1. Iterambere ry'inganda z'ibyuma rituma habaho kwiyongera kw'ubukene ku isi hose bwa electrodes za grafiti
1.1 Incamake y'ikoreshwa rya electrode ya grafiti
Electrode ya grafitini ubwoko bw'ibikoresho bitwara icyuma bya grafiti birwanya ubushyuhe bwinshi. Ni ubwoko bw'ibikoresho bitwara icyuma bya grafiti birwanya ubushyuhe bwinshi, bikorwa binyuze mu gusya ibikoresho fatizo, gusya ifu, gusya, kuvanga, gukora, guteka, gutera inda, gukoresha graphite no gutunganya mashini, byitwa electrode ya grafiti y'ubukorano (electrode ya grafiti) kugira ngo bitandukanye n'ikoreshwa ry'ijuru. Ariko, grafiti ni electrode karemano ya grafiti ikozwe mu bikoresho fatizo. Electrode za grafiti zishobora gutwara umuriro no gutanga amashanyarazi, bityo zigashongesha ibyuma cyangwa ibindi bikoresho fatizo mu itanura riturika kugira ngo zikore icyuma n'ibindi bikoresho fatizo, ahanini bikoreshwa mu gukora icyuma. Electrode ya grafiti ni ubwoko bw'ibikoresho bifite ubushobozi buke bwo guhangana n'ubushyuhe mu itanura rinini. Ibintu by'ingenzi biranga ikorwa rya electrode ya grafiti ni ukwezi kure (ubusanzwe kumara amezi atatu kugeza kuri atanu), gukoresha ingufu nyinshi no gukora ibintu bigoye.
Ibikoresho fatizo biri hejuru y’uruhererekane rw’inganda za electrode za grafiti ahanini ni coke ya peteroli na needle coke, kandi ibikoresho fatizo bigize igice kinini cy’ikiguzi cy’umusaruro wa electrode ya grafiti, birenga 65%, kuko hakiri icyuho kinini hagati y’ikoranabuhanga n’ikoranabuhanga mu Bushinwa mu gukora needle coke ugereranije na Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika n’Ubuyapani, ubwiza bwa needle coke yo mu gihugu biragoye kwemeza, bityo Ubushinwa buracyafite icyizere kinini ku itumizwa mu mahanga rya needle coke nziza. Mu 2018, isoko ryose rya needle coke mu Bushinwa ni toni 418000, kandi itumizwa mu mahanga rya needle coke mu Bushinwa rigera kuri toni 218000, birenga 50%; ikoreshwa ry’ingenzi rya electrode ya grafiti ni ugukora ibyuma mu ifuru y’amashanyarazi.
Uburyo busanzwe bwo gushyira electrode ya grafiti mu byiciro bushingiye ku miterere y’ibicuruzwa byarangiye. Muri ubu buryo bwo gushyira mu byiciro, electrode ya grafiti ishobora kugabanywamo electrode isanzwe ya grafiti, electrode ya grafiti ifite imbaraga nyinshi na electrode ya grafiti ifite imbaraga nyinshi. Electrode za grafiti zifite imbaraga zitandukanye zitandukanye mu bikoresho fatizo, ubushobozi bwo guhagarara kwa electrode, modulus ya elastic, imbaraga zo guhindagurika, ingano y’ubushyuhe, ubucucike bw’umuyoboro w’amashanyarazi n’imirima ikoreshwa.
1.2. Isuzuma ry'amateka y'iterambere rya electrode ya grafiti mu Bushinwa
Electrode ya grafiti ikoreshwa cyane cyane mu gushongesha ibyuma n'ibyuma. Iterambere ry'inganda za grafiti mu Bushinwa rijyanye n'uburyo bwo kuvugurura inganda z'ibyuma n'ibyuma mu Bushinwa. Electrode ya grafiti mu Bushinwa yatangiye mu myaka ya 1950, kandi imaze kugira ibyiciro bitatu kuva yavuka.
Biteganijwe ko isoko rya electrode ya grafiti rizongera gusubira inyuma mu 2021. Mu gice cya mbere cya 2020, cyagizweho ingaruka n’icyorezo, icyifuzo cy’imbere mu gihugu cyaragabanutse cyane, ibyoherejwe n’amahanga byatinze, kandi umubare munini w’ibicuruzwa byagurishijwe wagize ingaruka ku isoko ry’imbere mu gihugu. Muri Gashyantare 2020, igiciro cya electrode ya grafiti cyazamutse igihe gito, ariko vuba aha intambara y’ibiciro yarakomeye. Biteganijwe ko bitewe n’uko amasoko yo mu gihugu no mu mahanga agarutse ndetse n’iterambere ry’ibikoresho by’amashanyarazi bishongeshwa hakurikijwe politiki yo mu gihugu yo kugabanya karubone, isoko rya electrode ya grafiti ryitezwe gusubira inyuma. Kuva mu 2020, bitewe n’uko igiciro cya electrode ya grafiti kigabanuka kandi kigenda gihindagurika, icyifuzo cy’imbere mu gihugu cya electrode ya grafiti yo gukora ibyuma bya EAF kirimo kwiyongera buhoro buhoro, kandi ingano y’amashanyarazi ya grafiti yoherezwa mu mahanga iriyongera buhoro buhoro, ubwinshi bw’inganda za electrode ya grafiti mu Bushinwa buziyongera buhoro buhoro, kandi inganda zizagenda zikura buhoro buhoro.
