’uruganda rukora ibyuma, bituma kwiyongera gutunguranye gukenerwa n’inganda zikoresha amashanyarazi ya grafite mu Bushinwa mu gice cya kabiri cy’umwaka wa 2017. Ubwiyongere bw’ibikenerwa na electrode ya grafite bwatumaga igiciro cya kokiya y'urushinge cyiyongera cyane muri 2017, kandi kigera kuri toni 3769.9.
Mu myaka yashize, uruhande rwa politiki y’imbere mu gihugu rwashyigikiye kandi ruyobora inzira ngufi yo gukora ibyuma bya EAF aho kuba ibyuma bihindura, ibyo bikaba byaratumye ubwiyongere bukenerwa na electrode ya grafite mu nganda z’ibyuma mu Bushinwa. Kuva mu 2017, isoko ry’ibyuma bya EAF ku isi ryongeye gukira, bituma habaho ikibazo cyo kubura amashanyarazi ya grafite ku isi. Isabwa rya electrode ya grafite hanze yUbushinwa yazamutse cyane muri 2017 kandi igiciro cyageze ku rwego rwo hejuru. Kuva icyo gihe, kubera ishoramari ryinshi, umusaruro no kugura, isoko rifite imigabane myinshi cyane, kandi igiciro cyo hagati ya electrode ya grafite yagabanutse muri 2019. Muri 2019, igiciro cya uhhp graphite electrode cyari gihagaze kuri US $ 8824.0 kuri toni, ariko cyagumye hejuru y’igiciro cy’amateka mbere ya 2016.
Mu gice cya mbere cya 2020, COVID-19 yatumye irushaho kugabanuka ku giciro cyo kugurisha cya electrode ya grafite, kandi igiciro cya kokiya yo mu gihugu cyamanutse kiva ku 8000 / toni kigera kuri 4500 yu / toni mu mpera za Kanama, cyangwa 43,75%. Igiciro cy'umusaruro wa kokiya y'urushinge mu Bushinwa ni 5000-6000 Yuan / toni, kandi abayikora benshi bari munsi y’inyungu n’igihombo. Kubera ko ubukungu bwifashe neza, umusaruro no kwamamaza ibicuruzwa bya electrode ya grafite mu Bushinwa byateye imbere kuva muri Kanama, igipimo cyo gutangira ibyuma byo mu itanura ry’amashanyarazi cyagumishijwe kuri 65%, ishyaka ry’inganda z’ibyuma zo kugura electrode ya grafite ryazamutse, kandi urutonde rw’iperereza ku isoko ryoherezwa mu mahanga rwagiye rwiyongera buhoro buhoro. Igiciro cya electrode ya grafite nacyo cyazamutse kuva muri Nzeri 2020. Igiciro cya electrode ya grafite muri rusange cyiyongereyeho 500-1500 yu / toni, kandi igiciro cyoherezwa mu mahanga cyiyongereye cyane.
Kuva mu 2021, yibasiwe n’icyorezo cy’intara ya Hebei, inganda nyinshi za electrode ya grafite yarahagaritswe kandi imodoka zitwara abantu ziragenzurwa cyane, kandi electrode ya grafite ntishobora gucuruzwa bisanzwe. Igiciro cyibicuruzwa bisanzwe kandi bifite ingufu nyinshi mumasoko ya electrode yimbere murugo irazamuka. Igiciro nyamukuru cyibisobanuro bya uhp450mm hamwe na 30% byinshinge za kokiya ku isoko ni 15-15500 yuan / toni, naho igiciro rusange cyibisobanuro uhp600mm ni 185-19500 Yuan / toni, bivuye kuri 500-2000 Yuan / toni. Kuzamuka kw'ibikoresho fatizo nabyo bishyigikira igiciro cya electrode ya grafite. Kugeza ubu, igiciro cya kokiya y'urushinge mu ruhererekane rw'amakara mu gihugu ni 7000 Yuan, urukurikirane rwa peteroli rugera kuri 7800, naho ibicuruzwa biva mu mahanga ni amadorari 1500 y'Abanyamerika. Nk’uko amakuru ya Bachuan abitangaza, bamwe mu bakora inganda rusange batumije isoko ry’ibicuruzwa muri Gashyantare. Bitewe no kubungabunga ibikorwa byingenzi bitanga ibikoresho byibanze mu gihugu ndetse no hanze yarwo muri Mata, biteganijwe ko 2021 grafite electrode ya grafite izaba ifite umwanya wo kuzamuka mugice cya mbere cyumwaka. Ariko, hamwe niyongera ryibiciro, icyifuzo cyo kurangiza itanura ryamashanyarazi yamashanyarazi kizaba gifite intege nke, kandi igiciro cya electrode ya grafite mugice cya kabiri cyumwaka biteganijwe ko kizakomeza kuba gihamye.
2.2. umwanya wo gukura wimbere murwego rwohejuru na ultra high power grafite electrode nini
Ibisohoka bya electrode ya grafite mumahanga iragabanuka, kandi ubushobozi bwo kubyaza umusaruro ni ultrahigh power grafite electrode. Kuva mu 2014 kugeza 2019, umusaruro wa electrode ya grafite ku isi (usibye Ubushinwa) wagabanutse uva kuri toni 800000 ugera kuri toni 710000, hamwe n’ubwiyongere bw’umwaka buri mwaka - 2,4%. Kubera isenywa ry’inganda zifite ubushobozi buke, igihe kirekire cyo gukosora ibidukikije no kongera kwiyubaka, ubushobozi n’umusaruro hanze y’Ubushinwa bikomeje kugabanuka, kandi ikinyuranyo hagati y’ibicuruzwa n’ibikoreshwa cyuzuzwa na electrode ya grafite yoherezwa mu Bushinwa. Uhereye ku miterere y'ibicuruzwa, ibisohoka bya ultra-high power grafite electrode mumahanga bingana na 90% yumusaruro wose wa electrode yose (usibye Ubushinwa). Ubwiza buhanitse na ultra-high power grafite electrode ikoreshwa cyane mugukora ibyuma bitagira umwanda nicyuma kidasanzwe. Uruganda rukenera indangagaciro zifatika nubumara nkubucucike, kurwanya no guhumeka ivu rya electrode.
Umusaruro wa electrode ya grafite mu Bushinwa wakomeje kwiyongera, kandi ubushobozi bwo gukora ubuziranenge bwo hejuru na ultra high power grafite electrode ni buke. Umusaruro wa electrode ya grafite mu Bushinwa wagabanutse uva kuri toni 570000 muri 2014 ugera kuri toni 500000 muri 2016. Umusaruro w’Ubushinwa wongeye kwiyongera kuva muri 2017 ugera kuri toni 800000 muri 2019. Ugereranije n’isoko rya electrode ya electrode ku isi, abakora mu gihugu bafite ubushobozi buke bwo gukora amashanyarazi yo mu rwego rwo hejuru cyane, ariko ku bikoresho byo mu rwego rwo hejuru kandi bifite ingufu nyinshi. Muri 2019, Ubushinwa bwujuje ubuziranenge ultra-high-power-grafite ya electrode isohoka ni toni 86000 gusa, bingana na 10% by’umusaruro wose, ibyo bikaba bitandukanye cyane n’imiterere y’ibicuruzwa bya electrode yo mu mahanga.
Ukurikije ibisabwa, ikoreshwa rya electrode ya grafite ku isi (usibye Ubushinwa) muri 2014-2019 ihora iruta umusaruro, kandi nyuma ya 2017, ibicuruzwa byiyongera uko umwaka utashye. Muri 2019, ikoreshwa rya electrode ya grafite ku isi (usibye Ubushinwa) yari toni 890000. Kuva mu 2014 kugeza 2015, ikoreshwa rya electrode ya grafite mu Bushinwa ryaragabanutse riva kuri toni 390000 rigera kuri toni 360000, naho umusaruro wa elegitoroniki ya elegitoroniki yo mu rwego rwo hejuru na ultra-power-power wagabanutse uva kuri toni 23800 ugera kuri toni 20300. Kuva mu 2016 kugeza 2017, bitewe no kongera buhoro buhoro ubushobozi bw’isoko ry’ibyuma mu Bushinwa, umubare w’ibyuma bya EAF uragenda wiyongera. Hagati aho, umubare wa EAF zo mu rwego rwo hejuru zikoreshwa n’abakora ibyuma uriyongera. Isabwa rya elegitoronike yo mu rwego rwo hejuru cyane-ifite ingufu za grafite ya electrode yiyongereye igera kuri toni 580000 muri 2019, muri yo, icyifuzo cya elegitoroniki yo mu rwego rwo hejuru ya ultra-power-grafite electrode igera kuri toni 66300, naho CAGR muri 2017-2019 igera kuri 68%. Electrode ya Graphite (cyane cyane amashanyarazi menshi ya grafite electrode) biteganijwe ko izuzuza ibyifuzo byatewe no kurengera ibidukikije n’umusaruro muke ku masoko yatanzwe hamwe n’icyuma cy’itanura ku cyifuzo kirangiye.