2. Imiterere y'ibitangwa n'ibikenewe bya electrode ya grafiti yitezweho gusubira inyuma
2.1. Ihindagurika ry'ibiciro ku isi rya electrode ya grafiti ni rinini ugereranyije
Kuva mu 2014 kugeza mu 2016, bitewe n’igabanuka ry’ibikenewe mu buryo butunguranye, isoko ry’amashanyarazi ku isi rya graphite electrode ryaragabanutse, kandi igiciro cya graphite electrode cyakomeje kuba gito. Kubera ko ari cyo gikoresho cy’ingenzi cya graphite electrode, igiciro cya needle coke cyagabanutse kigera ku madolari 562.2 kuri toni mu 2016. Kubera ko Ubushinwa ari bwo butumiza hanze ya needle coke, icyifuzo cy’Ubushinwa cyagize ingaruka zikomeye ku giciro cya needle coke hanze y’Ubushinwa. Kubera ko ubushobozi bw’inganda za graphite electrode bwagabanutse munsi y’umurongo w’ikiguzi cyo gukora mu 2016, ububiko bw’ibikoresho bya sociale bwageze ku rwego rwo hasi. Mu 2017, politiki yahagaritse itanura rikoreshwa mu byuma bya Di Tiao, maze icyuma kinini cyinjira mu ruganda rw'ibyuma, byatumye umubare munini w'abakenera inganda za electrode za grafiti wiyongera mu buryo butunguranye mu Bushinwa mu gice cya kabiri cya 2017. Ukwiyongera kw'abakenera electrode ya grafiti byatumye igiciro cya nele coke kizamuka cyane mu 2017, kigera ku madolari y'Amerika 3769.9 kuri toni mu 2019, kizamukaho inshuro 5.7 ugereranije n'umwaka wa 2016.
Mu myaka yashize, uruhande rwa politiki y’imbere mu gihugu rwashyigikiye kandi ruyobora uburyo bwo gukora ibyuma bya EAF aho gukoresha ibyuma bihindura imiterere y’icyuma, byateje imbere ukwiyongera kw’abashaka electrode ya grafiti mu nganda z’icyuma zo mu Bushinwa. Kuva mu 2017, isoko ry’ibyuma rya EAF ku isi ryarazamutse, bituma habaho ibura ry’amashanyarazi ya grafiti ku isi. Ubukene bwa electrode ya grafiti hanze y’Ubushinwa bwariyongereye cyane mu 2017 kandi igiciro cyageze ku rwego rwo hejuru. Kuva icyo gihe, bitewe n’ishoramari rikabije, umusaruro n’igurwa ry’ibintu, isoko rifite ububiko bwinshi cyane, kandi igiciro mpuzandengo cya electrode ya grafiti cyaragabanutse cyane mu 2019. Mu 2019, igiciro cya electrode ya grafiti ya uhhp cyari gihagaze ku madolari y’Amerika 8824.0 kuri toni, ariko cyakomeje kuba hejuru ugereranyije n’igiciro cya kera mbere ya 2016.
Mu gice cya mbere cya 2020, COVID-19 yatumye igiciro cy’igurishwa rya electrode za grafiti cyagabanuka cyane, kandi igiciro cya needle coke cyo mu gihugu cyagabanuka kiva kuri yuan 8000 / toni kigera kuri yuan 4500 / toni mu mpera za Kanama, cyangwa 43.75%. Igiciro cy’umusaruro wa needle coke mu Bushinwa ni yuan 5000-6000 / toni, kandi inganda nyinshi ziri munsi y’inyungu n’igihombo. Uko ubukungu bugenda buzamuka, umusaruro n’ubucuruzi bwa electrode za grafiti mu Bushinwa byazamutse kuva muri Kanama, igipimo cyo gutangira cy’ibyuma bikoresha amashanyarazi cyakomeje kuba 65%, ishyaka ry’inganda z’ibyuma ryo kugura electrode za grafiti ryariyongereye, kandi urutonde rw’abashaka isoko ryo kohereza ibicuruzwa mu mahanga rwariyongereye buhoro buhoro. Igiciro cya electrode ya grafiti nacyo cyakomeje kuzamuka kuva muri Nzeri 2020. Igiciro cya electrode ya grafiti muri rusange cyazamutseho yuan 500-1500 / toni, kandi igiciro cyo kohereza ibicuruzwa mu mahanga cyariyongereye cyane.
Kuva mu 2021, hibasiwe n’icyorezo mu Ntara ya Hebei, inganda nyinshi za electrode za grafiti zafunzwe kandi imodoka zitwara abantu ziragenzurwa cyane, kandi electrode za grafiti zo mu gace ntizishobora gucuruzwa mu buryo busanzwe. Igiciro cy’ibicuruzwa bisanzwe n’ibikoresha ingufu nyinshi ku isoko rya electrode ya grafiti yo mu gihugu cyariyongereye. Igiciro cy’ibipimo bya uhp450mm bifite 30% by’ibipimo bya needle coke ku isoko ni 15-15500 yuan / toni, naho igiciro cy’ibipimo bya uhp600mm ni 185-19500 yuan / toni, cyazamutse kiva kuri 500-2000 yuan / toni. Igiciro cy’ibikoresho fatizo kizamuka kandi gishyigikira igiciro cya electrode ya grafiti. Kuri ubu, igiciro cya needle coke mu mashanyarazi yo mu gihugu ni 7000 yuan, urukurikirane rw’amavuta ni 7800, naho igiciro cyo gutumiza mu mahanga ni amadolari ya Amerika agera ku 1500. Nk’uko amakuru ya Bachuan abivuga, bamwe mu bakinnyi bakomeye batumije isoko ry’ibicuruzwa muri Gashyantare. Bitewe n’uko abacuruzi b’ibikoresho fatizo bakomeye mu gihugu no mu mahanga babungabungwa mu buryo buhuriweho muri Mata, biteganijwe ko electrode ya grafiti yo mu 2021 izakomeza kwiyongera mu gice cya mbere cy’umwaka. Ariko, hamwe n’izamuka ry’ibiciro, irangira ry’ingufu zo gushongesha itanura ry’amashanyarazi rizaba rike, kandi igiciro cya electrode ya grafiti mu gice cya kabiri cy’umwaka biteganijwe ko kizakomeza kumera neza.