3. Gukura kwigihe gito gushonga bitera iterambere rya grafite electrode
3.1. gusaba itanura rishya ryamashanyarazi kugirango ritware grafite electrode
Inganda zibyuma nimwe muruganda rwinkingi ziterambere ryimibereho niterambere. Mu myaka yashize, umusaruro w’ibyuma bya peteroli ku isi wakomeje kwiyongera. Ibyuma bikoreshwa cyane mu binyabiziga, ubwubatsi, gupakira no gukora inganda za gari ya moshi, kandi ikoreshwa ry’ibyuma ku isi naryo ryiyongereye gahoro gahoro. Muri icyo gihe, ireme ry’ibicuruzwa by’ibyuma ryatejwe imbere kandi amabwiriza yo kurengera ibidukikije ariyongera. Bamwe mubakora ibyuma bahindukirira ibyuma bya arc itanura ryicyuma, mugihe electrode ya grafite ningirakamaro cyane ku itanura rya arc, bityo bikazamura ubuziranenge bwibisabwa na electrode ya grafite. Guconga ibyuma nicyuma ningenzi murwego rwo gukoresha amashanyarazi ya grafite, bingana na 80% byikoreshwa rya electrode ya grafite. Mu gushonga ibyuma nicyuma, gukora itanura ryamashanyarazi bingana na 50% byikoreshwa rya electrode ya grafite, kandi gutunganya itanura ryo hanze birenga 25% byikoreshwa rya electrode ya grafite. Kw'isi, mu 2015, ijanisha ry'umusaruro rusange w'ibyuma bya peteroli ku isi wari 25.2%, 62.7%, 39.4% na 22.9% muri Amerika, ibihugu 27 bigize Umuryango w’ubumwe bw’ibihugu by’Uburayi n’Ubuyapani, mu gihe mu 2015, Ubushinwa bw’amashanyarazi y’amashanyarazi y’amashanyarazi bugera kuri 5.9%, bukaba bwari munsi y’urwego rw’isi. Mugihe kirekire, tekinoroji yigihe gito ifite ibyiza bigaragara murwego rurerure. Inganda zidasanzwe zibyuma hamwe na EAF nkibikoresho nyamukuru byateganijwe biteganijwe gutera imbere byihuse. Ibikoresho bisakaye byibikoresho fatizo bya EAF bizaba bifite umwanya munini witerambere. Kubwibyo, EAF gukora ibyuma biteganijwe gutera imbere byihuse, bityo bikazamura icyifuzo cya electrode ya grafite. Duhereye kuri tekiniki, EAF nibikoresho byibanze byo gukora ibyuma bigufi. Tekinoroji ngufi yo gukora ibyuma ifite ibyiza bigaragara mubikorwa byiza, kurengera ibidukikije, igiciro cyishoramari ryubaka nigikorwa cyoroshye; uhereye kumanuka, hafi 70% yicyuma kidasanzwe na 100% byibyuma binini cyane mubushinwa bikorwa nitanura rya arc. Mu mwaka wa 2016, umusaruro w’ibyuma bidasanzwe mu Bushinwa ni 1/5 gusa cy’Ubuyapani, kandi ibicuruzwa by’icyuma byo mu rwego rwo hejuru bikorerwa mu Buyapani gusa Umubare w’ibyo byose ni 1/8 gusa cy’Ubuyapani. Iterambere ry'ejo hazaza h'icyuma cyihariye cyo mu rwego rwo hejuru mu Bushinwa kizateza imbere iterambere rya electrode ya grafite ya feri y’amashanyarazi n’itanura ry’amashanyarazi; kubwibyo, kubika umutungo wibyuma no gukoresha ibisigazwa mubushinwa bifite umwanya munini witerambere, kandi umutungo wibanze wo gukora ibyuma byigihe gito mugihe kizaza urakomeye.