2.2. Ahantu ho gukura electrode ya grafiti nziza cyane mu gihugu no mu mbaraga nyinshi ni hanini
Umusaruro wa electrode za grafiti mu mahanga uragabanuka, kandi ubushobozi bwo gukora ahanini ni electrode za grafiti zifite ingufu nyinshi cyane. Kuva mu 2014 kugeza 2019, umusaruro wa electrode ya grafiti ku isi (usibye Ubushinwa) wagabanutse kuva kuri toni 800000 ugera kuri toni 710000, hamwe n'umuvuduko w'izamuka ry'umwaka rya - 2.4%. Bitewe no gusenya inganda zifite ubushobozi buke, kuvugurura no gusana ibidukikije mu gihe kirekire, ubushobozi n'umusaruro hanze y'Ubushinwa bikomeje kugabanuka, kandi icyuho kiri hagati y'umusaruro n'ikoreshwa ryuzuzwa na electrode za grafiti zoherezwa mu mahanga n'Ubushinwa. Uhereye ku miterere y'ibicuruzwa, umusaruro wa electrode za grafiti zifite ingufu nyinshi cyane mu mahanga ungana na 90% by'umusaruro wose wa electrode zose za grafiti (usibye Ubushinwa). Electrode ya grafiti ifite ubuziranenge kandi ifite ingufu nyinshi cyane ikoreshwa cyane cyane mu gukora ibyuma bitagira umugese n'ibyuma byihariye. Uruganda rukora rukenera ibipimo byinshi bya fiziki na chimique nk'ubucucike, ubukana n'ivu ry'ibyo bikoresho.
Umusaruro wa electrode ya grafiti mu Bushinwa wakomeje kwiyongera, kandi ubushobozi bwo gukora electrode ya grafiti nziza kandi ifite imbaraga nyinshi ni buke. Umusaruro wa electrode ya grafiti mu Bushinwa wagabanutse uva kuri toni 570000 mu 2014 ugera kuri toni 500000 mu 2016. Umusaruro w'Ubushinwa wongeye kwiyongera kuva mu 2017 ugera kuri toni 800000 mu 2019. Ugereranyije n'isoko ry'amashanyarazi ya grafiti ku isi, abakora mu gihugu bafite ubushobozi bwo gukora electrode ya grafiti ifite ingufu nyinshi, ariko kuri graphite nziza kandi ifite ingufu nyinshi, ubushobozi bwo gukora mu gihugu ni buke cyane. Muri 2019, umusaruro wa electrode ya grafiti ifite ingufu nyinshi mu Bushinwa ni toni 86000 gusa, bingana na 10% by'umusaruro wose, bitandukanye cyane n'imiterere y'ibicuruzwa bya electrode ya grafiti byo mu mahanga.
Ukurikije uko abantu babyifuza, ikoreshwa rya electrode za grafiti ku isi (usibye Ubushinwa) muri 2014-2019 rihora riruta umusaruro, kandi nyuma ya 2017, ikoreshwa ryiyongera buri mwaka. Muri 2019, ikoreshwa rya electrode za grafiti ku isi (usibye Ubushinwa) ryari toni 890000. Kuva mu 2014 kugeza 2015, ikoreshwa rya electrode za grafiti mu Bushinwa ryagabanutse kuva kuri toni 390000 kugera kuri toni 360000, kandi umusaruro wa electrode za grafiti nziza kandi zifite imbaraga nyinshi wagabanutse kuva kuri toni 23800 kugera kuri toni 20300. Kuva mu 2016 kugeza 2017, bitewe no kuzamuka buhoro buhoro k'ubushobozi bw'isoko ry'icyuma mu Bushinwa, igipimo cy'ubukorikori bwa EAF kiriyongera. Hagati aho, umubare wa EAF zo mu rwego rwo hejuru zikoreshwa n'inganda z'ibyuma uriyongera. Ubusabe bw'amashanyarazi ya grafiti yo mu rwego rwo hejuru bwiyongereyeho toni 580000 mu 2019, muri bwo, ubusabe bw'amashanyarazi ya grafiti yo mu rwego rwo hejuru bw'amashanyarazi bugera kuri toni 66300, naho CAGR muri 2017-2019 igera kuri 68%. Electrode ya grafiti (cyane cyane electrode ya grafiti yo mu rwego rwo hejuru) yitezweho guhaza ubusabe bushingiye ku kurengera ibidukikije n'umusaruro muke ku mpera y'umusaruro ndetse n'ubudahangarwa bw'icyuma cyo mu itanura ku mpera y'umusaruro.