Ibisohoka bya electrode ya grafite ihuza nimpinduka zigenda zisohoka mubyuma byamashanyarazi. Kwiyongera k'umusaruro w'icyuma cy'itanura bizatera icyifuzo cya electrode ya grafite mugihe kizaza. Dukurikije imibare y’ishyirahamwe ry’ibyuma n’ibyuma ku isi ndetse n’ishyirahamwe ry’inganda zikoresha inganda za Carbone mu Bushinwa, umusaruro w’icyuma cy’itanura ry’amashanyarazi mu Bushinwa mu 2019 ni toni miliyoni 127.4, naho umusaruro wa electrode ya grafite ni toni 7421000. Umusaruro niterambere ryikigereranyo cya electrode ya grafite mubushinwa bifitanye isano rya hafi n’umusaruro n’ubwiyongere bw’icyuma cy’amashanyarazi mu Bushinwa. Urebye ku musaruro, umusaruro w’icyuma cy’amashanyarazi mu mwaka wa 2011 wageze ku rwego rwo hejuru, nyuma ugabanuka uko umwaka utashye, kandi umusaruro wa electrode ya grafite mu Bushinwa nawo wagabanutse uko umwaka utashye nyuma ya 2011. Mu 2016, Minisiteri y’inganda n’ikoranabuhanga mu itumanaho yinjiye mu ziko ry’amashanyarazi rigera kuri 205 ry’inganda zikora ibyuma, bingana na toni miliyoni 45, bingana na 6.72% by’umusaruro w’ibyuma by’igihugu muri iki gihe. Muri 2017, hiyongereyeho 127, hiyongeraho toni miliyoni 75, bingana na 9.32% by’umusaruro w’ibyuma bya peteroli mu mwaka umwe; muri 2018, hiyongereyeho 34 bishya, hiyongeraho toni miliyoni 100, bingana na 11% by’umusaruro w’ibyuma bya peteroli muri uyu mwaka; muri 2019, itanura ry'amashanyarazi rifite munsi ya 50t ryaravanyweho, kandi ibyubatswe bishya ndetse no mu itanura ry'amashanyarazi mu Bushinwa byari birenga 355, bingana nacyo Byageze kuri 12.8%. Umubare w'itanura ry'amashanyarazi mu Bushinwa uracyari munsi ugereranyije n'isi yose, ariko ikinyuranyo gitangira kugabanuka buhoro buhoro. Uhereye ku kigero cyo gukura, ibisohoka bya grafite electrode yerekana inzira yo guhindagurika no kugabanuka. Muri 2015, igabanuka ryibyuma byibyuma byamashanyarazi bigabanuka, kandi umusaruro wa electrode ya grafite uragabanuka. Umubare wibyuma biva mubyuma mugihe kizaza bizaba binini, bizatwara ahazaza hakenewe amashanyarazi ya grafite ya elegitoronike.
Dukurikije politiki yo guhindura inganda z’ibyuma zatanzwe na Minisiteri y’inganda n’ikoranabuhanga mu itumanaho, birasabwa neza ko "dushishikarizwa guteza imbere uburyo bwo gukora ibyuma bigufi ndetse no gukoresha ibikoresho hamwe n’ibyuma bisakara nkibikoresho fatizo. Kugeza mu 2025, igipimo cy’ibikoresho bikozwe mu byuma by’inganda z’ibyuma by’Ubushinwa ntibizaba munsi ya 30%. Hamwe n’iterambere ry’imigambi ya 14 y’imyaka itanu mu bice bitandukanye, biteganijwe ko iterambere ry’ibanze rizashyirwa mu bikorwa.
Usibye Ubushinwa, ibihugu bikomeye bitanga ibyuma ku isi, nka Amerika, Ubuyapani na Koreya y'Epfo, ahanini ni ugukora ibyuma byo mu itanura ry’amashanyarazi, bisaba electrode nyinshi, mu gihe Ubushinwa bwerekana amashanyarazi ya elegitoronike bingana na 50% by’ubushobozi bw’isi yose, bigatuma Ubushinwa butumiza mu mahanga ibicuruzwa biva mu mahanga. Muri 2018, Ubushinwa bwa grafite ya electrode yoherezwa mu mahanga bwageze kuri toni 287000, bwiyongeraho 21.11% umwaka ushize, bikomeza iterambere, kandi byiyongera cyane mu myaka itatu ikurikiranye. Biteganijwe ko ibicuruzwa byoherezwa mu mahanga bya electrode ya grafite mu Bushinwa biziyongera kugera kuri toni 398000 mu 2023, hamwe n’ubwiyongere buri mwaka bwa 5.5%. Bitewe no kuzamura urwego rwa tekiniki yinganda, ibicuruzwa bya elegitoroniki ya electrode yo mu Bushinwa byamenyekanye buhoro buhoro kandi byemerwa n’abakiriya bo mu mahanga, kandi amafaranga yo kugurisha mu mahanga y’inganda za electrode zo mu Bushinwa ziyongera cyane. Dufashe inganda za mbere za electrode ya electrode mu Bushinwa, hamwe n’iterambere rusange muri rusange inganda za electrode ya electrode, bitewe n’ubushobozi bukomeye bwo guhangana n’ibicuruzwa, karuboni ya Fangda yongereye cyane amafaranga yinjira mu mahanga y’ubucuruzi bwa electrode ya electrode mu myaka ibiri ishize. Igurishwa ryo mu mahanga ryazamutse riva kuri miliyoni 430 z'amadorari mu gihe cy’igihe gito cy’inganda za electrode ya electrode mu mwaka wa 2016 kugeza muri 2018, amafaranga yinjira mu mahanga y’ubucuruzi bwa grafite ya electrode yinjije amafaranga arenga 30% y’amafaranga yinjira mu kigo, kandi impamyabumenyi mpuzamahanga yariyongereye. Hamwe nogukomeza kunoza urwego rwa tekiniki no guhangana n’ibicuruzwa by’inganda zikoresha amashanyarazi ya elegitoronike, Ubushinwa bwerekana amashanyarazi bizamenyekana kandi byizewe n’abakiriya bo mu mahanga. Ibicuruzwa byoherezwa mu mahanga bya electrode ya grafite biteganijwe ko biziyongera cyane, bikazaba ikintu cy'ingenzi mu kuzamura igogorwa ry'umusaruro wa electrode ya grafite mu Bushinwa.
3.2. ingaruka za politiki yo kurengera ibidukikije ku byorezo by’icyorezo itera itangwa rya electrode ya grafite
Imyuka ya karubone yinzira ndende yo gukora ibyuma bigufi mu itanura ryamashanyarazi iragabanuka. Dukurikije gahunda yimyaka 13 yimyaka 5 yinganda zibyuma, ugereranije no gukora ibyuma byamabuye y'icyuma, imyuka ya toni 1,6 ya dioxyde de carbone na toni 3 yimyanda ikomeye irashobora kugabanuka ukoresheje toni 1 yimyanda yicyuma. Urukurikirane rwibikorwa bigira uruhare mubikorwa byinganda nicyuma. Buri nzira izanyura murukurikirane rwimiti nu mubiri. Muri icyo gihe, ubwoko butandukanye bwibisigazwa n’imyanda bizasohoka mugihe ibicuruzwa bikenewe byakozwe. Binyuze mu kubara, dushobora kubona ko mugihe umusaruro umwe wa toni 1 ya slab / bilet, inzira ndende irimo inzira yo gucumura izasohora imyanda myinshi, ikaba ari iya kabiri murwego rurerure rwo gutunganya pellet, mugihe ibyuka bihumanya byatewe no gukora ibyuma byigihe gito biri hasi cyane ugereranije nibikorwa birebire hamwe nibikorwa birebire hamwe na pellet, byerekana ko gukora ibyuma byigihe gito bikora neza. Kugira ngo batsinde urugamba rwo kwirinda ikirere cy’ubururu, intara nyinshi zo mu Bushinwa zasohoye itangazo ry’umusaruro utangaje cyane mu gihe cy’itumba n’impeshyi, kandi zitegura uburyo butangaje bwo gukora ku nganda zikomeye zijyanye na gaze nk'ibyuma, ibidafite ingufu, kokiya, inganda z’imiti, ibikoresho byo kubaka no guta. Muri byo, niba ingufu zikoreshwa, kurengera ibidukikije n’umutekano by’inganda za karubone na ferroalloy zirimo electrode ya grafite itujuje ibyangombwa bisabwa, intara zimwe zasabye neza ko guhagarika umusaruro cyangwa guhagarika umusaruro bizashyirwa mu bikorwa ukurikije uko ibintu bimeze.
3.3. itangwa n'ibisabwa bya grafite electrode igenda ihinduka buhoro buhoro
Umusonga wa coronavirus umusonga watewe no kudindira kw’ubukungu ku isi ndetse n’ingaruka zimwe na zimwe zo gukumira ibicuruzwa mu gice cya mbere cy’umwaka wa 2020, byatumye electrode ya grafite haba mu isoko ry’imbere mu gihugu ndetse n’amahanga ndetse n’ibiciro by’igurisha byagabanutse, kandi inganda za electrode ya electrode mu nganda yagabanije umusaruro, ihagarika umusaruro kandi igira igihombo. Mu gihe gito kandi giciriritse, usibye ibiteganijwe ko Ubushinwa buzamura icyifuzo cya electrode ya grafite, ubushobozi bwa electrode ya grafite yo mu mahanga irashobora kuba mike bitewe n’icyorezo cy’icyorezo, ibyo bikazakomeza gukaza umurego ikibazo cyo gutanga amashanyarazi akomeye.
Kuva mu gihembwe cya kane 2020, ibarura rya electrode ya electrode ryagiye rigabanuka ubudahwema, kandi igipimo cyo gutangira imishinga cyiyongereye. Kuva mu mwaka wa 2019, muri rusange itangwa rya electrode ya grafite mu Bushinwa ryarenze urugero, kandi imishinga ya electrode ya grafite nayo igenzura neza itangira. Nubwo ubukungu bwifashe nabi ku isi mu 2020, ingaruka z’inganda z’ibyuma z’amahanga zatewe na COVID-19 muri rusange ziragenda neza, ariko umusaruro w’ibyuma bya peteroli mu Bushinwa ukomeje kwiyongera. Nyamara, igiciro cyisoko rya electrode ya electrode yibasiwe nisoko ryinshi, kandi igiciro gikomeje kugabanuka, kandi imishinga ya electrode ya grafite yagize igihombo kinini. Bimwe mu bigo bikomeye bya elegitoroniki ya electrode mu Bushinwa byakoresheje cyane ibarura muri Mata na Gicurasi 2020. Kugeza ubu, itangwa n’ibisabwa ku isoko rikomeye kandi rinini riri hafi y’ibicuruzwa n’ibisabwa. Nubwo icyifuzo kidahindutse, umunsi wo gutanga byinshi hamwe nibisabwa uza vuba.