3. Iterambere ry'ingufu zishongeshwa mu buryo bw'igihe gito ritera iterambere rya electrode ya grafiti
3.1. Gusaba itanura rishya ry'amashanyarazi kugira ngo ritware electrode ya grafiti
Inganda z'ibyuma ni imwe mu nganda z'ingenzi mu iterambere ry'imibereho myiza n'iterambere. Mu myaka ya vuba aha, umusaruro w'ibyuma bishaje ku isi wakomeje gutera imbere. Ibyuma bikoreshwa cyane mu nganda z'imodoka, ubwubatsi, gupakira no mu nzira za gari ya moshi, kandi ikoreshwa ry'ibyuma ku isi na ryo ryakomeje kwiyongera. Muri icyo gihe, ireme ry'ibicuruzwa by'ibyuma ryararushijeho kunozwa kandi amategeko yo kurengera ibidukikije arimo kwiyongera. Bamwe mu bakora ibyuma bihindukirira gukora ibyuma bishya, mu gihe electrode ya grafiti ari ingenzi cyane ku itanura rya arc, bityo bikanoza ibisabwa ku bwiza bwa electrode ya grafiti. Gushongesha ibyuma n'icyuma ni byo electrode ya grafiti ikoreshwa cyane, ingana na 80% by'ikoreshwa ryose rya electrode ya grafiti. Mu gushongesha ibyuma n'icyuma, gukora ibyuma bishya mu itanura rikoresha amashanyarazi bingana na 50% by'ikoreshwa ryose rya electrode ya grafiti, naho gutunganya hanze y'itanura bingana na 25% by'ikoreshwa ryose rya electrode ya grafiti. Mu 2015, ku isi, igipimo cy'umusaruro wose w'ibyuma bikozwe mu buryo bwa kera ku isi cyari 25.2%, 62.7%, 39.4% na 22.9% muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika, ibihugu 27 by'Umuryango w'Ubumwe bw'u Burayi n'Ubuyapani, mu gihe mu 2015, umusaruro w'ibyuma bikozwe mu itanura ry'amashanyarazi mu Bushinwa wari 5.9%, wari munsi cyane y'urwego rw'isi. Mu gihe kirekire, ikoranabuhanga rikoreshwa mu buryo bwa bugufi rifite inyungu zigaragara ugereranyije n'uburyo bwa kera. Inganda zihariye z'ibyuma zifite EAF nk'ibikoresho by'ingenzi mu gukora zitezweho gutera imbere vuba. Umutungo w'ibikoresho fatizo bya EAF ibyuma uzagira umwanya munini mu iterambere ry'ejo hazaza. Kubwibyo, EAF ikora ibyuma bikozwe mu buryo bwa kera biteganijwe gutera imbere vuba, bityo byongera ibyifuzo bya electrode ya grafiti. Mu rwego rwa tekiniki, EAF ni yo bikoresho by'ingenzi mu gukora ibyuma bikozwe mu buryo bwa bugufi. Ikoranabuhanga ryo gukora ibyuma bikozwe mu buryo bwa bugufi rifite inyungu zigaragara mu mikorere myiza, kurengera ibidukikije, ishoramari mu bwubatsi n'uburyo bworoshye bwo gukora; Kuva mu mpera z'uruzi, hafi 70% by'ibyuma byihariye na 100% by'ibyuma byinshi bya alloy mu Bushinwa bikorerwa mu itanura ry'umusenyi. Mu 2016, umusaruro w'ibyuma byihariye mu Bushinwa ni 1/5 gusa cy'ibyo mu Buyapani, kandi ibicuruzwa byihariye by'ibyuma bigezweho bikorerwa mu Buyapani gusa. Igipimo cy'ibiteranyo byose ni 1/8 gusa cy'ibyo mu Buyapani. Iterambere ry'ibyuma byihariye mu Bushinwa mu gihe kizaza rizatera imbere electrode ya grafiti ku byuma bikoresha amashanyarazi n'itanura ry'amashanyarazi; bityo, kubika umutungo w'icyuma n'ibisigazwa by'ibikoresho mu Bushinwa bifite umwanya munini wo guteza imbere, kandi umutungo ukomoka ku gukora ibyuma mu gihe gito mu gihe kizaza urakomeye.
Umusaruro wa electrode ya grafiti ujyanye n'impinduka mu mikorere y'icyuma gikoreshwa mu itanura ry'amashanyarazi. Ukwiyongera k'umusaruro w'icyuma gikoreshwa mu itanura bizatuma electrode ya grafiti ikenerwa cyane mu gihe kizaza. Dukurikije imibare y'ishyirahamwe ry'isi ry'icyuma n'icyuma hamwe n'ishyirahamwe ry'inganda za karuboni ry'Ubushinwa, umusaruro w'icyuma gikoreshwa mu itanura ry'amashanyarazi mu Bushinwa mu 2019 ni toni miliyoni 127.4, naho umusaruro wa electrode ya grafiti ni toni 7421000. Umusaruro n'izamuka rya electrode ya grafiti mu Bushinwa bifitanye isano rya hafi n'umusaruro n'izamuka ry'icyuma gikoreshwa mu itanura ry'amashanyarazi mu Bushinwa. Mu rwego rwo gukora, umusaruro w'icyuma gikoreshwa mu itanura ry'amashanyarazi mu 2011 wageze ku rwego rwo hejuru, hanyuma ugabanuka umwaka ku wundi, kandi umusaruro wa electrode ya grafiti mu Bushinwa nawo waragabanutse umwaka ku wundi nyuma ya 2011. Mu 2016, Minisiteri y'inganda n'ikoranabuhanga mu itumanaho yinjiye mu matanura y'amashanyarazi agera kuri 205 y'ibigo bikora ibyuma, hamwe n'umusaruro wa toni miliyoni 45, bingana na 6.72% by'umusaruro w'icyuma cya kera mu gihugu muri uyu mwaka. Mu 2017, hongeweho andi mashya 127, aho umusaruro wa toni miliyoni 75, bingana na 9.32% by'umusaruro wose w'ibyuma byakozwe mu mwaka umwe; mu 2018, hongeweho andi mashya 34, aho umusaruro wa toni miliyoni 100, bingana na 11% by'umusaruro wose w'ibyuma byakozwe mu mwaka uyu; mu 2019, amatanura y'amashanyarazi afite munsi ya toni 50 yarakuweho, kandi amatanura y'amashanyarazi mashya yubatswe kandi arimo gukorwa mu Bushinwa yari arenga 355, bingana na 12.8%. Igipimo cy'ibikoresho byo gukora ibyuma byakozwe mu matanura y'amashanyarazi mu Bushinwa kiracyari hasi ugereranyije n'impuzandengo y'isi, ariko icyuho gitangira kugabanuka buhoro buhoro. Ukurikije igipimo cy'iterambere, umusaruro wa electrode ya grafiti ugaragaza ko hari impinduka nyinshi kandi zigabanuka. Mu 2015, icyerekezo cyo kugabanuka kw'umusaruro w'ibyuma byakozwe mu matanura y'amashanyarazi kiragabanuka, kandi umusaruro wa electrode ya grafiti uragabanuka. Igipimo cy'umusaruro w'ibyuma mu gihe kizaza kizaba kinini, ibyo bikazatuma umwanya wo gukenera electrode ya grafiti mu matanura y'amashanyarazi uzaza.