Iterambere ryihuse ryibicuruzwa byakuweho biteza imbere icyifuzo. Ikoreshwa ry'ibyuma bisakaye ryiyongereye riva kuri toni miliyoni 88.29 muri 2014 rigera kuri toni miliyoni 18781 muri 2018, naho CAGR igera kuri 20.8%. Hafunguwe politiki y’igihugu ku bicuruzwa bitumizwa mu mahanga ndetse no kongera umubare w’itanura ry’amashanyarazi, biteganijwe ko ikoreshwa ry’ibyuma bizakomeza kwiyongera vuba. Ku rundi ruhande, kubera ko igiciro cy’ibyuma bishaje byibasiwe ahanini n’ibisabwa mu mahanga, igiciro cy’ibicuruzwa byo mu mahanga cyazamutse cyane mu gice cya kabiri cy’umwaka wa 2020 kubera ingaruka z’Ubushinwa bwatangiye gutumiza ibicuruzwa hanze. Kugeza ubu, igiciro cy’ibyuma bishaje kiri ku rwego rwo hejuru, kandi cyatangiye gusubira inyuma kuva mu 2021. Kugabanuka kw’ibisabwa biterwa n’ingaruka z’ibyorezo by’amahanga mu mahanga biteganijwe ko bizakomeza kugira ingaruka ku igabanuka ry’ibyuma bishaje. Biteganijwe ko igiciro cyibyuma bishaje bizakomeza kwibasirwa mugice cya mbere cyumwaka wa 2021 Uruzitiro ruzanyeganyega kandi rumanuka, ari nako rufasha kunoza igipimo cyo gutangira itanura no gukenera electrode ya grafite.
Icyifuzo rusange cy’icyuma cy’amashanyarazi ku isi n’icyuma kitari itanura muri 2019 na 2020 ni toni 1376800 na toni miliyoni 14723. Biteganijwe ko isi yose izakenera kwiyongera mu myaka itanu iri imbere, ikazagera kuri toni miliyoni 2.1444 mu 2025.Icyifuzo cy’ibyuma by’itanura ry’amashanyarazi ni cyo cyinshi muri rusange. Biteganijwe ko icyifuzo kizagera kuri toni miliyoni 1.8995 muri 2025.
Isi yose ikenera amashanyarazi ya grafite muri 2019 na 2020 ni toni 1376800 na toni miliyoni 14723. Biteganijwe ko isi yose izakenera kwiyongera mu myaka itanu iri imbere, bikaba biteganijwe ko izagera kuri toni miliyoni 2.1444 mu 2025. Hagati aho, mu 2021 na 2022, ku isi hose itangwa rya electrode ya grafite yari hejuru ya toni 267 na 16000. Nyuma ya 2023, hazabura ikibazo cyo gutanga, hamwe na toni -17900, toni 39000 na -24000.
Muri 2019 na 2020, isi yose ikenera amashanyarazi ya UHP ni 9087000 na toni 986400. Biteganijwe ko isi yose izakenera kwiyongera mu myaka itanu iri imbere, ikagera kuri toni zigera kuri miliyoni 1.608 mu 2025. Hagati aho, mu 2021 na 2022, ku isi hose amashanyarazi ya grafite yari hejuru ya toni 775 na 61500. Nyuma ya 2023, hazabura ikibazo cyo gutanga, hamwe na toni -08000, toni 26300 na -67300.
Kuva mu gice cya kabiri cya 2020 kugeza Mutarama2021, igiciro cyisi yose ya ultra-power-power grafite electrode yagabanutse kuva kuri 27000 / t igera kuri 24000 / T. byagereranijwe ko ikigo gikuru gishobora gukomeza kubona inyungu ya 1922-2067 yuan / toni kubiciro biriho. Mu 2021, isi yose ikenera amashanyarazi ya ultra-high-power-grafite electrode izarushaho kwiyongera, cyane cyane ko ibicuruzwa byoherezwa mu mahanga biteganijwe ko bizakomeza gukurura ibyifuzo bya ultra-high-power-grafite, kandi igipimo cyo gutangira amashanyarazi kizakomeza kwiyongera. Biteganijwe ko igiciro cya UHP grafite electrode muri 2021 kiziyongera kugera kuri 26000 / t mugice cya kabiri cyumwaka, kandi inyungu iziyongera kugera kuri 3922-4067 yuan / toni. Hamwe nogukomeza kwiyongera kwicyifuzo cya ultra-high power grafite electrode mugihe kizaza, umwanya winyungu uziyongera.