Dukurikije politiki yo kuvugurura inganda z'ibyuma yashyizweho na Minisiteri y'inganda n'ikoranabuhanga mu itumanaho, biragaragara ko "gushishikariza guteza imbere uburyo bwo gukora ibyuma mu buryo buciriritse no gukoresha ibikoresho hamwe n'ibyuma bishaje nk'ibikoresho fatizo. Mu 2025, igipimo cy'ibikoresho bishaje byo mu Bushinwa mu gukora ibyuma ntibigomba kuba munsi ya 30%. Hamwe n'iterambere rya gahunda ya 14 y'imyaka itanu mu nzego zitandukanye, biteganijwe ko igipimo cy'ibikoresho bishaje kizongera gukenerwa kwa electrode ya grafiti, ibikoresho by'ingenzi mu kuzamura ikirere."
Uretse Ubushinwa, ibihugu bikomeye bitunganya ibyuma ku isi, nka Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika, Ubuyapani na Koreya y'Epfo, ahanini ni ibyo gukora ibyuma bikoresha amashanyarazi, bisaba electrode nyinshi za grafiti, mu gihe ubushobozi bwa electrode ya grafiti mu Bushinwa bungana na 50% by'ubushobozi bw'isi, bituma Ubushinwa butwara electrode za grafiti. Mu 2018, ingano ya electrode ya grafiti mu Bushinwa yoherezwa mu mahanga yageze kuri toni 287000, ubwiyongere bwa 21.11% buri mwaka, bigakomeza iterambere, kandi bizakomeza kwiyongera cyane mu myaka itatu yikurikiranya. Biteganijwe ko ingano ya electrode ya grafiti mu Bushinwa iziyongera ikagera kuri toni 398000 mu 2023, hamwe n'izamuka ry'umwaka rya 5.5%. Kubera iterambere ry'urwego rwa tekiniki rw'inganda, ibicuruzwa bya electrode ya grafiti mu Bushinwa byagiye byemerwa buhoro buhoro n'abakiriya bo mu mahanga, kandi inyungu zituruka mu mahanga zituruka mu bigo by'amashanyarazi bya grafiti mu Bushinwa zariyongereye cyane. Dufashe urugero rw’inganda zikomeye za electrode za grafiti mu Bushinwa, hamwe n’iterambere rusange ry’inganda za electrode za grafiti, bitewe n’ihangana rikomeye ry’ibicuruzwa byazo, Fangda carbone yongereye cyane inyungu y’ubucuruzi bwa electrode za grafiti mu mahanga mu myaka ibiri ishize. Ibicuruzwa byo mu mahanga byazamutse kuva kuri miliyoni 430 z’amayuani mu gihe gito cy’inganda za electrode za grafiti mu 2016 kugeza muri 2018, inyungu y’ubucuruzi bwa electrode za grafiti mu mahanga yari irenga 30% by’inyungu zose z’ikigo, kandi impamyabumenyi mpuzamahanga yari iriyongera. Bitewe no kunoza urwego rwa tekiniki n’ihangana ry’ibicuruzwa by’inganda za electrode za grafiti mu Bushinwa, electrode ya grafiti mu Bushinwa izemerwa kandi yizewe n’abakiriya bo mu mahanga. Ingano y’iyoherezwa mu mahanga ya electrode ya grafiti yitezwe kwiyongera cyane, ibi bikaba ari ikintu cy’ingenzi mu guteza imbere igogorwa ry’umusaruro wa electrode ya grafiti mu Bushinwa.
3.2. Ingaruka za politiki yo kurengera ibidukikije ku cyorezo zituma electrode ya grafiti igabanuka
Ibyuka bya karuboni byo mu nzira ndende yo gukora ibyuma mu itanura ry'amashanyarazi biragabanuka. Dukurikije gahunda y'imyaka itanu ya 13 y'inganda zikora ibyuma, ugereranije n'ibikora ibyuma by'icyuma, ibyuka bya toni 1.6 za dioxyde de carbone na toni 3 z'imyanda ikomeye bishobora kugabanuka hakoreshejwe toni 1 y'ibikora ibyuma by'icyuma. Hari urukurikirane rw'ibikorwa bikorerwa mu nganda zikora ibyuma n'ibyuma. Buri gikorwa kizahinduka mu buryo butandukanye bwa shimi n'ubw'umubiri. Muri icyo gihe, ubwoko butandukanye bw'ibisigazwa n'imyanda bizavanwa mu gihe ibicuruzwa bikenewe bitangwa. Mu kubara, dushobora gusanga iyo toni 1 ikozwe kimwe, inzira ndende irimo sintering izasohora imyanda myinshi, ikaba ari iya kabiri mu nzira ndende ya pellet, mu gihe imyanda ivanwa mu gukora ibyuma mu gihe gito iba iri hasi cyane ugereranyije n'iy'inzira ndende irimo sintering na pellet mu gihe kirekire, bigaragaza ko gukora ibyuma mu gihe gito ari byiza ku bidukikije. Kugira ngo batsinde intambara yo kwirwanaho mu kirere cy’ubururu, intara nyinshi zo mu Bushinwa zatangaje ko umusaruro uzamuka cyane mu gihe cy’itumba no mu mpeshyi, kandi zigashyiraho gahunda y’umusaruro mu buryo butunguranye ku bigo by’ingenzi bifitanye isano na gaze nka ibyuma, ibidakoresha feri, ibikomoka kuri koka, inganda z’ibinyabutabire, ibikoresho by’ubwubatsi n’ibikomoka ku gusuka. Muri byo, niba ikoreshwa ry’ingufu, kurengera ibidukikije n’umutekano w’ibigo bicukura karubone na ferroalloy bifite electrode ya grafiti bitanyujije ibisabwa, zimwe mu ntara zavuze ko kugabanya umusaruro cyangwa guhagarika umusaruro bizashyirwa mu bikorwa hakurikijwe uko ibintu bimeze koko.
3.3. Imiterere y'ibitangwa n'ibikenewe bya electrode ya grafiti iragenda ihinduka buhoro buhoro
Umusonga mushya wa coronavirus watewe n'igabanuka ry'ubukungu bw'isi ndetse n'ingaruka zimwe na zimwe zo kurinda mu gice cya mbere cya 2020, byatumye electrode ya grafiti haba ku isoko ry'imbere mu gihugu no mu mahanga ndetse n'igiciro cyo kugurisha kigabanuka, ndetse n'ibigo bya electrode ya grafiti mu nganda byagabanyije umusaruro, bihagarika umusaruro ndetse binahomba. Mu gihe gito n'igiciriritse, uretse ko Ubushinwa bwari bwiteze kunoza ubushake bwa electrode ya grafiti, ubushobozi bwa electrode ya grafiti yo mu mahanga bushobora kugabanuka bitewe n'icyorezo, ibi bikazongera kwiyongera ku buryo electrode ya grafiti idafite ubushobozi bwo kuyikoresha.
Kuva mu gihembwe cya kane cya 2020, ububiko bwa electrode ya grafiti bwakomeje kugabanuka, kandi igipimo cyo gutangiza ubucuruzi cyariyongereye. Kuva mu 2019, ubwinshi bw'amashanyarazi ya electrode ya grafiti mu Bushinwa bwabaye bwinshi cyane, kandi ibigo bya electrode ya grafiti nabyo biri kugenzura neza imikorere y'ikigo. Nubwo ubukungu bw'isi bwaguye mu 2020, ingaruka z'inganda z'ibyuma zo mu mahanga zagizweho ingaruka na COVID-19 muri rusange ziri mu nzira, ariko umusaruro w'ibyuma bishaje mu Bushinwa ukomeje kwiyongera. Ariko, igiciro cy'isoko rya electrode ya grafiti kigizweho ingaruka n'ubwinshi bw'amasoko cyane, kandi igiciro gikomeje kugabanuka, kandi ibigo bya electrode ya grafiti byagize igihombo kinini. Bimwe mu bigo bikomeye bya electrode ya grafiti mu Bushinwa byakoresheje ububiko muri Mata na Gicurasi 2020. Kuri ubu, ubwinshi bw'amashanyarazi n'ubwinshi bw'amasoko biri hafi y'aho isoko rihurira n'ubwinshi bw'amashanyarazi. Nubwo ubwinshi bw'amashanyarazi butahinduka, umunsi w'ubwinshi bw'amashanyarazi n'ubwinshi bw'amashanyarazi uzagera vuba.
Izamuka ryihuta ry’ikoreshwa ry’ibisigazwa ry’ibikoresho rituma ubukecuru burushaho kwiyongera. Ikoreshwa ry’ibyuma bishaje ryavuye kuri toni miliyoni 88.29 mu 2014 rigera kuri toni miliyoni 18781 mu 2018, kandi CAGR igera kuri 20.8%. Nyuma yo gutangira politiki y’igihugu yo gutumiza ibyuma bishaje no kwiyongera kw’ikigereranyo cy’ibikoresho bishongeshwa n’amashanyarazi, biteganijwe ko ikoreshwa ry’ibyuma bishaje rizakomeza kwiyongera cyane. Ku rundi ruhande, kubera ko igiciro cy’ibyuma bishaje kigizweho ingaruka cyane n’ubukecuru bwo mu mahanga, igiciro cy’ibisigazwa byo mu mahanga cyazamutse cyane mu gice cya kabiri cya 2020 bitewe n’ingaruka z’uko Ubushinwa bwatangiye gutumiza ibisigazwa. Kuri ubu, igiciro cy’ibyuma bishaje kiri ku rwego rwo hejuru, kandi cyatangiye kongera gusubizwa inyuma kuva mu 2021. Kugabanuka kw’ubukecuru guterwa n’ingaruka z’icyorezo mu mahanga byitezwe ko bizakomeza kugira ingaruka ku igabanuka ry’ibyuma bishaje. Biteganijwe ko igiciro cy'ibyuma bishaje kizakomeza kugira ingaruka mu gice cya mbere cya 2021. Ingufu zizagenda zigabanuka, ibyo bikaba ari nabyo bituma igipimo cyo gutangiza ibyuma bishya n'ubusabe bwa electrode ya grafiti buzamuka.
Igipimo rusange cy’icyuma gikoresha amashanyarazi ku isi n’icyuma kidakoresha amashanyarazi mu 2019 na 2020 ni toni 1376800 na toni miliyoni 14723. Biteganyijwe ko igipimo rusange cy’igipimo rusange cy’isi kizakomeza kwiyongera mu myaka itanu iri imbere, kikagera kuri toni miliyoni 2.1444 mu 2025. Igipimo kinini cy’igipimo rusange cy’icyuma gikoresha amashanyarazi. Biteganyijwe ko igipimo rusange kizagera kuri toni miliyoni 1.8995 mu 2025.
Ubusabe ku isi hose bwa electrode za grafiti mu 2019 na 2020 ni toni 1376800 na toni miliyoni 14723. Biteganyijwe ko ubusabe ku isi yose buziyongera mu myaka itanu iri imbere, kandi biteganijwe ko buzagera kuri toni miliyoni 2.1444 muri 2025. Hagati aho, mu 2021 na 2022, ubusabe ku isi hose bwa electrode za grafiti bwari hejuru ya toni 267 na toni 16000. Nyuma ya 2023, hazabaho ibura ry'ubusabe, aho icyuho cya toni -17900, toni 39000 na toni -24000.