Kuva muri Mutarama2021, igiciro cyisi yose ya power grafite electrode isanzwe ni 11500-12500 yuan / toni. Ukurikije igiciro kiriho nigiciro cyisoko, inyungu ya electrode isanzwe ya grafite iteganijwe kuba -264-1404 yuan / toni, ikiri mubihombo. Igiciro kiriho cya electrode ya grafite ifite ingufu zisanzwe cyazamutse kiva ku 10000 yuan / toni mu gihembwe cya gatatu cya 2020 kigera kuri 12500 Yuan / T. hamwe n’ubukungu bwagiye bwiyongera buhoro buhoro ubukungu bw’isi, cyane cyane muri politiki yo kutabogama kwa karubone, icyifuzo cy’icyuma cy’itanura cyiyongera cyane, kandi n’ikoreshwa rya electrode isanzwe ya grafite nayo iziyongera cyane. Biteganijwe ko igiciro cya electrode ya grafite nimbaraga zisanzwe zizamurwa hejuru yikiguzi mugihembwe cya gatatu cya 2021, kandi inyungu izagerwaho. Hamwe nisi yose ikenera grafite electrode yingufu rusange ikomeza kwiyongera mugihe kizaza, umwanya winyungu uzagenda wiyongera buhoro buhoro.
4. Uburyo bwo guhatanira inganda za grafite electrode mu Bushinwa
Hagati yinganda za electrode yinganda ni grafite ya electrode ikora, hamwe nibigo byigenga nkabitabira. Ubushinwa bwa grafite ya electrode ikora hafi 50% yumusaruro wisi yose ya electrode. Nka ruganda ruza imbere mu nganda za elegitoroniki ya electrode mu Bushinwa, umugabane w’isoko rya kare kare ya karubone ya elegitoronike mu Bushinwa urenga 20%, kandi ubushobozi bwa electrode ya grafite ni iya gatatu ku isi. Ku bijyanye n’ubuziranenge bwibicuruzwa, ibigo bikuru mu nganda za electrode ya electrode mu Bushinwa bifite irushanwa mpuzamahanga rikomeye, kandi tekiniki y’ibicuruzwa igera ku rwego rw’ibicuruzwa bisa n’abanywanyi b’amahanga. Hariho gusiba ku isoko rya grafite ya electrode. Isoko rya ultra-high-power grafite electrode yiganjemo cyane cyane inganda zambere mu nganda, kandi ibigo bine byambere bifite imigabane irenga 80% kumasoko yisoko rya UHP grafite electrode, kandi kwibanda muruganda biragaragara.
Mu isoko rya ultra-high power grafite electrode isoko, inganda nini za electrode nini ya elegitoronike yo hagati igira imbaraga zikomeye zo guhahirana mu nganda zikora ibyuma byo hasi, kandi bisaba abakiriya bo hasi kwishyura kugirango batange ibicuruzwa badatanze igihe cya konti. Imbaraga nini nimbaraga zisanzwe za grafite electrode zifite igipimo gito cya tekiniki, irushanwa rikomeye kumasoko hamwe namarushanwa akomeye. Mu isoko ry’ingufu nyinshi kandi zisanzwe zifite ingufu za grafite ya electrode, ihura ninganda zikora ibyuma hamwe n’ibicuruzwa byinshi byamanutse epfo na ruguru, ibigo bito n'ibiciriritse biciriritse bya elegitoronike bifite imbaraga nke zo guhahirana kugeza hasi, ku buryo biha abakiriya igihe cya konti cyangwa bikagabanya ibiciro kugira ngo bahatane ku isoko. Byongeye kandi, kubera impamvu zo gukumira ibidukikije bikumira, ubushobozi bw’ibigo byo hagati ni bike cyane, kandi muri rusange igipimo cy’imikoreshereze y’inganda kiri munsi ya 70%. Ibigo bimwe ndetse bigaragara nkikintu cyo gutegekwa guhagarika umusaruro ubuziraherezo. Niba iterambere ryinganda zishongesha ibyuma, fosifore yumuhondo nibindi bikoresho fatizo byinganda munsi ya electrode ya grafite bigabanuka, icyifuzo cyisoko rya electrode ya grafite ntigabanuka, kandi igiciro cya electrode ya grafite ntikizamuka cyane, izamuka ryibiciro byogukora bizatuma habaho kubaho imishinga mito n'iciriritse idafite ubushobozi bwo guhatanira isoko, cyangwa buhoro buhoro gusohoka mumasoko ya electrode.