Mu 2019 na 2020, icyifuzo cy’isi yose cya electrodes za grafiti za UHP ni toni 9087000 na toni 986400. Biteganyijwe ko icyifuzo cy’isi yose kizakomeza kwiyongera mu myaka itanu iri imbere, kikagera kuri toni miliyoni 1.608 muri 2025. Hagati aho, mu 2021 na 2022, electrodes za grafiti ku isi yose zari zisaga toni 775 na toni 61500. Nyuma ya 2023, hazabaho ibura ry’ibikoresho, aho icyuho cya toni -08000, toni 26300 na toni -67300.
Kuva mu gice cya kabiri cya 2020 kugeza Mutarama 2021, igiciro ku isi cya electrode ya grafiti ifite ingufu nyinshi cyaragabanutse kuva kuri 27000/t kugera kuri 24000/T. Biteganyijwe ko ikigo gikomeye gishobora kunguka yuan 1922-2067 / toni ku giciro kiriho ubu. Muri 2021, icyifuzo cy’isi yose cya electrode ya grafiti ifite ingufu nyinshi kizakomeza kwiyongera, cyane cyane ko gushyushya ibicuruzwa byoherezwa mu mahanga biteganijwe ko bizakomeza gukurura icyifuzo cya graphite ifite ingufu nyinshi, kandi igipimo cyo gutangira gukoresha electrode ya grafiti kizakomeza kuzamuka. Biteganijwe ko igiciro cya electrode ya grafiti ya UHP muri 2021 kizazamuka kikagera kuri 26000/t mu gice cya kabiri cy’umwaka, kandi inyungu iziyongera ikagera kuri yuan 3922-4067 / toni. Hamwe n’ubwiyongere buhoraho bw’igikenewe cyose cya electrode ya grafiti ifite ingufu nyinshi mu gihe kizaza, umwanya w’inyungu uzakomeza kwiyongera.
Kuva muri Mutarama 2021, igiciro ku isi cya electrode ya grafiti y'ingufu zisanzwe ni 11500-12500 yuan / toni. Dukurikije ikiguzi n'igiciro biri ku isoko ubu, inyungu ya electrode isanzwe ya grafiti ibarirwa muri -264-1404 yuan / toni, ikiri mu gihombo. Igiciro cy'ubu cya electrode ya grafiti ifite ingufu zisanzwe cyazamutse kuva kuri 10000 yuan / toni mu gihembwe cya gatatu cya 2020 kigera kuri 12500 yuan / T. hamwe no kuzamuka buhoro buhoro k'ubukungu bw'isi, cyane cyane muri politiki yo kurwanya karuboni, icyifuzo cy'ibyuma byo mu itanura kiriyongera cyane, kandi ikoreshwa ry'ibyuma bishaje rikomeje kwiyongera, kandi icyifuzo cya electrode isanzwe ya grafiti nacyo kizongera cyane. Biteganijwe ko igiciro cya electrode ya grafiti ifite ingufu zisanzwe kizamurwa kikagera hejuru y'igiciro mu gihembwe cya gatatu cya 2021, kandi inyungu izagerwaho. Kubera ko icyifuzo ku isi cya electrode ya grafiti y'ingufu rusange gikomeje kwiyongera mu gihe kizaza, umwanya w'inyungu uzagenda wiyongera buhoro buhoro.
4. Imiterere y'irushanwa ry'inganda za electrode za grafiti mu Bushinwa
Impande zombi z’inganda za electrode za grafiti ni abakora electrode za grafiti, aho ibigo byigenga ari byo bizitabira. Umusaruro wa electrode za grafiti mu Bushinwa ugizwe na 50% by’umusaruro ku isi wa electrode za grafiti. Nk’ikigo gikomeye mu nganda za electrode za grafiti mu Bushinwa, isoko rya electrode ya grafiti ya karuboni kare mu Bushinwa rirenga 20%, kandi ubushobozi bwa electrode ya grafiti ni ubwa gatatu ku isi. Ku bijyanye n’ubwiza bw’ibicuruzwa, ibigo bikomeye mu nganda za electrode za grafiti mu Bushinwa bifite ipiganwa rikomeye ku rwego mpuzamahanga, kandi ibisobanuro bya tekiniki by’ibicuruzwa bigera ku rwego rw’ibicuruzwa bisa by’abanyamahanga bahanganye. Hariho igabanuka ry’ibicuruzwa ku isoko rya electrode za grafiti. Isoko rya electrode ya grafiti ifite imbaraga nyinshi cyane ryiganjemo ibigo bikomeye mu nganda, kandi ibigo bine bya mbere bigira 80% by’isoko rya electrode ya grafiti ya UHP, kandi ubwinshi bw’inganda buragaragara.
Mu isoko ry’amashanyarazi ya grafiti ifite ingufu nyinshi cyane, ibigo binini bya electrode ya grafiti biri mu ntera yo hagati bifite ububasha bukomeye bwo gucuruza ibicuruzwa mu nganda zikora ibyuma, kandi bisaba abakiriya bo mu nganda zikora ibyuma bito kwishyura kugira ngo batange ibicuruzwa badatanze igihe cy’ibaruramari. Electrode ya grafiti ifite ingufu nyinshi n’isanzwe ifite ubushobozi buke bwo gucuruza ibikoresho bifite urwego rwo hasi mu bya tekiniki, ipiganwa rikomeye ku isoko ndetse n’irushanwa rikomeye ku biciro. Mu isoko ry’amashanyarazi ya grafiti ifite ingufu nyinshi n’isanzwe, ihanganye n’inganda zikora ibyuma zifite ubwinshi bwinshi mu nganda, ibigo bito n’ibiciriritse bifite imbaraga nke zo gucuruza ibicuruzwa mu nganda zito, ku buryo biha abakiriya igihe cy’ibaruramari cyangwa bikagabanya ibiciro kugira ngo bahangane ku isoko. Byongeye kandi, bitewe n’ibintu bigabanya ibidukikije, ubushobozi bw’ibigo bito ni buke cyane, kandi igipimo rusange cy’ubushobozi bw’inganda kiri munsi ya 70%. Hari ibigo bimwe na bimwe bigaragara nk’ibintu bitegekwa guhagarika umusaruro igihe kitazwi. Niba iterambere ry’inganda zitunganya ibyuma, fosifore y’umuhondo n’ibindi bikoresho fatizo by’inganda biri munsi ya electrode ya grafiti rigabanuka, icyifuzo cy’isoko rya electrode ya grafiti kiba gito, kandi igiciro cya electrode ya grafiti ntikizamuke cyane, kwiyongera kw’ikiguzi cy’imikorere bizatuma inganda nto n’iziciriritse zitagira ipiganwa ry’ibanze, kandi buhoro buhoro zigasohoka ku isoko cyangwa zikagurwa na electrode nini ya grafiti cyangwa inganda z’ibyuma.