Nyuma ya 2017, hamwe n’ubwiyongere bwihuse bw’inyungu mu gukora ibyuma byo mu itanura ry’amashanyarazi, icyifuzo nigiciro cya electrode ya grafite kubikoresho byo gukora itanura ryamashanyarazi nabyo byiyongereye byihuse. Inyungu rusange yinganda za grafite electrode yiyongereye cyane. Inganda mu nganda zaguye umusaruro wazo. Ibigo bimwe byaretse isoko byatangiye gukoreshwa buhoro buhoro. Uhereye ku musaruro rusange wa grafite electrode, kwibanda ku nganda byagabanutse. Dufashe urugero rwa karubone ya mbere ya karubone ya electrode ya grafite, umugabane rusange w’isoko wagabanutse uva kuri 30% muri 2016 ugera kuri 25% muri 2018. Icyakora, kubijyanye no gutondekanya ibicuruzwa bya electrode ya grafite, amarushanwa ku isoko ryinganda yagiye atandukana. Bitewe nubuhanga buhanitse bwa tekinoroji ya ultra-high-power grafite electrode, umugabane wamasoko yibicuruzwa bifite ingufu-nini cyane birusheho kunozwa no kurekura umusaruro w’ibikorwa bikuru by’inganda bifite ingufu zijyanye na tekiniki, kandi ibigo bine bya mbere bingana na 80% by’isoko ry’ibicuruzwa bifite ingufu zidasanzwe. Kubijyanye nimbaraga zisanzwe hamwe nimbaraga nini ya grafite electrode ifite ibisabwa bya tekiniki nkeya, irushanwa kumasoko riragenda ryiyongera buhoro buhoro kubera kongera guhuza ibigo bito n'ibiciriritse bifite imbaraga nke za tekiniki no kwagura umusaruro.
Nyuma yimyaka ibarirwa muri za mirongo yiterambere, binyuze muburyo bwo gutangiza ikoranabuhanga rya grafite ya electrode, inganda nini nini za grafite electrode mu Bushinwa zize ubuhanga bwibanze bwo gukora amashanyarazi. Urwego rw'ikoranabuhanga n'ikoranabuhanga urwego rwa elegitoronike ya elegitoronike igereranywa n'iy'abanywanyi bo mu mahanga, kandi hamwe n'ibyiza byo gukora neza, inganda zo mu Bushinwa zikoresha amashanyarazi zigenda zigira uruhare runini mu marushanwa ku isoko mpuzamahanga.
5. Ibyifuzo byishoramari
Ku isoko rirangiye, kwibanda ku nganda za electrode ya electrode iracyafite umwanya wo gutera imbere, kurengera ibidukikije no kugabanya umusaruro byongera umubare w’amashanyarazi y’itanura ry’amashanyarazi, kandi iterambere rusange ry’inganda za electrode ni nziza. Kuruhande rwibisabwa, hagamijwe kuzamura umusaruro no kugabanya gukoresha ingufu, ejo hazaza toni 100-150 UHP EAF nicyerekezo nyamukuru cyiterambere, kandi iterambere rya UHP EAF nicyerekezo rusange. Nka kimwe mu bikoresho byingenzi bya UHP EAF, ibyifuzo bya nini nini cyane ultra-high-power grafite electrode biteganijwe ko byiyongera kurushaho.
Iterambere ryinganda za electrode ya electrode ryaragabanutse mumyaka ibiri ishize. Imikorere yamasosiyete akomeye ya grafite ya electrode ya electrode yagabanutse cyane muri 2020. Inganda rusange ziri murwego rwo gutegereza bike no kudahabwa agaciro. Ariko, twizera ko hamwe nogutezimbere ibintu byibanze byinganda no kugaruka gahoro gahoro igiciro cya electrode ya grafite kugeza kurwego rushimishije, imikorere yinganda zikomeye muruganda zizungukirwa byimazeyo no kuzamuka kwisoko rya grafite ya electrode. Mu bihe biri imbere, Ubushinwa bufite umwanya munini wo guteza imbere uruganda rukora ibyuma bigufi, bizagirira akamaro iterambere rya electrode ya grafite ya EAF-mugihe gito. Birasabwa ko ibigo byambere mubijyanye na grafite electrode bigomba kwibanda.
6. Inama
Umubare w’inganda zikora ibyuma byo mu ziko mu Bushinwa ntabwo utegerejwe, kandi igiciro cyibikoresho fatizo bya electrode ya grafite ihindagurika cyane.
Igihe cyo kohereza: Apr-13-2021