Nyuma ya 2017, bitewe n’ubwiyongere bwihuse bw’inyungu mu gukora ibyuma bikoresha amashanyarazi, icyifuzo n’igiciro cya electrode ya grafiti ku bikoresho bikoreshwa mu gukora ibyuma bikoresha amashanyarazi nabyo byariyongereye cyane. Inyungu rusange y’inganda za electrode ya grafiti yariyongereye cyane. Ibigo biri mu nganda byazamuye umusaruro wabyo. Bimwe mu bigo byavuye ku isoko byatangiye gukora buhoro buhoro. Uhereye ku musaruro rusange wa electrode ya grafiti, ubwinshi bw’inganda bwaragabanutse. Dufashe urugero rwa electrode ya grafiti ifite karuboni kare, isoko ryayo muri rusange ryaragabanutse kuva kuri 30% muri 2016 kugera kuri 25% muri 2018. Ariko, ku bijyanye no gushyira mu byiciro ibicuruzwa bya electrode ya grafiti, irushanwa ku isoko ry’inganda ryaratandukanye. Kubera ibisabwa byinshi bya electrode ya grafiti ifite ingufu nyinshi, isoko ry’ibicuruzwa bifite ingufu nyinshi rirushaho kunozwa binyuze mu kurekura ubushobozi bw’ibigo bikomeye by’inganda bifite imbaraga zijyanye nabyo, kandi ibigo bine bya mbere bifite hejuru ya 80% by’isoko ry’ibicuruzwa bifite ingufu nyinshi. Ku bijyanye n'ingufu zisanzwe na electrode ya grafiti ifite ingufu nyinshi hamwe n'ibisabwa bike mu bya tekiniki, ipiganwa ku isoko rirushaho kwiyongera buhoro buhoro bitewe no kongera kwiyunga kw'ibigo bito n'ibiciriritse bifite imbaraga nke mu bya tekiniki ndetse no kwaguka k'umusaruro.
Nyuma y’imyaka myinshi y’iterambere, binyuze mu gutangiza ikoranabuhanga ryo gukora electrode ya grafiti, ibigo binini bya electrode ya grafiti mu Bushinwa byamenye ikoranabuhanga ry’ingenzi ryo gukora electrode ya grafiti. Ikoranabuhanga mu gukora n’urwego rw’ikoranabuhanga rya electrode ya grafiti rigereranywa n’iry’abanywanyi bo mu mahanga, kandi kubera ibyiza byo gukora neza bihendutse, ibigo by’amashanyarazi bya grafiti mu Bushinwa birimo kugira uruhare runini mu irushanwa ry’isoko mpuzamahanga.
5. ibitekerezo by'ishoramari
Ku iherezo ry’itangwa ry’amashanyarazi, ubwinshi bw’inganda zikora electrode ya grafiti buracyafite umwanya wo kunoza, kurengera ibidukikije no kugabanya umusaruro byongera igipimo cy’ibikoresho byo gukora ibyuma bikoresha amashanyarazi, kandi iterambere rusange ry’inganda zikora electrode ya grafiti ni ryiza. Ku ruhande rw’abashaka, kugira ngo umusaruro urusheho kwiyongera no kugabanya ikoreshwa ry’ingufu, toni 100-150 za UHP EAF ni icyerekezo cy’iterambere rusange, kandi iterambere rya UHP EAF ni ryo shingiro rusange. Nk’imwe mu bikoresho by’ingenzi bya UHP EAF, byitezwe ko ikenerwa rya electrode ya grafiti nini ifite ingufu nyinshi cyane riziyongera cyane.
Iterambere ry’inganda zikora electrode ya grafiti ryaragabanutse mu myaka ibiri ishize. Imikorere y’ibigo bikomeye byo mu gihugu bikora electrode ya grafiti yaragabanutse cyane mu 2020. Muri rusange inganda ziri mu cyiciro cy’icyizere gito kandi kitari gikwiye. Ariko, twizera ko hamwe n’iterambere ry’ingingo z’ibanze z’inganda no kugaruka buhoro buhoro kw’igiciro cya electrode ya grafiti ku rwego rukwiye, imikorere y’ibigo bikomeye mu nganda izungukira byuzuye ku kugaruka kw’isoko ry’amashanyarazi ya grafiti. Mu gihe kizaza, Ubushinwa bufite umwanya munini wo guteza imbere ibyuma bikoreshwa mu buryo bwihuse, bizafasha iterambere rya electrode ya grafiti muri EAF ikoreshwa mu buryo bwihuse. Birasabwa ko ibigo bikomeye mu bijyanye na electrode ya grafiti bigomba kwibanda ku bikorwa.
6. inama ku byago
Igipimo cy'inganda zikora ibyuma mu itanura ry'amashanyarazi mu Bushinwa ntabwo giteganijwe, kandi igiciro cy'ibikoresho fatizo bya electrode ya grafiti kirahindagurika cyane.
Igihe cyo kohereza: 13 Mata 2021